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Forest Stewardship Council GmbH (FSC) bụ mba mba ụwa na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, ọgbakọ ọtụtụ ndị otu e guzobere na 1993 na-akwalite njikwa oke ọhịa nke ụwa site na asambodo osisi. Nzukọ a na-eji ụzọ dabere n'ahịa maka amụma gburugburu ebe obibi gafere.

Ebumnuche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebumnuche FSC kwuru bụ "ịkwalite usoro kwesịrị ekwesị na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịmma ọha na eze, yana n'ụzọ akụ na ụba nke ụwa." Iji mezuo nke a, ahụ ebipụtala atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise:

  1. Ịga n'ihu na nlekọta ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ.
  2. Gbaa mbọ hụ na uru nke usoro FSC nwere.
  3. Gbaa mbọ hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, ntụkwasị obi na nghọta nke usoro FSC.
  4. Mepụta uru azụmahịa maka ngwaahịa sitere na oké ọhịa FSC.
  5. Mee ka netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ sie ike iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ 1 ruo 4.

A na-akwalite, na-achịkwa, ma mepụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a site na mpaghara mmemme isii: ọhịa, usoro nlekọta, iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nlekota na nyocha, nkwenye dị mma, na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi.[1][2]

Ọ na-azọrọ na oké ọhịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ ya na-enye uru ma ndị obodo dị n'ógbè ma ndị ọzọ, a na-ekwukwa na ndị a gụnyere ikuku na mmiri dị ọcha, yana enyemaka iji belata mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.

N'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, FSC na-ekwu maka okwu ndị dị ka igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbukpọ ọhịa na okpomọkụ ụwa na ụfọdụ akụkọ na-egosi mmetụta dị mma na mmepe akụ na ụba, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ibelata ịda ogbenye, na ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[3][4]

Iji akara FSC na-egosi na ngwaahịa ahụ sitere na isi mmalite - nke kwesịrị ekwesị na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke bara uru na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke bara uru. A na-eji akara FSC eme ihe n'ọtụtụ osisi na ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi, site na akwụkwọ na oche ruo ọgwụ na ọla, ma na-ezube inye ndị na-azụ ahịa nhọrọ nke ịkwado ọrụ ọhịa.[5][6]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu si kwuo, a gbanweela ọkara ọhịa ụwa, mebie ya, bibie ya ma ọ bụ gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ala ndị ọzọ.[7] Ọtụtụ oké ọhịa na-ata ahụhụ site na mmebi iwu na-akwadoghị na nlekọta na-adịghị mma. E guzobere FSC dị ka nzaghachi maka nchegbu ndị a gbasara mgbukpọ ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Igbukpọsị oke ọhịa dị ka ihe gbasara ụwa niile gbagoro na 1980s ma enwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ ọgụ maka ime ihe sitere n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mba ndị dị n'ebe ugwu maka mkpa ọ dị ichebe oke ọhịa. Tupu nke a, e hiwere ọtụtụ usoro akụ na ụba na usoro iwu ndị ọzọ dị ka enyemaka ego, usoro amụma na nkwekọrịta azụmahịa n'ọgụ megide igbutu osisi. Ndị a gụnyere Agreement International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983), Nkwekọrịta nke Azụmahịa Mba Nile na Anụmanụ dị n'Edangered (1975) na Global Environment Facility (1991). N'agbanyeghị oke nchegbu na-erute na Mgbakọ Ụwa nke 1992 e mere na Rio de Janeiro, esemokwu dị n'etiti North na South zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịnweta ego na nkà na ụzụ maka ichekwa oke ọhịa kpalitere mkparita ụka. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu tụrụ anya inwe mgbakọ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, nkwupụta nke ụkpụrụ ọhịa na-anọchi anya "ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ala" na ọ bụ afọ ofufo. N'ịbụ ndị na-enwe nkụda mmụọ na nsonazụ nke Mgbakọ Ụwa, NGO dị ka World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) malitere ịtụgharị uche ha na ụlọ ọrụ maka mkpebi ọchịchị ga-aba uru maka nsogbu nke igbukpọ osisi.

N'oge na-eduga na Mgbakọ Ụwa, otu ndị na-elekọta mmadụ, NGO, na ụlọ ọrụ na-amalitekwa ileba anya n'okwu gbasara igbukpọ osisi. Na America, usoro nyocha nke mechara bute nguzobe FSC malitere na 1990 wee kwubie na nkwenye nkwado maka mmepe nke usoro asambodo afọ ofufo zuru ụwa ọnụ na nzere ikike nke ga-ekpuchi ụdị ọhịa niile. Na UK, NGO WWF malitere ikwado ime ihe site na nguzobe otu 1995, na-ewe ndị otu kpalitere site n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ozugbo na ịchụpụ maka ire osisi okpomọkụ iji guzobe njikọ aka azụmahịa na NGO. Site na itinye aka na ndị otu, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na a ga-achọ ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ọkọlọtọ iji chọpụta ebe ngwaahịa osisi si enweta ma kọwaa njikwa ọhịa na-adigide. Mgbe ọnwa 18 nwechara ndụmọdụ na mba iri dị iche iche, e hiwere Council forest Stewardship Council na 1993.   Ọdịda nke gọọmentị iji nweta ụdị nkwekọrịta ọ bụla pụtara ìhè n'ụdị nkwekọrịta mba ụwa na nke iwu kwadoro kpatara ma ndakpọ olileanya na ohere maka mgbanwe site na itinye aka nke ndị obodo na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-emepụta "iwu nro". Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ guzobe Council nke Forest Stewardship Council dị ka nzaghachi nke ndakpọ olileanya a na-anọchikwa anya mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ọchịchị na-achị na ihe e kere eke bụ isi ihe atụ nke iji ahịa na akụ na ụba ihe na-eme ka ije na gburugburu ụwa gburugburu. Ọnọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-agbanwe agbanwe nke e hibere FSC bụ nke a na-echepụta ka ọ gosipụta enweghị obi abụọ ka ukwuu maka ike steeti yana n'ihi ya, ọ ga-ewepụ n'ụdị iwu steeti etiti obodo. Nke ahụ kwuru, ọ bụ ezie na FSC gafere ókèala mba, steeti ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-ekere òkè na nhazi nhazi nke oke ọhịa, ya mere FSC ga-emepụtarịrị ọchịchị ụlọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji gosipụta nke a.

