James Blish

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

 

 

James Benjamin Blish (May 23-ignore="true">, 1921 - ) bụ onye America na-ede akụkọ sayensị na fantasy. A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Cities in Flight na usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ Star Trek ya na nwunye ya, J. A. Lawrence dere. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ A Case of Conscience meriri Hugo Award. A na-eto ya site n'ịmepụta okwu ahụ bụ "gas buru ibu" iji zoo aka na nnukwu mbara ala.[1]

Blish bụ onye otu Futurians. [2]Akụkọ mbụ o bipụtara pụtara na Super Science Stories na Amazing Stories .

Blish dere nkatọ nke akụkọ sayensị na-eji aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ William Atheling Jr. Aha mkpịsị aka ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere Donald Laverty, John MacDougal, na Arthur Lloyd Merlyn.

 

Ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ Blish na Mee 23, 1921, na East Orange, New Jersey. [3]Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Blish bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ n'onwe ya, nke a na-akpọ The Planeteer, na-eji hectograph.   Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gbara maka mbipụta isii. [citation needed]

Blish gara nzukọ nke Futurian Science Fiction Society na New York City n'oge a.Ndị otu ọdịnihu Damon Knight na Cyril M. Kornbluth ghọrọ ezigbo ndị enyi. Otú ọ dị, mmekọrịta Blish na ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-adịkarị ilu. [4]Onye a na-elekwasị anya bụ onye otu ibe ya Judith Merril, onye ya na ya ga-arụrịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Merril ga-ajụkarị nkọwa onwe onye Blish nke ịbụ "akwụkwọ Fascist". O dere na Better to Have Loved (2002), "N'ezie [Blish] abụghị onye Fascist, onye na-emegide ndị Juu, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị ahụ jọgburu onwe ya, mana oge ọ bụla o ji ahịrịokwu ahụ mee ihe, ahụrụ m ọbara ọbara. "[5]

Ihe ịrịba ama ili James Blish.

Blish gụrụ Microbiology na Mahadum Rutgers, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1942. E debara aha ya n'ọrụ ndị agha, ọ rụkwara ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nyocha ahụike. Ndị agha United States chụpụrụ ya maka ịjụ iwu ka ọ sachaa Ọnyà mmanụ na 1944. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Blish banyere na Mahadum Columbia dị ka nwa akwụkwọ masters nke zoology. O mezue usoro ihe omume ahụ, na-ahọrọ ide akụkọ ifo oge niile.[4]

N'afọ 1947, ọ lụrụ Virginia Kidd, onye Futurian ibe ya. Ha gbara alụkwaghịm na 1963. Blish lụrụ onye na-ese ihe J. A. Lawrence na 1964, ọ kwagara England n'otu afọ ahụ.[6]

Site na 1962 ruo 1968, Blish rụrụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Tobacco dị ka onye edemede na onye nkatọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị aha.

Blish nwụrụ na Julaị 30, 1975, site na nsogbu ndị metụtara Ọrịa kansa akpa ume. E liri ya na Holywell Cemetery, Oxford. Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Bodleian dị na Oxford bụ onye na-elekọta akwụkwọ Blish. [7]Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwekwara ndepụta zuru ezu nke ọrụ Blish bipụtara.

Blish's The Warriors of Day e bipụtara na mbụ na Two Complete Science-Adventure Books na 1951 dị ka "Sword of Xota"

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime afọ 1940, Blish bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na Magazin pulp ole na ole ka na-ekesa. E rere akụkọ mbụ ya nye onye Futurian ibe ya Frederik Pohl maka Super Science Stories (1940), nke a na-akpọ "Emergency Refueling". E bipụtara akụkọ ndị ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana a na-ekesa ya nke nta. "Chaos, Co-Ordinated" nke Blish, nke ya na Robert A. W. Lowndes dere, rere ya na Astounding Science Fiction, na-apụta na mbipụta Ọktoba 1946, na-enweta mgbasa ozi mba Blish na nke mbụ.

