Kọmitii Mba Nile

 

Akụkụ nke Canada na United States (gụnyere na Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, n'elu) kewara site na ókèala nke dị na mmiri. Akụkụ buru ibu nke ókèala Canada na US dị na Great Lakes.

The International Joint Commission (French: Commission mixte internationale) bụ a bi-mba nzukọ hibere site na ọchịchị nke United States na Canada n'okpuru Boundary Waters Treaty nke 1909. Ọrụ ya na-agbasawanye na mbinye aka nke Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. 1972 (E mechara emezigharị 1987 na 2012). Kọmishọna a na-ahụ maka okwu metụtara oke mmiri na ụzọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ oke Canada-United States.

Kọmishọna ndị otu isii, o nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba ngalaba, nke na-ahụ maka akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke oke-mmiri, ma ọ bụ isiokwu, yana ndị ọrụ nka iji hazie ma gwa ndị ọrụ ọrụ.

Ọrụ nke IJC

Canada na United States kere International Joint Commission n'ihi na ha ghọtara na mba nke ọ bụla na-emetụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-eme na ọdọ mmiri na usoro osimiri n'akụkụ oke. Mba abụọ a na-emekọ ihe ọnụ iji jikwaa mmiri ndị a na ichekwa ha maka abamuru nke ụmụ amaala taa na ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu.

A na-eduzi IJC site na Boundary Waters Treaty, nke Canada na United States bịanyere aka na ya na 1909. Nkwekọrịta ahụ na-enye ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu, karịa ndenye ọgwụ zuru ezu, maka igbochi na idozi esemokwu banyere mmiri na-ekekọrịta n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ na maka idozi nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe. A na-ekpebi itinye ụkpụrụ ndị a kpọmkwem n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu.

IJC nwere isi ọrụ abụọ: ịnakwere ọrụ ndị na-emetụta ọkwa mmiri ma na-agafe ókèala na nyocha ihe gbasara oke oke na ịkwado ngwọta. Ndụmọdụ na mkpebi nke IJC na-eburu n'uche mkpa nke oke mmiri dị iche iche, gụnyere mmiri ọñụñụ, mbupu azụmahịa, ike ọkụ eletrik, ọrụ ugbo, ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ụlọ ọrụ, ịkụ azụ, ụgbọ mmiri ntụrụndụ na akụrụngwa dị n'ikpere mmiri.

Ọrụ na ọrụ

The International Joint Commission na-egbochi ma na-edozi esemokwu dị n'etiti United States na Canada n'okpuru 1909 Boundary Water Treaty ma na-agbaso ọdịmma obodo abụọ ahụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nwere onwe ya na ebumnobi maka ọchịchị abụọ ahụ.

Karịsịa, IJC na-achịkwa ngwa maka nkwado nke ọrụ metụtara oke oke ma ọ bụ oke oke ma nwee ike ịhazi ọrụ nke ọrụ ndị a; ọ na-enyere mba abụọ ahụ aka na nchebe nke gburugburu ebe a na-agafe agafe, gụnyere mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nke Akwa Lakes Water Quality Agreement na mma nke ikuku ikuku na-agafe agafe; ma ọ na-eme ka gọọmentị mara maka okwu na-apụta n'akụkụ oke nke nwere ike ibute esemokwu abụọ.

Ndị ọchịchị

Iwu nkwenye

Ndị IJC nwere ikike ịnye iwu nkwado. Iwu ndị a na-etinye ọnọdụ na ntinye na ịrụ ọrụ nke oru ngo, dị ka mmiri mmiri, mgbawa ma ọ bụ àkwà mmiri nke ga-emetụta oke oke mmiri. Edepụtara usoro ntinye akwụkwọ maka iwu nnabata na ntuziaka IJC maka ngwa.

Ihe odide

Ndị IJC na-amụ ma na-atụ aro ka e dozie nsogbu ndị na-agafe agafe mgbe gọọmentị mba gwara ha mee ya. Mgbe IJC natara arịrịọ gọọmentị, nke a na-akpọ ntụnye aka, ọ na-ahọpụta otu bọọdụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkachamara nhata nhata site na obodo ọ bụla. A na-ahọrọ ndị otu bọọdụ maka ikike ọkachamara ha, ọ bụghị dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu nzukọ ma ọ bụ mpaghara.