Ọdịdị na ọchịchị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

FSC bụ òtù mba ụwa nwere usoro ọchịchị dabere na itinye aka, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikpe ziri ezi na nghọta.[8] Ọ bụ ikpo okwu maka ndị nwe ọhịa, ụlọ ọrụ osisi, òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na òtù gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbakọta iji chọta ihe ngwọta iji melite usoro nlekọta ọhịa. Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-achịkwa ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa.

Ọ bụ ndị otu ya na-achịkwa ya, ndị na-esonyere ma ọ bụ dị ka ndị otu ma ọ bụ ndị nnọchi anya òtù; ha si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche gụnyere NGO gburugburu ebe obibi, azụmahịa osisi, otu ọhịa obodo na òtù asambodo ọhịa. Ndị otu na-etinye akwụkwọ ka ha sonye n'otu n'ime ụlọ atọ - gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba; a na-ekewa ụlọ nke ọ bụla n'ime mpaghara ugwu na ndịda ma na-atụ vootu iji hụ na ugwu na ndị mmadụ nwere 50%; a na'emere usoro a iji hụ na a na-ekerịta mmetụta n'otu ụzọ n'etiti ìgwè dị iche iche, n'enweghị igbochi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu.[8]

FSC nwere ọkwa atọ nke ndị na-eme mkpebi: Nzukọ Ezumezu, Board of Directors na onye isi nchịkwa.[9][10][11]

  • Nzukọ Ezumezu, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'afọ atọ ọ bụla, nwere ụlọ atọ ndị otu ma bụrụkwa òtù kachasị elu na-eme mkpebi na FSC. Nzukọ Ezumezu kachasị ọhụrụ mere n'afọ 2014. Onye otu ọ bụla nwere ikike ịga, ịhazi ma nyefee arịrịọ, na ịtụ vootu. Nzukọ Ezumezu ahụ na-anọchite anya ohere maka onye ọ bụla ịkekọrịta, ịmụta, guzobe njikọ ọhụrụ na mgbanwe ma nyochaa ohere azụmahịa iji mepụta ọdịnihu ka mma nke ọhịa.
  • Ndị isi FSC na-aza ajụjụ nye ndị otu FSC. Ọ nwere mmadụ itoolu a họpụtara ahọpụta bụ ndị otu FSC na ndị nkwado. A na-ahọpụta otu onye so na bọọdụ ndị nduzi site na obere ụlọ ọ bụla nke Nzukọ Ezumezu.
  • Onye isi nchịkwa na-agba FSC kwa ụbọchị na nkwado nke otu ndị ọkachamara nwere ọdịbendị dị iche iche na FSC International Center. Ọ na-aza ajụjụ na FSC Board of Directors.

Ọ bụ ezie na FSC International Center dị na Bonn, Germany, ọ nwere netwọk nke FSC Network Partners nke na-akwalite nlekọta ọhịa dị mma maka FSC.[12] FSC Network Partners gụnyere FSC National Offices, FSC National Representatives na FSC National Focal Points.[12]

Kim Carstensen bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) kemgbe Ọktoba 2012. Maazị Carstensen bụ onye ndú a ma ama n'ụwa niile.

Ụkpụrụ, asambodo na ikikere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmepe ụkpụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

FSC bụ usoro asambodo ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke e hibere maka oke ọhịa na ngwaahịa ọhịa. FSC International na-edobe usoro maka ịzụlite na idowe ụkpụrụ mba ụwa, mba na nke okpuru ala. Ezubere nke a iji hụ na usoro maka ịmepụta atumatu na ụkpụrụ FSC doro anya, nweere onwe ya na nsonye. Otutu ụlọ ọrụ asambodo oke ohia nke mba na mpaghara dịkwa gburugburu ụwa. Site n'echiche nke WWF, usoro afọ ofufo a nwere ike were dị ka otu n'ime atụmatụ na-atọ ụtọ nke afọ iri gara aga iji kwalite nlekọta ọhịa ka mma.

FSC nwere ụkpụrụ 10 yana njikota (FSC P&C) nke na-etolite ntọala maka ụkpụrụ njikwa oke ọhịa FSC ha niile na asambodo. N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2012, ndị otu ahụ kwadoro ntugharị isi nke mbụ na FSC P&C iji weta asambodo ya ruo ugbu a. Ntụleghachi na ntughari nke FSC P&C malitere na 2008 wee kpokọta nzaghachi site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị otu FSC na ndị ọzọ metụtara. Ndozigharị a gosikwara mmalite nke usoro nke imepụta ntọala ntọala maka njiri mara nke ọ bụla edegharịrị. Ihe ndị a chọrọ - akpọrọ International Generic Indicators (IGIs) - bụ ebumnuche iji hụ na itinye FSC P&C n'ofe mba niile. Ebe enweghị ụkpụrụ mba ugbu a, a ga-eji IGI dị ka ụkpụrụ nwa oge.

Ụkpụrụ Nlekọta Ọhịa Mba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mgbakwunye na ọkọlọtọ asambodo ụwa ya, FSC na-emepe ụkpụrụ mba na mba ndị a họọrọ. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-agbaso nke ọma na ọkọlọtọ asambodo zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụkpụrụ ya, mana a na-eme ka ha kwekọọ na ọnọdụ mpaghara. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe a na-akpọ National Forest Stewardship Standards dị maka mba ndị a (nke a haziri site na afọ mbụ nke mmeghe):   asambodo nchịkwa ọhịa bụ usoro afọ ofufo maka ịchọpụta omume ọhịa dị mma. Otu ụlọ ọrụ asambodo FSC kwadoro na-eme nyocha ọhịa na arịrịọ nke onye nwe ọhịa ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ. A na-akwụ ndị nwere asambodo ụgwọ kwa afọ iji mezigharịa ikike ha, a na-atụkwa anya na ha ga-agbaso ya.