Pantropy (1942-1956)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Blish bụ ihe Andrew Litpack kpọrọ "onye edemede bara uru". [4]Ọ ga-eleghachi anya, degharịa, ma gbasaa akụkọ ndị e dere na mbụ. Otu ihe atụ bụ "Sunken Universe" nke e bipụtara na Super Science Stories na 1942. Akụkọ ahụ pụtara ọzọ na Galaxy Science Fiction dị ka "Surface Tension", n'ụdị gbanwere na 1952. Ntọala ahụ mesiri ike nghọta Blish banyere microbiology, ma gosipụta ụmụ mmadụ microscopic ndị e mepụtara ibi na ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke mbara ala. Akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara na ọ bụ otu n' ndị Blish na-ewu ewu ma bụrụ nke a na-edepụta na mpịakọta mbụ nke Robert Silverberg's The Science Fiction Hall of Fame. [8]E dekwara ya na The Big Book of Science Fiction (2016), nke Ann na Jeff VanderMeer dezigharịrị.[9]

Ụwa nke ụmụ mmadụ microscopic gara n'ihu na "The Thing in the Attic" na 1954, na "Watershed" n'afọ sochirinụ. The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction bipụtara ntinye nke anọ, "A Time to Survive", n'afọ 1957. A chịkọtara akụkọ ndị ahụ, dezie ha ọnụ, ma bipụta ha dị ka The Seedling Stars (1956), site na Gnome Press. John Clute kwuru na "ọrụ niile Blish nwere mmetụta miri emi" nyochara "na-eche nwoke Faustian (ma ọ bụ Frankensteinian ihu".[4]

Obodo Ndị Na-efe efe (1950-1958)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụghị ruo n'afọ 1950, na usoro Okie nke akụkọ na-amalite ọsọ ha, "ka o doo anya [Blish] ga-aghọ onye edemede [akụkọ sayensị] nke omimi pụrụ iche". [10]Akụkọ ndị ahụ dabeere na mbata [<i id= ./Okie" id="mwmw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Okie">Okie] na-esote Dust Bowl nke afọ 1930, ma nwee mmetụta nke Oswald Spengler nke akụkụ abụọ Der Untergang des Abendlandes (The Decline of the West).

Akụkọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa ndụ nke ndị Okies, ụmụ mmadụ na-akwaga na mbara igwe niile na-achọ ọrụ na nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri obodo, nke spindizzies, ụdị injin na-egbochi ike ndọda, kwadoro. Ntọala na atụmatụ ahụ gosipụtara mmetụta Blish na ọnọdụ mmepeanya ọdịda anyanwụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke onwe ya. [4]Akụkọ abụọ mbụ, "Okie", na "Bindlestiff", bụ ndị Astounding bipụtara na 1950. "Sargasso of Lost Cities" pụtara na Two Complete Science-Adventure Books n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1953. "Earthman, Come Home" sochiri ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, nke Astounding bipụtara. N'afọ 1955, Blish chịkọtara akụkọ anọ ahụ n'ime omnibus akpọrọ Earthman, Come Home, nke Putnam bipụtara.

Akụkọ ndị ọzọ sochiri: Na 1956, Ha Ga-enwe kpakpando, nke dezigharịrị "Bridge" na "At Death's End", na 1958, Blish bipụtara The Triumph of Time. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ nke Okies, A Life for the Stars . E dezigharịrị usoro Okies ọnụ ma bipụta ya dị ka Cities In Flight (1970).

Clute na-ekwu, "ịma mma nke Cities in Flight adịghị na nchịkọta nke akụkụ ya, kama na ume nke echiche ndị dị na ya (ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ bụghị ihe a na-amaghị ama)."[4]

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Sargasso of Lost Cities, akụkọ nke atọ nke Blish bụ Cities in Flight, na Two Complete Science-Adventure Books na 1953.

Mgbe Ihe Ọmụma Dị N'Otu gasịrị (1958-1971)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Blish gara n'ihu na-arụzigharị akụkọ ochie, ma mee ya maka otu n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama, A Case of Conscience (1958). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ malitere dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke e bipụtara na mbụ na mbipụta nke If, na 1953. Akụkọ ahụ na-agbaso onye ụkọchukwu Jesuit, Ramon Ruiz-Sanchez, onye gara na mbara ala Lithia dị ka onye ọrụ teknụzụ nke njem. Mgbe ha nọ na mbara ala ahụ, ha chọpụtara agbụrụ nke ndị na-akpụ akpụ nwere ụkwụ abụọ nke zuru oke n'ihe Ruiz-Sanchez na-ekwu bụ "enweghị Chineke", na mgbagwoju anya nkà mmụta okpukpe na-esote. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ dị mkpa n'ụdị iji nyochaa okpukpe na ihe ọ pụtara. Ọ bụ nke mbụ n'ime usoro gụnyere Doctor Mirabilis (1964) na akụkọ abụọ Black Easter (1968) na The Day After Judgment (1971). A chịkọtara abụọ ikpeazụ dị ka The Devil's Day (1980). Legend bipụtara omnibus nke ntinye anọ niile na usoro ahụ na 1991, nke akpọrọ After Such Knowledge .