Ihe omume

A na-eji mmegharị nke mmiri dị nso na Niagara Falls n'ókè ahụ emepụta nnukwu mmiri eletrik

Ịchịkwa ojiji a na-ejikọta mmiri

Ndị IJC na-eme mkpebi na ngwa maka oru ngo, dị ka mmiri mmiri na ntụgharị uche, nke na-emetụta ọkwa okike na oke mmiri n'ofe oke. Ịgbanwe ọkwa mmiri nwere ike imetụta oriri mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mbupu azụmahịa, ike ọkụ eletrik, ọrụ ugbo, ihe onwunwe dị n'ikpere mmiri, ntụrụndụ, ịkụ azụ, anụ ọhịa, ala mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Ọ bụrụ na IJC kwadoro oru ngo, ọ nwere ike itinye ọnọdụ na nhazi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ngo iji chebe ọdịmma n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke oke. Ndị IJC nwekwara ike ịhọpụta bọọdụ iji nyochaa nnabata nke ihe a chọrọ, dị ka ngafe mmiri mmiri. Ọrụ ndị IJC kwadoro gụnyere ọrụ ike eletrik na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na Osimiri St. Lawrence, Osimiri St. Croix na Osimiri Columbia. Ndị IJC na-ahụkwa maka idobe ọkwa mmiri mberede na ọdọ mmiri nke oke ọhịa na ikesa mmiri n'etiti ihe dị iche iche dị na Osimiri Souris, Osimiri St. Mary na mmiri mmiri ara ehi.

Imeziwanye mmiri

Na Boundary Water Treaty, Canada na United States kwetara na ọ nweghị mba ga-emetọ mmiri oke ókè, ma ọ bụ mmiri na-asọfe n'ókè ahụ, ruo n'ókè nke ga-emerụ ahụ ike ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe na mba ọzọ. Mgbe gọọmentị jụrụ ya, ndị IJC na-enyocha, nyochaa ma na-atụ aro omume gbasara ogo mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri na osimiri dị n'akụkụ oke Canada na United States. IJC nwere ibu ọrụ dị mma maka Osimiri St. Croix, Osimiri mmiri ozuzo na Osimiri Uhie. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Kọmịshọn na-elekwasị anya n'inyere gọọmentị aka hichaa nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ma gbochie mmetọ ọzọ.

Imeziwanye ikuku

Nakwa imebi osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, mmetọ ikuku na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ, karịsịa maka ndị nwere ọrịa iku ume dị ka bronchitis na-adịghị ala ala na ụkwara ume ọkụ. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, gọọmentị America na Canada arịọla ndị IJC ka ha weta uche ha, ma ọ bụ nyochaa, nsogbu mmetọ ikuku na mpaghara oke. Iji kwado ọrụ ndị a, IJC kere International Air Quality Advisory Board. N'otu aka ahụ, n'okpuru 1991 Canada-United States Agreement Quality Air, IJC chọrọ ịnakọta na mekọrịta nkwupụta ọha na eze na akụkọ ọganihu ikuku nke gọọmentị na-ebipụta kwa afọ abụọ.

Nnyocha okwu na ịtụ aro ngwọta

Ndị IJC na-amụ ma na-atụ aro ka e dozie nsogbu ndị na-agafe agafe mgbe gọọmentị mba gwara ha mee ya. Mgbe IJC natara arịrịọ gọọmentị, nke a na-akpọ ntụnye aka, ọ na-ahọpụta otu bọọdụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkachamara nhata nhata site na obodo ọ bụla. A na-ahọrọ ndị otu bọọdụ maka ikike ọkachamara ha, ọ bụghị dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke otu nzukọ ma ọ bụ mpaghara.

Ntụ aka na IJC lekwasịrị anya karịsịa na mmiri na ikuku ikuku yana mmepe na iji mmiri mmiri na-ekekọrịta ihe. Dị ka ihe atụ, otu ntụaka dugara na Nkwekọrịta ịdịmma Mmiri nke Great Lakes (1972), bụ́ ebe mba abụọ ahụ kwekọrịtara ịchịkwa mmetọ na ikpochapụ mmiri mkpofu n'ụlọ ọrụ na obodo. N'afọ 1978, nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ gbakwunyere nkwa ịchụpụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ndị na-egbu egbu na-adịgide adịgide, bụ ndị na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ruo ogologo oge ma nwee ike imebi ihe oriri maka anụmanụ na ndị mmadụ.

Agbanyeghi na ntụnye ntụaka IJC ejighị n'aka, gọọmentị Canada na America na-anabatakarị ha.