FSC P&C na-emetụta oké ọhịa niile dị n'ebe okpomọkụ, nke dị n'etiti na nke dị n"ebe okpompe na ọtụtụ osisi na oké ọhịa ndị a kụrụ ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ya maka nlekọta ọhịa maka ngwaahịa osisi, ha dịkwa mkpa maka ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi (dịka. Brazil nuts) na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmiri dị ọcha na ikuku na carbon sequestration. Tupu usoro mmezigharị nke kwụsịrị na Febụwarị 2012, FSC P&C bụ ndị a (ọ bụghị n'usoro kachasị mkpa):

Mba. Ụkpụrụ
1 Nkwado iwu niile na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa.
2 Ihe ngosi na nke a na-enweghị mgbagha, nke akọwapụtara nke ọma, ikike ala ogologo oge na ikike iji ya eme ihe.
3 Nkwado na nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike ụmụ amaala.
4 Nlekọta ma ọ bụ ịkwalite ọdịmma mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndị ọrụ ọhịa na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike ndị ọrụ na-agbaso nkwekọrịta International Labour Organization (ILO).
5 Ojiji ziri ezi na ịkekọrịta uru sitere n'oké ọhịa.
6 Mbelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ịkpụ osisi na nlekọta nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ọhịa.
7 Atụmatụ njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-aga n'ihu na-emelite.
8 Nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị na nyocha ọrụ iji nyochaa ọnọdụ nke oké ọhịa, ọrụ nchịkwa na mmetụta ha na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi.
9 Nlekọta nke oké ọhịa dị elu (HCVFs) akọwapụtara dị ka oké ọhịa nwere ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị ịrịba ama ma ọ bụ ihe dị oke mkpa.
10 Na mgbakwunye na ịgbaso ihe niile dị n'elu, osisi ga-enye aka belata nrụgide ma kwalite mweghachi na nchekwa nke oké ọhịa.

A kwadoro P&C e degharịrị na Febụwarị 2012; ihe ndị bụ isi achọrọ bụ:[13]

  1. Nzukọ ahụ ga-agbaso iwu niile, ụkpụrụ na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa, nkwekọrịta na nkwekọ mba niile.
  2. Nzukọ ahụ ga-elekọta ma ọ bụ bulie ọdịmma ọha na eze na akụ na ụba nke ndị ọrụ.
  3. Òtù ahụ ga-achọpụta ma kwado ikike iwu na omenala nke ndị nwe ala, ojiji na njikwa ala, ókèala na ihe onwunwe metụtara ọrụ njikwa.
  4. Òtù ahụ ga-enye aka n'ichebe ma ọ bụ melite ọdịmma mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ
  5. Nzukọ ahụ ga-ejikwa nke ọma na-elekọta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa na ọrụ nke Ngalaba Nchịkwa iji lekọta ma ọ bụ bulie uru akụ na ụba ogologo oge na ọtụtụ uru gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
  6. Nzukọ ahụ ga-echekwa, chekwaa na / ma ọ bụ weghachite ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Ngalaba Nlekọta, ma zere, rụzie ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi.
  7. Nzukọ ahụ ga-enwe atụmatụ njikwa kwekọrọ na ụkpụrụ na ebumnuche ya ma kwekọọ na nha, ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrụ njikwa ya. A ga-etinye atụmatụ njikwa ahụ n'ọrụ ma debe ya na oge dabere na ozi nlekota iji kwalite njikwa mgbanwe. Atụmatụ na akwụkwọ usoro ga-ezuru iji duzie ndị ọrụ, gwa ndị metụtara na ndị nwere mmasị na iji kwado mkpebi nchịkwa.
  8. Nzukọ ahụ ga-egosipụta na, ọganihu iji mezuo ebumnuche njikwa, mmetụta nke ọrụ njikwa na ọnọdụ nke Ngalaba Nchịkwa, a na-enyocha ma na-enyochaa ya dịka nha, ike na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrụ njirimara, iji mezuo njikwa mgbanwe.
  9. Nzukọ ahụ ga-edebe na / ma ọ bụ melite ụkpụrụ nchekwa dị elu na Ngalaba Nchịkwa site na itinye usoro nchebe.
  10. A ga-ahọrọ ma tinye ọrụ nchịkwa nke nzukọ ahụ ma ọ bụ maka ya n'ọrụ ma kwekọọ na iwu na ebumnuche akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-agbaso ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ niile.

Ọ bụrụ na ndị na-enye ikike achọpụta na njikwa ọhịa anaghị agbaso n'ụzọ zuru oke, a na-ahụ ihe ndị a ga-emezu tupu e nye asambodo FSC. Ọ bụrụ na a na-ahụ obere ihe ndị na-ekwekọghị, enwere ike inye asambodo ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị a ga-ezute n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ.

Òtù na-enye ikike na-enyocha asambodo FSC ọ bụla ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'afọ. Enweghị nkwenye na-ebute arịrịọ iji mee mgbanwe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ n'ime oge a nyere ma ọ bụ tụfuo asambodo FSC ya. Dabere na ịdị njọ nke mmebi iwu ahụ, usoro iheomume nwere ike ịga site na otu afọ maka obere mmebi iwu nchịkwa gaa n'ime ihe ozugbo maka nnukwu mmebi iwu.