A Case of Conscience meriri 1959 Hugo Award maka Best Novel, ma chịkọta ya dị ka akụkụ nke Library of America's omnibus American Science Fiction: Five Classic Novels 1956-1958.[11][12]

Star Trek (1967-1977)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Bantam Books nyere Blish ọrụ iji gbanwee ihe omume nke Star Trek. Akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi a gbanwere na-adabere na edemede ederede ma nwee ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche sitere na ihe omume telivishọn.

A chịkọtara akụkọ ndị ahụ na mpịakọta iri na abụọ ma bipụta ha dị ka usoro aha nke otu aha ahụ site na 1967 ruo 1977. Ọ bụ Blish dere mgbanwe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu; Otú ọ dị, ahụike ya na-ada ada n'oge a gosipụtara nsogbu. Nwunye ya, J. A. Lawrence, dere ọtụtụ akụkụ. Ọrụ ya nọgidere na-enweghị aha ruo mgbe mpịakọta ikpeazụ, Star Trek 12, nke e bipụtara na 1977, afọ abụọ mgbe ọnwụ Blish gasịrị.[13]: 25 

Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ maka ndị okenye dabere na usoro telivishọn, Spock Must Die! (1970), Blish dekwara ya, ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịtọhapụ ndị ọzọ. [14]Dị ka Lawrence si kwuo, ihe omume abụọ gosipụtara onye ama ama Harry Mudd, "M, Mudd" na "Mudd's Women", bụ ndị Blish gbochiri maka mgbanwe ka etinye ya na ihe na-esote Spock Must Die!. [15]Otú ọ dị, Blish nwụrụ tupu e mezue akwụkwọ akụkọ. Lawrence mechara gbanwee ihe omume abụọ ahụ, dị ka Mudd's Angels (1978), nke gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ The Business, dị ka Usual, During Altercations nke Lawrence. N'okwu mmeghe ya na Star Trek 12, Lawrence kwuru na Blish "deere" mgbanwe nke ihe omume abụọ ahụ. Okwu mmeghe nke Mudd's Angels kwetara na nke a, na-ekwu na Blish hapụrụ akụkọ abụọ ahụ n'oge dị iche iche nke mmecha ma Lawrence mechara ha; Blish enwetaghị otuto onye edemede na akwụkwọ ahụ.

Blish kwuru na ọ kwụsiri ike n'ụzọ ego mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya na ọrụ Star Trek na ọganihu ọ natara maka Spock Must Die!.[13]: 21 

Nkatọ akwụkwọ na ihe nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Blish so na ndị mbụ na-akatọ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, ọ na-ekpe ọrụ na ụdị ahụ ikpe site na ụkpụrụ a na-etinye na Akwụkwọ "dị egwu". O nyere ndị edemede ibe ya ọrụ maka adịghị ike, dị ka ụtọ asụsụ ọjọọ na nghọtahie nke echiche sayensị, na ndị nchịkọta magazin, bụ ndị nabatara ma bipụta ihe dị otú ahụ n'enweghị ntinye aka nchịkọta akụkọ. E bipụtara nkatọ ya na "fanzines" n'afọ ndị 1950 n'okpuru aha William Atheling Jr.

A chịkọtara edemede ndị ahụ na The Issue at Hand (1964) na More Issues at Hand (1970). N'ịtụleghachi The Issue at Hand, Algis Budrys kwuru na Atheling, ya na Damon Knight, "gbanwere azụmahịa onye nyocha ahụ n'ọhịa a". Ọ kọwara onye Atheling dị ka "onye na-adịghị ekwu okwu, onye siri ike, onye na-ekwusi ike, onye maara ihe na mgbe ụfọdụ onye na-eme ihe pụrụ iche".

Blish bụ onye na-akwado ọrụ James Branch Cabell, ma ruo oge ụfọdụ dezie Kalki, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Cabell Society.

