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Kerry James Marshall

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Kerry James Marshall (amuru Ọktoba 17, 1955) bu onye omenkà na prọfesọ America, a mara maka eserese ya nke onyonyo ojii.[1] Ọ kụziri ihe eserese na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na nka na Mahadum Illinois dị na Chicago.N'afọ 2017, a gụnyere Marshall na ndepụta Time 100 nke ndị nwere mmetụta kachasị n'ụwa kwa afọ. A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Birmingham, Alabama, ma kwaga South Central Los Angeles mgbe ọ bụ nwata.[1] Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'ọrụ ya na Chicago, Illinois.

Ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya, Kerry James Marshall: Mastry, bụ nke Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago chịkọtara na 2016. [2]

Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ Marshall n'October 17, 1955, na Birmingham, Alabama . [3] A zụlitere ya na Birmingham ma mesịa na Los Angeles, California . [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke onye na-arụ ọrụ na post ọfịs na onye na-elekọta ụlọ.[3] Ihe omume nna ya nwere mmasị n'ebe ọ nọ bụ ịzụrụ elekere ndị gbajiri agbaji nke ọ ga-enweta n'ụzọ dị oke ọnụ n'ụlọ ahịa pawns ma mụta ka esi edozi ha site n'enyemaka nke akwụkwọ tupu ereghachi elekere.[1] Marshall nwere ike ịmụta ịkwatu ihe ndị ọ hụrụ ka ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na mgbagwoju anya, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nke ya.

Ụlọ ya na Los Angeles dị nso n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Black Panther Party, nke hapụrụ ya na mmetụta nke ibu ọrụ ọha na eze ma metụta ọrụ ya n'onwe ya.[4]

Isi okwu nke eserese ya, nrụnye, na ọrụ ọha na eze sitere na omenala ndị America na America ma gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọdịdị ala nke nzụlite ya. N'afọ 1963, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara n'ọrụ ụlọ obibi ọha nke Nickson Gardens na mpaghara Watts nke Los Angeles, afọ ole na ole tupu ọgba aghara agbụrụ amalite. [5]

Agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Marshall malitere ise ihe osise n'okpuru nduzi nke onye na-ese ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Charles White, nke gara n'ihu n'ọrụ kọleji Marshall.[1] O kwuru na n'ime afọ ọzụzụ ya, White "ghọrọ dịka enyi dịka onye nduzi; M nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ ezinụlọ ya, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Otis College of Art and Design na Los Angeles, Marshall rụrụ ọrụ ka "enweghị ihe oyiyi ma ọ bụ akụkọ a kapịrị ọnụ ịkọ," karịa abstraction.[1] Marshall nwetara B.F.A. ogo na 1978 site na Otis College of Art and Design . [6]

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nyere Marshall MacArthur Fellowship na 1997. [7] Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Illinois na Chicago na School of Art and Design site na 1993 ruo 2006. [8] Na 2013, Onye isi ala Barack Obama kpọrọ ya aha maka kọmitii na Arts na Humanities, otu n'ime ndị ọhụrụ asaa a họpụtara.

Hank Willis Thomas kwuru na Marshall nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ na ọrụ ya.[9]

Mmetụta ọrụ, echiche ọha na eze na isiokwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:Untitled (Studio), 2014, Kerry James Marshall.jpg
Untitled (Studio) (2014) na Metropolitan Museum of Art na 2022

Oge nwata Marshall nọrọ n'ógbè Watts nke Los Angeles, California, ebe Black Power na Civil Rights movements mere, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ihe osise ya.[10] N'ịbụ onye ahụmahụ ya dị ka nwa okorobịa nwere mmetụta siri ike, ọ mepụtara ụdị ntinye aka n'oge ọ bụ nwata dị ka onye na-ese ihe nke gụnyere iji ihe gbara ọchịchịrị, nke bụ isi ojii. Onyonyo ndị a na-anọchi anya echiche ya banyere ndị Africa America, kpọmkwem ndị ikom ojii nwere ọdịdị dị iche iche na nke dị n'ime na n'èzí. N'otu oge ahụ, ha na-eche echiche nke agbụrụ dị n'etiti ọha America nke oge a.[1] Isiokwu a na-ahụkarị pụtara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọkachasị na 1980 na 1990 ma ka na-apụta n'ọrụ ya kacha nso nso a.