Chain of Custody asambodo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usoro FSC Chain of Custody (CoC) na-enye ohere ịchọpụta ihe FSC kwadoro site n'oké ọhịa gaa na onye na-azụ ahịa.[14] Ọ bụ usoro ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike igosi mkpebi ha maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nlekọta ọhịa. Naanị ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwere akara FSC nke nlekọta nlekọta ka a na-ekwe ka ha jiri akara ahịa FSC na akara iji kwalite ngwaahịa ha. N'ihi ya, akara FSC na-enye njikọ dị n'etiti mmepụta na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ụka ma na-enyere onye na-azụ ahịa aka ime mkpebi ịzụta na-arụsi ọrụ ike na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ozugbo ohia nwetara akwụkwọ ikike, ọ dị mkpa ka ị nwee ike ịchọpụta ngwaahịa ndị sitere na ya n'oge niile a na-enye ngwaahịa iji hụ na nkwupụta ọ bụla gbasara mmalite ngwaahịa ahụ bụ nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma kwenye. Asambodo njide nke FSC bụ usoro afọ ofufo. Ọ bụ usoro nleba anya nke na-enye ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-azụ ahịa aka igosi na osisi sitere n'oké ọhịa a na-ejikwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi dịka FSC P&C siri dị. Ọ na-enyocha usoro nke osisi akwadoro site na agbụ ọkọnọ na gafere oke site na ọkwa ọ bụla na-aga n'ihu - gụnyere nhazi, mgbanwe na nrụpụta - ruo na ngwaahịa ikpeazụ. Ọ dịịrị ụlọ ọrụ ibido usoro asambodo site na ịrịọ ọrụ nke otu asambodo enwetara ikike inyocha usoro nsochi ime ya. Ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye aka na FSC gụnyere nkwalite ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ DIY, ndị mbipụta na ndị na-ere ahịa, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]

Ọrụ niile na-achọ imepụta ngwaahịa enwetara FSC ma ọ bụ na-achọ ịre ahịa dabara adaba ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ FSC si mba ụwa maka usoro njide. Ọrụ ga-ezipụta ụdị ngwaahịa ha chọrọ ire dị ka FSC gbaara ma kwalite ya na ụghalaahịa FSC. Òtù asambodo ahụ na-enyocha ọrụ ahụ iji hụ na njikwa dị n'ọnọdụ iji chọpụta isi mmalite maka ụdị ngwaahịa a kapịrị ọnụ yana igbochi ihe enwetara ikike na megharịa ka ọ ghara ịgwakọta ihe sitere na isi mmalite na-anabataghị. Ọ bụrụ na arụ ọrụ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ FSC, a na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ asambodo njide FSC. Nnukwu ọdịda irube isi n'ụkpụrụ ga-eme ka onye a na-achọ ọrụ ghara iru eru na asambodo ma ọ bụ duga na asambodo.

Nkwado osisi a na-achịkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E webatara akara FSC Mix na 2004. Ọ na-enye ohere ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ejikọta ihe FSC kwadoro na ihe ndị a na-akwadoghị na ngwaahịa FSC na-achịkwa n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwa. Ọ na-achọ izere iji ngwaahịa osisi sitere na isi mmalite "anaghị anabata" na ngwaahịa FSC akara. Ebe ndị a na-anabataghị gụnyere osisi ndị a na-egbute n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, osisi ndị a na-egbute megidere ikike ọdịnala na nke obodo, osisi ndị a na-egbute n'ime ọhịa HCV na osisi ndị a na-egbute n'ebe a na-akụ osisi ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa..

Ikike ikike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iji jikwaa nnwere onwe n'etiti ụkpụrụ ndị ọ debere na ọrụ ndị na-achọ asambodo nke ụdị abụọ a, FSC anaghị eme nyocha asambodo n'onwe ya. FSC ewepụtala usoro na ụkpụrụ siri ike iji nyochaa ma otu ndị asambodo (otu asambodo) nwere ike ịnye ọrụ nyocha (asambodo) kwụụrụ onwe yana tozuru oke. A maara usoro a dị ka ' nzere ntozu'.

Otu nwere ike inweta asambodo ga-enweta nzere FSC ka o nwee ike inyocha, nyochaa na kwado ụlọ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ FSC. Iji bụrụ nzere FSC, ndị asambodo ga-agbasorịrị ọtụtụ iwu na usoro nke ASI - Assurance Services International GmbH kwadoro - onye mmekọ mmesi obi ike nke mba ụwa maka iduzi ụkpụrụ nkwado afọ ofufo na atumatu dịka MSC na RSPO. Nke a na-agụnye nyocha ụlọ ọrụ na ịgba akaebe nke otu nyocha ma ọ bụ karịa n'ọhịa. ASI na-enyocha ndị otu asambodo enwetara ikike iji hụ na ịdị mma nke ọrụ ha nwere ike na-ekwe nkwa mgbe niile.

o jikwaa mmejuputa iwu na usoro FSC na-aga n'ihu, kwa afọ ASI na-eme opekata mpe otu ụlọ ọrụ na otu nyocha ubi maka ụlọ ọrụ asambodo FSC ọ bụla. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi na nkesa nke nyocha ASI na-eburu n'uche ọtụtụ ihe mgbagwoju anya (mpaghara mpaghara, atumatu ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa na-ebuwanye ihe ize ndụ) yana ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asambodo FSC nke ndị otu asambodo kwadoro, na e mere iji hụ na ọrụ asambodo. Onye na-enye asambodo na-emezu ihe FSC chọrọ.

Ụfọdụ nchịkọta nke nyocha nyocha ASI dị n'ihu ọha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ASI.[15] Ọ bụrụ na achọpụta na ụlọ ọrụ asambodo FSC kwadoro anaghị agbaso iwu na usoro FSC n'ụzọ zuru ezu, a na-ebuli ndị na-ekwekọghị (NCs) (lee n'elu).

Eziokwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2012, e nyere ihe dị ka nde hekta 165 asambodo na ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ FSC na mba 80.[16] Ihe dị ka 24,000 FSC Chain of Custody asambodo na-arụ ọrụ na mba 107.[16] Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ FSC nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ gbasara nkesa mpaghara, onye nwe ya na ụdị ọhịa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asambodo FSC na-anọchite anya njikwa ọhịa niile na usoro asambodo nlekọta.[16]

Ihe Ndị Na-efu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ekewa mmefu maka asambodo nlekọta ọhịa nke ọma n'ime:

  • Ọnụ ego maka ịkwalite nkwado;
  • Ọnụ ego maka nyocha (ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa ndị a); na
  • Ọnụ ego nke abụọ (dịka mfu nke ego a na-enweta).[17]

FSC Friday[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

FSC Friday bụ mmemme nkwado otu ugboro n'afọ maka emume oke ohia gburugburu ụwa yana ịkwalite njikwa oke ọhịa n'ụwa niile. Ụbọchị FSC mbụ nke mba ụwa mere na Bonn na 25 Septemba 2009. Ihe omume metụtara FSC Friday na-eme gburugburu ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị nkwado na-akwalite akara FSC na ihe ọ pụtara. Ihe omume mere na oke ohia FSC, ụlọ akwụkwọ, mahadum na ebe obodo gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere United Kingdom, Austria, South Africa, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, France, India, Wales, Switzerland na Singapore.