N'ime ọrụ akụkọ sayensị ya, Blish mepụtara ọtụtụ echiche na okwu ndị metụtara ndị edemede ndị ọzọ ma mgbe ụfọdụ nabata ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, dị ka ngwa ngwa karịa nkwurịta okwu dị mfe site na onye nkwurịta Okwu Dirac, nke e webatara na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi "Beep" (1954). Dirac yiri Ursula K. Le Guin's ansible.

A na-ekwukwa na Blish chepụtara okwu gas giant, nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na akụkọ "Solar Plexus", nke anakọtara na anthology Beyond Human Ken, nke Judith Merril dezigharịrị. E bipụtara akụkọ ahụ na 1941, mana o nweghị okwu ahụ. Blish rụgharịrị akụkọ ahụ, na-agbanwe nkọwa nke nnukwu oghere magnetik ka ọ bụrụ "oghere magnetik nke nwere ike dị nso, nke na-abụghị nke nnukwu gas a na-adịghị ahụ anya na-agbagharị ọkara nde kilomita".[16]

Nsọpụrụ, onyinye na mmata[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The British Science Fiction Foundation meghere James Blish Award maka nkatọ akụkọ sayensị na 1977, na-amata Brian W. Aldiss. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama n'afọ 2002.

Onyinye na nhọpụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 1959 Hugo Award maka Best Novel, maka A Case of Conscience.[11]
  • 1965 Ntinye aha Nebula Award maka Best Novelette, maka "The Shipwrecked Hotel", ya na Norman L. Knight.[17]
  • 1968 Ntinye aha Nebula Award maka Best Novel, maka Black Easter.[18]
  • 1970 Nhọrọ Hugo Award maka Best Novella, maka We All Die Naked.[19]
  • 1970 Ntinye aha Nebula Award maka Best Novella, maka A Style in Treason.[20]

Onyinye na nhọpụta ndị a na-enye mgbe ọ nwụsịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 2001 [1951] Ntinye aha Retro-Hugo Award maka Best Novelette, maka "Okie".[21]
  • 2004 [1954] Retro-Hugo Award maka Best Novella, maka A Case of Conscience.[22]
  • 2004 [1954] Retro-Hugo Award maka Best Novelette, maka "Earthman, Come Home".[22]

Onye Nleta Na-asọpụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 1960 Onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ, 18th World Science Fiction Convention.
  • 1970 Onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ, Scicon 70.

Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bipụtara ọrụ Blish na United Kingdom na United States, na-enwekarị ọdịiche dị n'etiti mbipụta, yana utu aha dị iche iche. Blish gbasakwara ma bipụta ọrụ ochie ya n'ọtụtụ oge. A nọgidere na-ebipụta ọrụ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

E kenyere ole na ole n'ime mbipụta mbụ nke Blish nọmba ISBN.

Akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ (1935-1986)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-etinye akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị e bipụtara n'ụdị zuru ezu, ma ọ bụ nke a na-ede n'usoro, na magazin akụkọ ifo maka izu oke, na iji zere mgbagwoju anya.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ, Novella, Novel.βεγ

Onye Na-eme Ala (1935-1936)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ sayensị dị egwu (1940)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Ntinye mmanụ ngwa ngwa" (March 1940)
  • "Ihe onwunwe nke mmụọ ozi" (May 1940)
  • "Sunken Universe" (May 1942), nke e degharịrị dị ka "Surface Tension" (1952)

Akụkọ sayensị Stirring (1941)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Citadel of Thought" (February 1941)
  • "Callistan Cabal" (April 1941)

Akụkọ Sayensị Quarterly (1941)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Ngwá Agha Na-adịghị N'Oge" (April 1941)
  • "Mgbe Anteros bịara" (December 1941)

Akụkọ Cosmic (1941)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Phoenix Planet" (May 1941) β
  • "The Real Thrill" (July 1941)

Ọdịnihu (1941-1953)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ Ndị Na-eju Anya (1941)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Solar Plexus" (September 1941)

Super Science na Fantastic Stories (1944)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "The Bounding Crown" (December 1944) β

Sayensị* Akụkọ ifo (1946)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Knell", dị ka Arthur Lloyd Merlyn (Jenụwarị 1946)

Akụkọ sayensị dị egwu (1946-1957)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ Ndị Na-amalite (1948)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Mistake Inside" (April 1948)