A maara Marshall maka nnukwu ihe osise, Ihe a tụrụ atụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ewere ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Africa America dị ka isiokwu ha. N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1998 ya na Bomb Magazine, Marshall kwuru,

"Ndị isi ojii na-ebi n'ebe, ọbụnadị ebe ndị nkịtị, n'ụzọ kachasị adọrọ mmasị. Ụdị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ihe ndị isi ojii na'ime na ịga ije abụghị ihe dị mfe. Ị ga-eji ụdị na-aga ije. Ị ga na-ekwu okwu na ụda ụfọdụ; ya mere, n'ihe osise ahụ, m na-anwa ime otu omume ahụ maka ihe nkiri nke yiri ka ọ bụ akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke ahụ ndị isi ojii. "[11]

Marshall kwenyere na gia nke ike akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ na nka Western bụ isi na eserese. Mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Otis, ọrụ Bill Traylor masịrị ya, onye na-ese ihe kụziiri onwe ya onye a mụrụ n'ohu na Alabama, bụ nke kpaliri ya imepụtakwu ihe osise metụtara oge ochie, agbụrụ agbụrụ na-achị ọchị.[4]

Marshall bụ otu n'ime ndị otu ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a dị ka Howardena Pindell, Charlene Teters, na Fred Wilson, bụ ndị na-etinyekarị okwu gbasara agbụrụ n'ọrụ ha. Ọrụ Marshall gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii yana omenala ndị oji na-ewu ewu na-anabata oji dị ka ihe ngosi dị iche iche iji leba anya na njedebe nke ndị ojii n'ọhụụ anya, na-eji ụdị dịgasị iche iche.[1] Ihe osise ya dabere na njirimara; kpọmkwem,o mere ka a hụ ihe mara mma ojii ma webata ihe mara mma oji n'ime nnukwu akụkọ nka. N'okwu ya, ọ na-eji oji eme ka ọdịiche dị ka ike mmegide dị ukwuu, ma n'ụzọ mara mma ma na nkà ihe ọmụma. Otu n'ime mbipụta "ọcha" Marshall na-ewe bụ nke ịma mma. O kwuru na ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme mkpọsa bụ ndị ọcha, ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ihe oyiyi nke ahụ ojii iji "mebie echiche na ịma mma bụ otu ihe na-acha ọcha". "Oji mara mma" bụ otu n'ime okwu ndị otu Black Arts mere iji gbochie echiche a na-enwekarị na isi ojii adịghị mma. Marshall kwadoro okwu a n'ụfọdụ ọrụ ya site n'iji asụsụ eme ihe.[1] Tinyere "Black mara mma", ọ chọrọ ịmepụta akụkọ ifo na eserese ya n'ụdị "oke".[8]. Ihe ọ lekwasịrị anya bụ imepụta ọrụ nka ọhụrụ nke na-abụghị akụkụ nke ọdịnala nka ọdịda anyanwụ.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Marshall na-etinye ihe atụ na ihe nnọchianya. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe ndị o dere n'ọrụ ya metụtara ajọ omume nke ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala ọzọ.[12] A maara Marshall nke ọma maka nnukwu ihe osise acrylic ya nke ọma n'elu ákwà a na-agbataghị agbatị. Ọrụ ya jikọtara ihe dị adị na ihe ndị na-agbakọta, ihe ịrịba ama, na ntọala dị egwu na nke a haziri nke ọma. Ihe oyiyi ya na-atụkarị aro ọkọlọtọ ndị mmadụ. Ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri na-ahụkarị ederede na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mara mma na-ele ha anya kpọmkwem. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya na-abụkarị ndị na-anọchite anya ndị isi ojii na ọtụtụ na-eji usoro ihe osise. Ihe osise ya nwere njikọ chiri anya na Black Arts movement.Site n'inyocha isiokwu nke ịbụ nwa ojii na America, ọrụ Marshall na-enyocha agbụrụ n'ọnọdụ ya na "Civil Rights Movement, Black Power Movement, ọrụ ụlọ, ịma mma ojii, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ndị ojii". Ọrụ Marshall nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na nzụlite ya na Alabama na 1950s na LA na 1960s. Ọrụ ya na-adabere mgbe niile na ahụmahụ nke ịbụ oji na America n'ime oge ndị a.