Na 2022, FSC Friday ga-ewere ọnọdụ na 30 Septemba 2022.[18]

Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

FSC nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 1,200, gụnyere:

  • ọtụtụ NGO mba ụwa dị ka World Wide Fund for Nature, na Oxfam / NOVIB;[19]
  • obere, NGO mba, na-elekwasịkarị anya na nchekwa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka US Wildlife Conservation Society, Spanish Ornithological Society na Cameroon Environmental Watch;
  • Òtù ndị obodo na-elekwasị anya na mmepe obodo, dị ka Foundation for People and Community Development (Papua New Guinea) na Mountain Association for Community Development (USA);
  • Òtù nyocha ndị na-elekwasị anya n'ọhịa, dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị na Nnyocha Ọhịa (Brazil);
  • ụlọ ọrụ asambodo, dị ka KPMG Forest Certification Solutions (Canada), Forest Eco Certification (India), Wood Certification Ltd (India);[20]
  • ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha na ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa, osisi na akwụkwọ, dị ka Mondi (South Africa) Sun Wood Industries (Thailand) na IKEA (Sweden);
  • òtù ndị ọrụ na òtù ndị ọrụ, dị ka Latvian Wood Branch Trade Union na Swedish Forest and Wood Trade Union.

Ọtụtụ gọọmentị n'ụwa niile agbasiwo mbọ ike sitere n'ahịa maka asambodo osisi site n'inye ụlọ ọrụ enwetara ụgwọ ụtụ isi, na-edepụta ngwaahịa ndị enwetara ikike dị ka ihe achọrọ na atumatu nzụta ha yana nkwado ọrụ jikọtara FSC site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahọrọkwa asambodo osisi dịka ngwá ọrụ iji gosipụta nkwa ha na nkwado. Omume ndị dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta nkwado sara mbara maka asambodo FSC dị ka ezigbo omume.

FSC bụ onye so na International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labeling (ISEAL) Alliance, otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ntọala ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa na ndị otu asambodo lekwasịrị anya n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ebe ọ bụ na 2006, FSC agbasowo ụkpụrụ omume ọma nke ISEAL maka ịtọlite ​​ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke ezubere iji mesie ụkpụrụ dị elu maka omume ntụkwasị obi na azụmaahịa ziri ezi.

N'afọ 2009, FSC malitere ọrụ nnwale na Fairtrade International (FLO) iji nyere ndị na-emepụta osisi na obere obodo aka inweta ọnụahịa ziri ezi maka ngwaahịa ha ma nweta ọhụụ n'ahịa.[21][22] Ngwaahịa mbụ a na-akpọ FSC-FLO batara n'ahịa na 2011, na-eji osisi sitere n'oké ọhịa nke Ndagwurugwu Curacautín na Chile, nke ụlọ ọrụ Sweden Kährs rụrụ maka azụmahịa.[23][24]

FSC na-arụkwa ọrụ na njikọ aka na International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Ọ na-enye aka na kọmitii ISO na ụkpụrụ na-adịgide adịgide maka bioenergy, nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi na akara gburugburu ebe obibi.[25]

Nkatọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kemgbe e guzobere ya, a katọrọ FSC maka ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche.

Nchegbu site na ntọala NGO na ndị otu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọtụtụ NGO na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi a ma ama wepụrụ nkwado ha maka FSC. Ndị a gụnyere FERN (2011), Friends of the Earth UK (2008), ROBINWOOD (2009), Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) (2011), na obere ìgwè dị ka Rainforest Rescue na Association for the Ecological Defence of Galicia (ADEGA).[26][27][28][29][30][31]

N'otu oge a, ndị otu NGO ndị ọzọ na ndị na-ekwu okwu a ma ama nyere nyocha dị oke egwu banyere arụmọrụ FSC ma mee aro iji melite ntụkwasị obi nke nzukọ ahụ. Greenpeace International bipụtara akụkọ 2008 "Na-ejide akara na FSC" lekwasịrị anya na asambodo na-ese okwu na ụzọ ịga n'ihu.[32]

A katọkwara FSC nke ukwuu site n'aka Simon Ndụmọdụ, otu n'ime ndị otu ya, mechaa bụrụ onye isi nke Rainforest Foundation. N'afọ 2008, ọ kọwara FSC dị ka "Enron of Forestry". Ọ zoro aka na ọmụmụ ihe sitere na mba isii nke na-atụ aro na n'ọnọdụ ndị a FSC anaghị achịkwa ndị nyocha ma ọ bụ ndị asambodo enwetara nke ọma. Ndị FSC nyochara asambodo ndị a na-ajụ, ma gosi na ụfọdụ nyocha mbụ ahụ ziri ezi. Nke a butere mwepụ nke ikike ị nweta asambodo n'aka ụlọ ọrụ Thai, Forest Industry Organisation.

FSC-Watch bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akatọ FSC nke otu ndị mmadụ na-achịkwa, gụnyere Simon Counsell, ndị na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ihe ha na-ahụ dị ka mmebi na-adịgide adịgide na nke siri ike nke ntụkwasị obi na ntụkwasị obi FSC. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya na-enye ọtụtụ nkatọ zuru oke na nke zuru ezu banyere FSC.[33] FSC-Watch na-ebo FSC ebubo na ọ na-eme ihe ndị bụ ụdị greenwashing.[29]

N'afọ 2008, EcoEarth/Rainforest Portal, ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Intanet, jụrụ iwu FSC kwadoro maka igbu osisi n'oké ọhịa ochie.[34] Ha kwusiri ike na nyocha anaghị akwado echiche ahụ na ụdị osisi a bụ carbon positive ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide, ọ bụ ezie na echiche ndị a na-ese okwu.