Akụkọ mbara ala (1948-1951)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "N'ihu Anụ Nkume" (August 1948) β
  • "Blackout na Cygni" (July 1951)

Akụkọ dị ịtụnanya na-akpali akpali (1948-1950)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ Ọhịa (1948)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Storpent's Fetish" (December 1948)

Akụkọ magburu onwe ya Quarterly (1950)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "The Bore" (July 1950)

Echiche (1951)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Ihe efu bụ igbe ozu m" (June 1951)

Akwụkwọ abụọ zuru oke nke sayensị (1951)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ndị Agha nke Ụbọchị (Ọgọst 1951)  γ
  • Sargasso nke Obodo Ndị Furu Eprel 1953)  ε

Ụlọ Ahịa Sayensị Ndị Ọzọ (1952)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Nightride and Sunrise" na Jerome Bixby (June 1952) β

Akụkọ Sayensị Galaxy (1952-1970)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ sayensị na-akpali akpali (1953)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Njem nke Otu Narị Afọ" (March 1953)
  • Nwoke a tụgharịrị atụgharị na Robert A. W. Lowndes (August 1953)  γ

Ụwa nke Ọ bụrụ (1953-1968)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Akụkọ Sayensị (1956)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mbipụta mbụ nke A Case of Conscience, September 1953.
  • "F.Y.I." (December 1953)

Magazin nke akụkọ sayensị na fantasy (1953-1980)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Eluigwe na Ala Dị Mma (1955)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Nsụgharị" (March 1955)

Akụkọ Sayensị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ (1955-1957)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "King of the Hill" (November 1955)
  • "Sponge Dive" (June 1956)
  • "Detour to the Stars" (December 1956)
  • "Nor Iron Bars" (November 1957), gbasaa dị ka Galactic Cluster (1959) β

Akụkọ ifo sayensị kpakpando (1953)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "A Work of Art" (July 1956)

Akụkọ Sayensị (1957)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ụwa Abụọ Dị N'Ihe Iche Ndụ (February 1957)  ε

Akụkọ Ndị Na-eju Anya (1960-1961)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • ... Na kpakpando niile a Stage (June 1960)  γ
  • "Na ụfọdụ bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike" (November 1960)
  • "A Dusk of Idols" (March 1961) β

Mgbalị (1966)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Ndụ Onye dike" (March 1966) β

Ihe yiri ya (1967-1968)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "To Love Another" (April 1967), gbasaa dị ka A Torrent of Faces (1967)
  • "Skysign" na Norman L. Knight, (May 1968) β

Penthouse (1972)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "A Light to Fight by" (June 1972)

Akwụkwọ Fantasy (1986)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "The White Empire" (September 1986)

Akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi (1952-2008)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Beanstalk, Future Tense (1952), ed. εKendell Foster Crossen Greenberger gbasaa na Titan's Daughter (1961).
  • "Oge nkịtị", Shadows of Tomorrow (August 1953), ed. Frederik Pohl Akwụkwọ mpịakọta #P236.
  • "A Matter of Energy", The Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction, Fifth Series (January 1956), ed. Anthony Boucher Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • "Nor Iron Bars" (gbasawanye), Galactic Cluster (October 1959), ed. βJames Blish Ihe ịrịba ama #S1719.
  • "The Abattoir Effect", So Close to Home (February 27, 1961), dezigharịrị. James Blish Akwụkwọ Ballantine # 465K.
  • "None So Blind", Anywhen (July 1970), ed. James Blish Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • "How Beautiful With Banners", Orbit 1 (1966), dezigharịrị. Damon Knight Whiting & Wheaton.
  • "We All Die Naked", Three for Tomorrow (August 1969), ed. Enweghị aha. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • "More Light", Alchemy na Academe (November 1970), ed. Anne McCaffrey Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • "Ụbọchị Onye Nchịkọta Ọnụ Ọgụgụ", Science Against Man (December 1970), ed. Anthony Cheetham Avon #V2374.
  • "Getting Along", Again, Dangerous Visions (March 17, 1972), ed. βHarlan Ellison Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • "A True Bill: A Chancel Drama in One Act", Ten Tomorrows (September 1973), ed. βRoger Elwood Ihe nrite ọla edo Fawcett #M2820.
  • "The Price of a Drink", The Berserkers (January 1974), ed. Roger Elwood Trident . 
  • "Making Waves", Works of Art (January 30, 2008). NESFA Press . 