Marshall mepụtara ihe na-atọ ọchị, dị ka Rhythm Mastr, akụkọ banyere onye Africa-America nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke nwetara ike dị egwu site na ihe ọkpụkpụ Africa site na iji usoro drum. N'ụzọ doro anya, ike sitere na chi asaa mejupụtara pantheon Yoruba.[9] Marshall họọrọ nke a iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'otú akụkọ ifo Africa na nke ọdịda anyanwụ, dị ka ndị Gris na ndị Norse, si egosipụta. Ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ ahụ ka dị mkpa na ọdịbendị na ọkwa ego ha, Marshall kwenyere na echefuola nke mbụ - a na-emeso ya dị ka "ma ọ bụ onye nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ onye mgbe ochie".[13] Marshall nwere nchegbu banyere enweghị ndị dike Africa-America ụmụaka nwere ike ile anya mgbe ha na-etolite.[13] Ọ laghachiri na Comic afọ 20 mgbe mbụ ya na 2018 Carnegie International. [14] Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọnụnọ nke Black Panther nke Marvel dị ka dike akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị Black, Marshall zaghachiri na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị edemede ọcha ka kere ya ma ya mere ọ bụghị onye nnọchi anya ọdịbendị ojii.[15] Ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ gụnyere P-Van, nke ụfọdụ ụmụ okorobịa kpaliri bụ ndị ga-anọdụ ala na Van n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ Marshall ma "na-apụ", na On the Stroll, nke dabeere na ndị akwụna agbata obi na Marshall na-ewepụ ha n'ọnọdụ ahụ ma mee ka ha bụrụ mmadụ. [15] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka na America nke gbalịrị itinye isiokwu agbụrụ na ịbụ onye ojii n'ime ọrụ ya, na-enwe olileanya ime ka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche.[14] Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya, dị ka La Venus Negra na Voyager, jikọtara ịma mma Afrịka na ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ, na-egosi mbọ ndị Africa America na-agba ịchọta ọnọdụ ha n'etiti ndị America.Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ahụta na ọrụ Marshall jupụtara na mmetụta mmetụta na-egosi ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ Urban African American, na-egosipụta ụlọ na ezinụlọ ndị America America dị n'etiti. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Marshall, ya bụ The Garden Project na ihe ncheta, na-egosipụta okwu gbasara agbụrụ na America site na 1960s na 1970s wee gawa. The Garden Project na-akatọkwa aha ebube nke ọrụ ụlọ nke na-ezochi ịda ogbenye na-enweghị isi, mgbe usoro nke Lost Boys na-enyocha ụmụ okorobịa ojii "furu efu na ghetto, furu efu na ụlọ ọha, na-efunahụ enweghị ọrụ, na agụghị akwụkwọ."[1] Ọrụ Marshall na-arụ ọrụ siri ike ma na-adị mkpa mgbe niile, karịsịa na nsogbu nke ịchọta njirimara..[16]

Marshall tụgharịrị uche, "N'okpuru mmetụta Charles White, amaara m mgbe niile na achọrọ m ịrụ ọrụ nke gbasara ihe: akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, okwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. ... Ọ bụ naanị iji nwee nkà iji mee ya n'ezie. "

Ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Foto nke onye na-ese ihe dị ka onyinyo nke onwe ya n'oge gara aga (1980)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe osise Portrait of the Artist as a Shadow of His Former Self (1980) bụ ọpụpụ maka Marshall, ọ bụkwa ihe osise mbụ o mere nke onye ojii.[17] Tupu ọrụ a, Marshall na-arụ ọrụ na collage.[18] [1] Ọ bụ obere eserese, nke e ji akwa akwa mee n'akwụkwọ.[2] Emepụtara ya na ndò ojii ma na-egosipụta agba nwoke ojii nwere nnukwu ọnụ ọchị na-acha ọcha na ezé nwere oghere.[1] Kemgbe 2019, eserese a na-ebi na mkpokọta na Los Angeles County Museum of Modern Art (LACMA). [18]