N'afọ 2011, Greenpeace International wepụtara akụkọ ha nke e degharịrị edegharị, nke kwubiri na e nweela ọganihu ụfọdụ.[35] Mana ọ chọpụtakwara adịghị ike na-aga n'ihu:

  • enweghị nduzi na oke ọhịa (HCVFs)
  • ọrụ na mpaghara ndị na-ese okwu dị ka Congo Basin
  • nsogbu na akara Controlled Wood
  • iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke Chain of Custody usoro na logo

N'afọ 2018, Greenpeace International họọrọ ịghara imezigharị ndị otu ya na FSC, na-azọrọ na FSC anaghị emezu ebumnuche ya nke ichebe ọhịa na ikike mmadụ.[36]

Mmebi nke ikike ụmụ amaala na ọbụbụeze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ebo onye njikwa kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke oké ọhịa ndị FSC kwadoro, Resolute Forest Products, ebubo na ha na-egbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ókèala Barriere Lake Algonquin na imebi ikike ụmụ amaala.[37] N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2012, ndị otu Algonquin dị na ndịda Quebec mere ogige iji hụ ma gbochie igbutu osisi n'ókèala ha na-enyeghị. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na "ikike ha maka owuwe ihe ubi n'ógbè ahụ" ka QMNRW kwadoro, na-esote mkparịta ụka kwesịrị ekwesị na kansụl egwu Barrière Lake Algonquin.[38]

N'afọ 2018, FSC nyochara ebubo ndị agbụrụ dị na Papua mere megide onye nwe asambodo FSC Korod Group. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na Kordaji mebiri ikike nke ụmụ amaala Papua ma rite uru site na mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị agha Indonesia maka uru akụ na ụba nke ya. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro iwepụ asambodo FSC nke Korate, FSC họọrọ ịghara ịhapụ akụkọ ahụ n'ihu ọha ma gaa n'ihu na mmekorita ya na Korate.[39] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, FSC kwupụtara mkpebi ya nke ịpụ na Korda nke malitere na 16 Ọktoba 2021.[40]

Nhọrọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị buru ibu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ [onye?] na-ekwu na asambodo FSC nwere ọtụtụ adịghị ike jikọtara ya: na ọ dabara adaba maka obere azụmaahịa, na ọ na-emegide asọmpi na ya mere n'echiche sara mbara ọ bụ ihe na-emegiderịta gburugburu ebe obibi:

  • Naanị nnukwu azụmaahịa nwere ihe owuwu siri ike nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ usoro nyocha na mmezi nke atụmatụ ahụ.
  • Atụmatụ asambodo na-emegide asọmpi n'ihi na ha na-akwado ụlọ ọrụ buru ibu karịa ndị pere mpe.
  • Mmetụta a na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emegide gburugburu ebe obibi ka ọ na-akwalite nlereanya nke nnukwu ndị na-eweta ihe.

Obere ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara pụtara na ngwongwo ga-aga n'ebe dị anya, na onwunwe na nkà nke obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na-ebelata. [citation needed]

Otu n'ime nzaghachi na nkatọ ndị a, iji mee ka asambodo dịkwuo mfe maka obere azụmaahịa na ndị na-azụ ahịa, FSC hiwere atụmatụ na asambodo otu nke Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF). SLIMF na-eme ka usoro FSC kwekọọ n'eziokwu na mkpa nke ọrụ obere ọhịa na nke dị ala site n'inye usoro dị iche iche dị iche iche, na-enweghị ihe siri ike chọrọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke njikwa ọhịa ya. Akọwapụtara SLIMF dị ka oke ọhịa nwere hectare 100 ma ọ bụ obere. Asambodo otu na-enye ohere ka otu ndị nwe ọhịa kesaa ụgwọ asambodo. Ihe ịga nke ọma edepụtara na asambodo otu na mba na-emepe emepe metụtara ndị ọrụ ugbo obere na-eto osisi acacia na Vietnam. N'ọnọdụ ahụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enwe ike ịre osisi ndị a kwadoro n'otu n'otu n'ụdị dị oke ọnụ na osisi na-abụghị nke a kwadoro. N'October 2012, n'ụwa nile, 8.7% nke asambodo FSC bụ ọhịa ndị obodo nwere. SLIMF na asambodo otu bu n'obi ka FSC kwalite njikwa oke ohia n'obere oke ohia yana nke buru ibu.

Nzaghachi site na FSC[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-agba ndị nkatọ ume itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa na esemokwu megide FSC ma ọ bụrụ na enwere esemokwu ọ bụla.[41] Mana ndị na-eme mkpesa ga-emezu ọtụtụ ọnọdụ iji nwee ike itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa ma a na-arụ ụka ma FSC na-eme ihe dị irè ọbụna n'ihe gbasara mkpesa ụfọdụ.[42][43]

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, FSC mebere usoro omume iji wusie usoro ntinye aka nke ndị otu ya ike. N'afọ 2013, ha hibere ngalaba mmesi obi ike n'ime FSC. Iji meziwanye usoro ya maka nsuso ngwaahịa FSC gbaara agbaziri, FSC weputara Platform nkwuputa n'ịntanetị na 2014. Ezubere ikpo okwu a iji mee ka nkwenye siri ike nke azụmahịa dị iche iche. N'afọ 2014 FSC ebipụtakwara usoro mkpebi esemokwu iji hazie mkpesa megide atụmatụ asambodo.

FSC dị ka ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na-achịkwa ahịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu steeti, ụfọdụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ekewapụtala FSC dị ka ọmụmaatụ nke ụdị ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke steeti (NSMD). Nke a pụtara na ọ na-eji ahịa na-ebugharị njikwa oke ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide. Dị ka Cashore (2002) na-achọpụta na netwọk FSC enweghị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo obodo na ọ dịghị onye a ga-akwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ tụọ ya mkpọrọ maka ịghara ịgbaso iwu ya. Na mgbakwunye, amachibidoro gọọmentị ịbụ ndị otu FSC na naanị njikọ ha na FSC bụ ndị nwe ala. A na-ekpebi ikike nke FSC site na nkwado nke ndị na-ege ntị na mpụga, dị ka ndị NGO gburugburu ebe obibi.