Akwụkwọ akụkọ (1952-1990)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Jack nke Eagles (1952). Greenberg, nke e bipụtara dị ka ESPer (1952). Avon
  • The Frozen Year (March 19, 1957). Ballantine Books #197, nke e bipụtara dị ka Fallen Star (1957). Faber & Faber.
  • VOR (April 1958). Avon #T-238.
  • Nwoke a Duhiere (1959). Akwụkwọ Avalon.
  • A Torrent of Faces (1967), ya na Norman L. Knight. Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • Ndị Agha nke Ụbọchị (1967). Akwụkwọ Lancer #73-580.
  • Ndị Bi na kpakpando (1961). Ụmụ nwoke G. P. Putnam.
  • Titan's Daughter (March 1961). Ihe nrite Berkley #G507.
  • The Night Shapes (Ọktoba 1962). Akwụkwọ Ballantine #F647.
  • Ọrụ na kpakpando obi (November 11, 1965). Faber & Faber.
  • Welcome to Mars (July 1966). Ụmụ nwoke G. P. Putnam.
  • The Vanished Jet (1968). Weybright na Talley.
  • ... And All the Stars a Stage (July 1971). Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • Midsummer Century (May 1972). Doubleday, gụnyere na Midsummer Century Daw ed. (1974).
  • The Quincunx of Time (Ọktoba 1973). Dell #07244.

Obodo dị na Flight series (1955-1962)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Earthman, Come Home (1955). Ụmụ nwoke G. P. Putnam.
  • Ha Ga-enwe kpakpando (1956). Faber & Faber, nke e bipụtara dị ka Afọ 2018! (1957). Akwụkwọ Avon.
  • The Triumph of Time (Ọktoba 1958). Avon #T-279, nke e bipụtara dị ka A Clash of Cymbals (1959). Faber & Faber.
  • A Life for the Stars (1962). Ụmụ nwoke G. P. Putnam.

Mgbe Ụdị Ihe Ọmụma Dị Iche gasịrị (1958-1990)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • A Case of Conscience (April 1958). Akwụkwọ Ballantine #256.
  • Dọkịta Mirabilis (1964). Faber & Faber #55198.
  • Ụbọchị Ekwensu (February 1990). Baen . 

Nchịkọta (1957-2009)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • The Seedling Stars (1957). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
  • The Seedling Stars (February 1959). Ihe ịrịba ama #S1622.
  • Akụkọ sayensị kacha mma nke James Blish (1965). Faber & Faber, nke e bipụtara dị ka The Testament of Andros (August 1977). Arrow Books . 
  • Midsummer Century (February 1974). Daw #UQ1094.
  • The Best nke James Blish (August 1979). Ballantine/Del Rey  
  • Wepụ n'eluigwe m (April 1980). Panther . 
  • A Work of Art and Other Stories (July 1993). Severn House . 
  • With All Love: Selected Poems (March 1995). Anamnesis Press . 
  • A Dusk of Idols and Other Stories (May 1996). Severn House . 
  • Na Ụwa a, ma ọ bụ Onye Ọzọ (July 2, 2003). Five Star . 
  • Ọrụ nka (Jenụwarị 30, 2008). NESFA Press . 
  • Flights of Eagles (October 20, 2009). NESFA Press . 

Anthologies (1959-1970)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ìgwè kpakpando (Ọktoba 1959). Ihe ịrịba ama #S1719.
  • So Close to Home (February 27, 1961). Akwụkwọ Ballantine # 465K.
  • New Dreams This Morning (Ọktoba 1966). Akwụkwọ Ballantine #U233.
  • Anywhen (1970). Ụbọchị Abụọ.
  • Nebula Award Stories 5 (1970). Gollancz
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Blish "And Some Were Savages" bụ akụkọ mkpuchi maka mbipụta November 1960 nke Amazing Stories, nke Ed Emshwiller sere.

Akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo (1964-1987)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • The Issue at Hand (1964), dị ka William Atheling Jr. Advent Publishers.
  • More Issues at Hand (December 1970), dị ka William Atheling Jr. Advent Publishers . 
  • The Tale That Wags the God (July 1987). Ndị na-ebipụta Advent . 