Nhazi

Ndị kọmishọna isii na-eduzi Kọmishọna a, atọ sitere na obodo ọ bụla. Ndị gọọmenti Canada na United States na-ahọpụta ndị Kọmishọna. Ndị kọmishọna anaghị anọchite anya gọọmentị ha. Ndị Kọmishọna Canada họpụtara na 2019 bụ Pierre Béland (Oche Canada), Merrel-Ann Phare na F. Henry Lickers. Ndị Kọmishọna America họpụtara na 2019 bụ Jane Corwin (Onye isi oche America), Robert C. Sisson, na Lance V. Yohe.

Kọmishọna ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ atọ, na Ottawa, Washington, D.C., na Windsor, Ontario. Windsor Great Lakes Regional Office (GLRO) ka emebere n'okpuru nnukwu Agreement Quality Water (GLWQA). Ọ bụ otu mba abụọ nke ndị sayensị America na Canada na ndị ọrụ nkwado.

Ndepụta nke ndị kọmishọna

Aha ya	Akụkụ	Mmalite nke oge	Ọgwụgwụ nke oge	Obodo Obodo	Onye a họpụtara	Ihe edeturu
Pierre Béland	Canada	May 9, 2019		Quebec	Julie Payette na ndụmọdụ nke Justin Trudeau	Isi oche nke ngalaba
Henry Lickers	Canada	May 9, 2019		Ontario	Julie Payette na ndụmọdụ nke Justin Trudeau
Ụlọ nduzi Merrell-Ann	Canada	May 9, 2019		Manitoba	Julie Payette na ndụmọdụ nke Justin Trudeau
Rob Sisson	United States	May 16, 2019		Michigan	Donald Trump
Lance Yohe	United States	May 16, 2019		North Dakota	Donald Trump
Gerald Acker	United States	Julaị 28, 2023		Michigan	Joe Biden	Isi oche nke ngalaba

Mbadamba

bọọdụ dị iche iche na-ahụ maka nsogbu mmiri oke oke. Mgbe enwere okwu pụrụ iche, a na-ekenye otu Task Force ka ọ mee mkpesa ma ọ bụ ndụmọdụ. Ụdị dị iche iche na-eguzo bụ:

• Ndị ọrụ a kwadoro nke Osimiri St. Mary na Milk
• Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Sayensị Great Lakes
• Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ịdị Mma Mmiri nke Great Lakes
• Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee
• Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ndị ọkachamara na ahụike
• International Columbia River Board of Control
• International Kootenay Lake Board of Control
• International Lake Champlain-Richelieu River Study Board
• International Lake of the Woods Control Board
• International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board
• International Lake Superior Board of Control
• International Niagara Board of Control
• International Osoyoos Lake Board of Control
• International Rainy-Lake of the Woods Watershed Board
• International Red River Board
• International Souris River Board
• International Souris River Study Board
• International St. Croix River Watershed Board
• Ntinye na Mmetụta Nri na Ọdọ Mmiri Champlain na Memphremagog

Ebe ndị a na-anọ

• IJC Canadian Section - 234 Laurier Avenue West, 22nd Floor Ottawa, Ontario
• IJC United States Section - 1717 H Street NW, Suite 835, Washington, D.C.
• Great Lakes Regional Office - 100 Ouellette Ave., 8th Floor, Windsor, Ontario

Hụkwa

• Kọmitii Maka Mmekọrịta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
• Kọmitii Azụmaahịa Great Lakes
• International Boundary and Water Commission (US na Mexico)
• Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ókèala Mba Nile
• Isiokwu 22 nke Code of Federal Regulations

Njikọ mpụga

• Kọmitii Mba Nile
• Ndị ọrụ a kwadoro maka Osimiri St. Mary-Milk
• International Columbia River Board of Control
• Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Adaptive Management Committee
• Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Sayensị Great Lakes
• Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ịdị Mma Mmiri nke Great Lakes
• Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ndị ọkachamara na ahụike
• International Kootenay Lake Board of Control
• International Lake Superior Board of Control
• International Niagara Board of Control
• International Osoyoos Lake Board of Control
• International Rainy-Lake of the Woods Watershed Board
• International Red River Board
• International Souris River Board
• International St. Croix Watershed Board
• International Lake Ontario-St. Lawrence River Board
• International Lake Champlain-Richelieu River Study Board
• International Souris River Study Board
• Ntinye na Mmetụta Nri na Ọdọ Mmiri Champlain na Memphremagog