Iwu ndị ogbenye nke Ireland
Iwu ndị ogbenye Irish bụ usoro mmemme nke nzuko omeiwu ezubere iji lebara akara ihu obi ọha na eze anya n'inyere ogbenye na-adịgide adịgide na Ireland. Ọ bụ ebe na ndị omeiwu pre-Union nke Ireland ewebatala iwu ụfọdụ tupu iwu nke Union, mbọ radical na nke zuru oke bụ omume Irish nke 1838, nke akwadoro na Iwu Ndozi Iwu Ogbenye Bekee 1834 . Na England, nke a nọchiri iwu oge Elizabethan nke na-ihe ọ ALA na Ireland.
Tupu Njikọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 1703, nzuko omeiwu nke Irish nyere iwu maka "ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ na maka nlekọta na ịzụ ụmụ site n'aka ụmụaka". Ka ọ na-erule 1771, enwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na mpaghara ọ bụla na ka ọ na-erule 1833, ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa ahụ bụ £ 32,967. [1]
Post-Union[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ruo 1838, iji 'Ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ' dị obere karịa na England na Wales. [2] Akụkọ nke Royal Commission on the Poorer Classes in Ireland 1833 dugara na Iwu iwu Ogbenye (Ireland) 1838, nke atọ "ndị ọrụ iwu dara ogbenye" kewara Ireland n'ime otu iwu dara ogbenye, nke ndị ogbenye ga-enweta- na-enweghị mma (ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ). ụgwọ n'akwụkwọ ) n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye dabere na " ntụle iwu dara ogbenye". [1] [2] Aha "otu" ka edobere n'ụdị "Union of parishes" nke bekee n'agbanyeghị na oke otu ndị Irish si dị iche na nke parish obodo . Akpọrọ otu otu aha obodo ahụ ọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ya, ebe ụlọ ọrụ dị. A kọwa otu dị ka otu nke ngalaba aka iwu dara ogbenye, nke a kọwakwara dị ka otu obodo obodo . Nkewa ọhụrụ aka we iche ndị otu na kọmitii ndị mgbasa, ebe ndị ọhụrụ aka na- nching dị elu nwere ụfọdụ akụkụ . [3] [4] N'oge na mgbe oke ụnwụ ahụ, ike dị na ike ịbụ dara ogbenye ka e me ike iji otu na ntanye maka ụmụaka dị mfe. Mgbe e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche n'ozuzu nke Irish na 1864, otu ọ làla mpaghara onye ozi na-edeba aha, yana otu nke ngalaba ọhụrụ aka na-etolite mpaghara dispensary ma ọ bụ onye na-edeba aha. [5].
Ọpụpụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[3]N'oge Oké Ụnwụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ bịara na-enye nke ukwuu nke na e ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ogbenye aka ọkụga. Nke a nwere ike nke ikwe ka ndị ọzọ banye n'ihe ọrụ na-enwe ịgbanarị egwu na ọrịa. Na nzaghachi, azịza nke onye nke nyere aka bụ maka ndị natara onyinye ime ụlọ ihe ngosi afọ abụọ.
Mgbe nkebi gasịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[2]N'ịgbaso nkebi nke Ireland, na steeti Irish nweere onwe ya, ndị ọrụ iwu na-ahụ mma na mpaghara ime obodo kagburu na 1925 ma ikike nke ndị àmà na kọmitii' County Boards of Health or County Boards of Public Assistance. [4]
[5]Na Northern Ireland, òtù iwu dara ogbenye dịgidere ruo mgbe Northern Ireland Health and Social Care Service na 1948.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Iwu ogbenye Scotland
- Iwu Ogbenye Bekee
- Ndepụta nke otu ndị ogbenye iwu Irish
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ George O'Brien, the Economic History of Ireland From the Union to the Famine, 1921, p.168
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Poor Law Unions in Ireland. Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved on 8 September 2007.
- ↑ The Irish poor law Public Record Office of Northern Ireland.
- ↑ 27/05/1925: Adaptation Of Children's Act, 1908, Order, 1925.. Irish Statute Book. Retrieved on 6 May 2016.
- ↑ History & Heritage > Poor Law Union > Poor Law Unions and their Records > The Establishment of the Poor Law System. AskAboutIreland. An Chomhairle Leabharlanna. Retrieved on 6 May 2016.
Ọgụgụ ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Akaụntụ nke oge a[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Nassau William Senior - Akwụkwọ ozi ... na ndokwa iwu maka ndị ogbenye Irish (1831)
- Poulet Scrope, George Mkpa nke Iwu Ogbenye maka Ireland na ụkpụrụ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (1833)
- Ndị njem nlegharị anya Bekee, EG Inglis, na-eleta Dublin's Mendicity Institute, Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọgwụ ntọala (1834)
- Nhọrọ nke ule Parochial metụtara klaasị ndị ogbenye na Ireland Royal Commission nke Ajụjụ (1835)
- George Nicholls – Iwu dara ogbenye—Ireland: Akụkọ atọ (1838)
- Torrens, Robert Atụmatụ nke otu n'enyemaka nke Irish Ogbenye Iwu (1838)
- Poulet Scrope, George - Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ziri ezi Hon. Lord John Russell, na mkpa nke ịgbasa iwu ogbenye Irish ruo n'uju nke iwu ogbenye England (1846)
Narị afọ nke 19[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- O'Connor, John Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ireland: Ọdịmma nke ndị ogbenye Ireland 1995 :
- Crossman, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Virginia, Pauperism na Ike na njedebe nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Ireland : 2006 :
- Burke, Helen Ndị mmadụ na iwu ogbenye na narị afọ nke 19 Ireland : 1987 :
- * Butt, Isaac The ogbenye-iwu ụgwọ maka Ireland enyochala, ndokwa ya na akụkọ nke Mr. Nicholls iche ... (1837) na Internet Archive .
- MacDonagh, Oliver Iwu Ogbenye, Immigrashọn na ajụjụ Irish 1830–'55 : na Christus Rex – Studies in Irish History : Jenụwarị 1958
- Grey, Peter Ime Iwu ndị ogbenye Irish, 1815–43 MUP 2009
- Collison Black, RD – Echiche akụ na ụba na ajụjụ Irish 1817–1870, 1993 (mbigharị nke 1960)
- Anderson, James Pauperism: Enyemaka Ogbenye na Ireland—Aro ụfọdụ (sitere na “Olileanya Ireland: Oku na-eje ozi”), 1913
Kely, GO, Donnell, A Kennedy, P Quin, S Irish Social Policy N'okwu:(1999) Dublin University College Dublin Press
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụlọ ọrụ na Ireland
- Usoro ọmụmụ Wexford zoro ezo - ọmụmụ na Wexford Workhouse 1851–1893
- Ihe nke Iwu Ogbenye Irish wepụrụ akwụkwọ ụkpụrụ Irish
- Iwu Iwu Ogbenye Irish na ndekọ ha sitere na Jụọ About Ireland, ọnụ ụzọ gọọmentị Irish na-akwado.
- Ntuziaka na ndekọ nke Iwu Ogbenye sitere na National Archives nke Ireland .
- Iwu ogbenye Irish na oke ụnwụ nri
- Ọnọdụ klaasị ndị ka daa ogbenye na Ireland: akụkọ mbụ: mgbakwunye A na mgbakwunye 1835 Whately report (1218 pages) dị site na EPPI.
- List of Irish Workhouse Unions