Star Trek (1967-1977)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Star Trek (Jenụwarị 1967). Bantam Books #F3459.
  • Star Trek 2 (February 1968). Bantam Books #F3439.
  • Star Trek 3 (April 1969). Bantam Books #F4371.
  • Spock ga-anwụ! (February 1970). Bantam Books #H5515.
  • Star Trek 4 (July 1971). Bantam Books #S7009.
  • Star Trek 5 (February 1972). Bantam Books #S7300.
  • Star Trek 6 (April 1972). Bantam Books #S7364.
  • Star Trek 7 (July 1972). Bantam Books #S7480.
  • Star Trek 8 (November 1972). Bantam Books #SP7550.
  • Star Trek 9 (August 1973). Bantam Books #SP7808.
  • Star Trek 10 (February 1974). Bantam Books #SP8401.
  • Star Trek 11 (April 1975). Bantam Books #Q8717, nke e bipụtara dị ka The Day of the Dove (October 1985). Spectra . 
  • Star Trek 12 (November 1977), ya na J. A. Lawrence. Bantam Books . 

Omnibuses (1970-2013)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
  • Ọrụ James BlishnaỌrụ Gutenberg
  • Ọrụ James Blish ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
  • Ọrụ William Atheling ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
  • Ọrụ James BlishnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze)
  • James BlishnaEbe nchekwa data nke akụkọ ifo n'ịntanetị
  •  
  • James Blish na IMDb
  • Audio nke Blish na-enye onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ okwu na Pittcon 1960
  • Audio nke Blish na-enye onye ọbịa nke okwu nsọpụrụ na Eastercon 1970

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction: gas giant. sfdictionary.com. Retrieved on 2023-03-29.
  2. Knight, Damon. The Futurians. New York: John Day, 1977.
  3. Bloom (Jun 1995). "James Blish", Science Fiction Writers of the Golden Age. New York: Chelsea House, 63. ISBN 9780791021996. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Litpak (2014-02-13). The Big Ideas of James Blish. Kirkus. Retrieved on 2017-12-30.
  5. Merril (2002-04-19). "Virginia Kidd and the Futurian Motherhood", Better to Have Loved: The Life of Judith Merril. Toronto: Between the Lines, 58. ISBN 9781896357577. 
  6. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  7. Collection: Books and papers of James Blish (1921-75). Bodleian Library. Retrieved on 2017-12-30.
  8. James (Jan 1976). "Surface Tension", in Silverberg: The Science Fiction Hall of Fame. New York: Avon, 477–514. ISBN 9780380007950. 
  9. The Big Book of Science Fiction: 9781101910092 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books (en-US). PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved on 2020-06-27.
  10. Authors : Blish, James. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (2018-03-11). Retrieved on 2020-02-19.
  11. 11.0 11.1 The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1959. NESFA. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved on 2020-02-19.
  12. Blish (2012-09-27). "A Case of Conscience", in Wolfe: American Science Fiction: Five Classic Novels 1956-58. New York: The Library of America, 373–554. ISBN 9781598531596. 
  13. 13.0 13.1 Ketterer (September 1987). Imprisoned in a Tesseract: The Life and Work of James Blish. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 9780873383349. 
  14. Spock Must Die was preceded by Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds, but the latter novel was written for children.
  15. Ayers (2006-11-14). Voyages of Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion. New York: Pocket Books, 9–11. ISBN 9781416503491. 
  16. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction: gas giant. Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  17. 1965 - The Nebula Awards. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved on 2017-12-31.
  18. 1968 - The Nebula Awards. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved on 2017-12-31.
  19. The Long List of Hugo Awards, 1970. NESFA. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03. Retrieved on 2020-02-19.
  20. "1970 - The Nebula Awards", Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Retrieved on 2017-12-31.
  21. The Long List of Retro Hugo Awards, 1951. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-12-31.
  22. 22.0 22.1 The Long List of Retro Hugo Awards, 1954. NESFA. Archived from the original on 2018-01-01. Retrieved on 2020-02-19.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
  • Ọrụ James BlishnaỌrụ Gutenberg
  • Ọrụ James Blish ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
  • Ọrụ William Atheling ma ọ bụ banyere yanaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
  • Ọrụ James BlishnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze)
  • James BlishnaEbe nchekwa data nke akụkọ ifo n'ịntanetị
  •  
  • James Blish na IMDb
  • Audio nke Blish na-enye onye ọbịa nke nsọpụrụ okwu na Pittcon 1960
  • Audio nke Blish na-enye onye ọbịa nke okwu nsọpụrụ na Eastercon 1970