FSC Label bụ ihe atụ nke iji ike ịzụta ọha na eze mepụta mgbanwe na ụlọ ọrụ ma chịkwaa mmetụta ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbukpọ ọhịa.[44] FSC Label "na-arụ ọrụ" site n'inye ihe mkpali maka ọrụ ọhịa dị mma n'ahịa. Ọ na-enye ndị na-emepụta uru asọmpi ma si otú ahụ na-abawanye ohere ahịa na ahịa ọhụrụ ma na-enwe ohere na ndị dị ugbu a.

A na-ejikarị usoro ahịa ndị na-abụghị nke steeti eme ihe n'ihi ebubo nke 'ọdịda steeti' n'ịchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'echiche nke nnwere onwe ọhụrụ, a na-ahụ usoro ahịa dị ka otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị dị irè ma dị irè iji mezuo ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ahụ ahịa dị ka usoro dị mkpa maka ịmepụta ihe kachasị mma na netwọk ọchịchị dị ka ụzọ kachasị mma iji chịkwaa nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi.[45]

Netwọk NGO nke mba FSC na-egosipụta echiche nke ọchịchị zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọkachasị na tiori netwọkụ ọchịchị. FSC bụ ihe atụ nke otu ọchịchị netwọk nwere ike isi mepụta mgbanwe na ụlọ ọrụ ma gbaa ndị otu ume ka ha kwalite nkwado nke omume ọhịa mmepụta ihe. Dị ka Bäckstrand (2008) na-ekwu, netwọk ọchịchị FSC na-achịkọta ụlọ ọrụ onwe, òtù dị iche iche na ọha mmadụ n'ụdị na-abụghị ndị isi, iji wepụta onwe ha lebara ebumnuche ụfọdụ anya. Dị ka ụkpụrụ netwọkụ ọchịchị si kwuo, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na netwọk na-adabere na ibe ha ma na-emekọ ihe ọnụ iji ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ a kapịrị ọnụ, site n'ịgbanwe ozi ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa.

Site na usoro ụlọ, ọchịchị FSC nwere nyocha na mpaghara, mba na mba ụwa nke pụtara na ọ gụnyere mmasị n'agbanyeghị ebe ha dị. Nke a na-enye FSC uru ụfọdụ karịa usoro ọchịchị steeti. Na tiori, dị ka netwọk ọchịchị, ndị òtù FSC na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma, ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị ahụ gụnyere. Nke a pụtara na ha na-ahazi nke ọma, na-emeziwanye usoro na nsonaazụ nke atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-agbaso. Ọzọkwa, ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma na imekọ ihe ọnụ na-enyere ndị FSC aka imeri nsogbu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị metụtara.

Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nkatọ na-atụ aro na ọchịchị netwọk anaghị arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ a mgbe niile. Echiche nchịkwa netwọk na-atụ aro na mmekọrịta kwesịrị ịha nhata, mana enweghị nhata nke ike n'ime netwọk nwere ike ịkpata mmekọrịta dị elu nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-ekpebi. N'ime FSC, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mba ụwa buru ibu nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike karịa ndị na-emetụta obere, nke pụtara na netwọk ọchịchị FSC nwere ike ọ gaghị anọchite anya ndị niile sonyere n'ụzọ ziri ezi. FSC eguzobewo usoro ụlọ iji gbalịa idozi enweghị nkwekọ a.

Ọzọkwa, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na netwọk na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụfọdụ otu kamakwa dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere atụmatụ na ụkpụrụ nke ha, na ndị òtù FSC netwọk na-emekarị ka ndị na-eme ihe na-akpali akpali karịa echiche omume. Ọzọkwa, Sorenson na Torfing (2005) na-arụ ụka na maka netwọk ọchịchị iji nweta ebumnobi ha, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ga-achịkwa ha. N'agbanyeghị na n'oge gara aga enwebeghị ntuli aka na usoro ọchịchị FSC, mgbanwe pụtara na ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahọpụta bọọdụ ndị isi ugbu a n'usoro ochichi onye kwuo uche ya site na ụlọ ndị otu.

Nkwado na usoro asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

FSC kwadoro osisi na ihe owuwu nke e ji osisi FSC kwadogide mee nwere ike inye aka na usoro asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ụfọdụ usoro asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-amata asambodo FSC n'ozuzu ya; ndị ọzọ na-enye akara dị iche iche na ngwaahịa nwere FSC 100, FSC MIX ma ọ bụ FSC RECYCLED.

Ngwaahịa osisi FSC kwadoro na-enye aka iji nweta ihe ruru 2 na LEED v4.1 'Nweta nke Raw Materials'.[46] Na mgbakwunye, ngwaahịa osisi FSC nwere ike inye aka nweta akara ruru 1 na LEED v4.1 pilot credit 'Social Equity within the Supply Chain'.[47]

BREEAM[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

BREEAM na-enye onyinye maka ngwaahịa osisi FSC kwadoro na Mat 03 credit. BREEAM Guidance Note GN18 na-enye akara dị iche iche na FSC 100% (7 isi) na FSC MIX / FSC RECYCLED (5 isi).[48]

DGNB[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

DGNB na-amata ngwaahịa osisi FSC kwadoro na ENV1.3 credit.[49] FSC Mix na-enweta akara na Quality Level 1.2 (ruo 25 n'ime 100 isi) na FSC 100 / FSC RECYCLED na Quality Level 1.3 (ruo 70 n'ime isi 100. FSC RECYCLED na-enwetakwa akara na Quality Level 2.2.

Atụmatụ asambodo asọmpi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ọtụtụ atụmatụ asambodo maka nlekọta ọhịa ma e wezụga asambodo FSC.[50]

Usoro asambodo ọhịa kachasị asọmpi bụ mmemme maka nkwado nke asambodo ọhịa (PEFC), nke ọtụtụ ndị metụtara ya guzobere, gụnyere njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa, mmepụta pulp na akwụkwọ na ndị nwe ọhịa na nzaghachi maka okike na mmụba nke FSC.[51] A katọrọ PEFC maka inwe mmetụta dị nta site n'aka ndị obodo ma ọ bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi, enweghị nghọta na ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe ziri ezi.[50]

Atụmatụ asambodo ndị ọzọ gụnyere Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), Malaysian Timber Certification Council, Australian Forestry Standard, na Keurhout.[52][53][54][55]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Osisi a kwadoro
  • Akara gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ịkpa Mmiri
  • Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ụgbọ Mmiri
  • Ụkpụrụ nkwado na asambodo
  • Nlekọta ọhịa n'onwe ya
  • Ịsacha osisi

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council Program Areas. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  2. ↑ Forest Stewardship Council Standards. Carafina.us. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved on 2015-08-21.
  3. ↑ The effects of FSC Certification in Estonia, Germany, Latvia, Russia, Sweden and the UK. WWF (2005). Panda.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  4. ↑ Lang (2006). Experiences with voluntary standards initiatives and related multi-stakeholder dialogues. GTZ. 
  5. ↑ FSC on-line database. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved on 3 January 2008.
  6. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council ® · Trademark Support. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  7. ↑ UN FAO facts and figures. Fao.org (2011-11-04). Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 FSC Forest Stewardship Council® · Governance. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  9. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council ® · General Assembly. Ic.fsc.org (2011-07-01). Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  10. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council ® · Board of Directors. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  11. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council ® · Director General. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 July 2012, Procedure for the operation of the FSC Network FSC-PRO-60-001 V1-0 EN.pdf
  13. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council· The Revised P&C. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  14. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Chain of Custody Certification. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  15. ↑ ASI- Assurance Services International GmbH. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Facts & Figures. Ic.fsc.org (2012-11-30). Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  17. ↑ European Forest Institute. "Certification Information Service: Source Book." Section 1, p.25.
  18. ↑ FSC, Save the date : FSC Friday, published 3 February 2022, accessed 12 September 2022
  19. ↑ What Wood You Choose? - WWF UK. Wwf.org.uk. Archived from the original on 1 January 2013. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  20. ↑ Home Front Page. forestecocertification.com. Retrieved on 2 April 2018.
  21. ↑ Fairtrade International (FLO) / About us / Our vision. Fairtrade.net. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  22. ↑ (2009) FSC Factsheet. Fairtrade. 
  23. ↑ First FLO and FSC dual-certified products due on market this Autumn (June 2011) | Read organic Market Analysis & Business News. Ekobai.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  24. ↑ Kährs Debuts First Ever FSC/Fairtrade-Certified Flooring, Wood Floor Business, published 20 July 2011, accessed 18 September 2022
  25. ↑ Organizations in liaison. ISO. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  26. ↑ FERN statement to the Forest Stewardship Council: Why FERN is withdrawing its FSC membership (2 June 2011)
  27. ↑ Friends of the Earth EWNI: "FSC not recommended". FSC-Watch. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  28. ↑ Key German NGO quits FSC in disgust at plantation certifications. FSC-Watch. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 FSC "Greenwashing" Forest Exploitation in Africa. FSC-Watch. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  30. ↑ Facts about tropical timber. Rainforest-rescue.org (2010-07-07). Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  31. ↑ Another NGO quits FSC in protest against NORFOR plantations. FSC-Watch. Archived from the original on 2013-08-07. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  32. ↑ Holding the line with FSC. Greenpeace International. Retrieved on 2 April 2018.
  33. ↑ Fsc-Watch. Fsc-Watch. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  34. ↑ Dr. Glen Barry on March 5, 2008 1:21 PM (2008-03-05). Rainforest Protection Issues: ALERT: Stop the Forest Liars: "Certified" Old-Growth Rainforest Logging Does NOT Protect Biodiversity, Ecosystems or Climate. Rainforestportal.org. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  35. ↑ Holding the Line Reloaded.
  36. ↑ Greenpeace International to not renew FSC membership. Greenpeace International. Retrieved on 2020-10-20.
  37. ↑ World Wildlife Federation Congratulates Resolute Forest Products. Wwf.ca (2012-06-13). Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  38. ↑ "Resolute Forest Products Provides Clarity About its Woodlands Operations Near Barrière Lake, Quebec" [press release], Resolute Forest Products, July 18, 2012. Accessed: January 15, 2013.
  39. ↑ Why the food you eat threatens ancestral forests. BBC (27 January 2021). Retrieved on 9 February 2021.
  40. ↑ Korindo Group.
  41. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Complaints Resolution. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  42. ↑ FSC Forest Stewardship Council · Overview. Ic.fsc.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  43. ↑ FSC Complaints Panel says organisation 'needs to control certifiers better': SmartWood "undermines" the FSC. FSC-Watch. Archived from the original on 2013-04-08. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  44. ↑ Cohen (2001). Exploring sustainable consumption: environmental policy and the social sciences. Amsterdam New York: Pergamon. ISBN 9780080439204. 
  45. ↑ Rhodes (1997). Understanding governance: policy networks, governance, reflexivity, and accountability. Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 9780335197279. 
  46. ↑ Sourcing of Raw Materials | U.S. Green Building Council (en). www.usgbc.org. Retrieved on 2021-07-31.
  47. ↑ Social Equity within the Supply Chain | U.S. Green Building Council (en). www.usgbc.org. Retrieved on 2021-07-31.
  48. ↑ Responsible Sourcing in BREEAM (en-GB). BREEAM (20 June 2017). Retrieved on 2021-07-31.
  49. ↑ Übersicht anerkannte Produktlabel | DGNB System (de-de). www.dgnb-system.de. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved on 2021-07-31.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 WhyFSC. WhyFSC Genuine responsible forest management FSC. Whyfsc.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  51. ↑ New Reference 24.
  52. ↑ (June 2001) A comparison of the American Forest & Paper Association's sustainable forestry initiative and the Forest Stewardship Council's certification system. American Forest and Paper Association. 
  53. ↑ Malaysian Timber Certification Council. Mtcc.com.my. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  54. ↑ Australian Forestry Standard. Forestrystandard.org.au. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.
  55. ↑ Keurhout. Keurhout.nl. Retrieved on 2013-01-15.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Official website

Nnyocha na ndị na-akwado[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansụl_Na-ahụ_Maka_Ọhịa&oldid=128753