Njem (1992)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:Voyager 1992 Kerry James Marshall.jpg
Voyager (1992) na National Gallery of Art na 2022

Marshall dabeere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị o dere na mbido afọ 1990 na ihe ndị mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America. Otu ihe osise dị otú ahụ, Voyager, [19] nke e sere na 1992, nwere ihe pụrụ iche na mkparịta ụka banyere okwu agbụrụ na United States n'ihi na Marshall dabeere na "Ụgbọ mmiri mara mma ... nke e ji nzuzo mee ka ọ buru ndị ohu Africa". Ihe nnọchianya nke ihe nnọchianya a jupụtara, site na ndị ojii abụọ dị n'ụgbọ mmiri na okooko osisi ndị gbara olu nwanyị ahụ gburugburu ruo n'ọdịiche dị n'etiti igwe ojii na ikuku na ọchịchịrị nke azụ elu. Okpokoro isi dị n'ime mmiri, dị n'okpuru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, na-egosi ọdịnihu ga-emebi emebi nke ndị Africa, na nwanyị a na-amaghị ama nwere ngosipụta nke enweghị ahụ iru ala. N'ihi ya, ọ na-ebute ụzọ dị egwu nke ụgbọ mmiri nke mara mma, ọdịdị dị elu na nzube nzuzo gbara ọchịchịrị, na-amanye ndị mmadụ iche echiche banyere ihe ọ ga-akara ha mma echefu.

Black beauty, Untitled (La Venus Negra) (1992) na Untitled) (1994)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:Untitled (Supermodel) by Kerry James Marshall, 1994, graphite, mixed media, collage HMA , 20 x 22 in,TCM.2008.29.JPG
Untitled (Supermodel) (1994), Honolulu Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Honolulu

Marshall nyochara echiche nke ịma mma ojii n'adịghị ka echiche ọdịda anyanwụ na ihe osise ya, Untitled (La Venus Negra) (1992). Onye ahụ na-agwakọta n'ụzọ nkịtị na gburugburu ọchịchịrị ya, ọdịdị ya na-adọrọ adọrọ na-apụtachaghị ìhè. Ma ozugbo onye na-ekiri ya lere anya nke ọma, ọdịdị ya na-agba gburugburu na-eme ka ike nwanyị dị elu nke naanị site na oji nke akpụkpọ ahụ ya. Ihe osise Untitled (Supermodel) (1994), dị na nchịkọta nke Honolulu Museum of Art, ọrụ a na-egosi nwanyị ojii na-agbalị ịdị ka ụdị Caucasian na-acha odo odo. Ọrụ ahụ na-ezokwa aka n'ihe osise onwe onye nke onye na-ese ihe, bụ́ onye ji lipstick na-acha uhie uhie na ogologo wig na-acha ọcha chọọ onwe ya mma.[20]

Dị ka Marshall kwetara, ya onwe ya "echebaraghị na a ga-ewere nwanyị ojii dị ka chi nwanyị nke ịhụnanya na ịma mma, mana site na eserese a, ọ gosipụtara na ọ ga-ekwe omume. Ọ na-agbagha echiche ọdịnala nke chi nwanyị dị ka nwanyị ọcha nwere ogologo ntutu na-agagharị agagharị, na-ekwu okwu ọzọ banyere njirimara ndị Africa na America na Ụwa Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Echiche a nwere ihe ọ pụtara mgbe ị na-eleba anya n'ụkpụrụ Afrịka n'elu otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndabere. Site na mgbakwunye a, ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe omume ahụ malitere n'oge Harlem Renaissance iji tinye ọdịnala ọdịnala ndị Afrịka n'ime nka ndị Afrịka. [21] ] N'ịgbalị ime ka nkà Africa na echiche ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa dị n'otu, Marshall tinye ma na eserese ya. Ya mere, ọ na-akọwapụta nchọta nwa ojii nke gụnyere akụkụ niile nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nna nna ha na ọnọdụ ha ugbu a. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị Africa America nwere ike na-eche na e jikọtara ya na omenala abụọ dị iche iche, ihe osise Marshall nke ihe osise ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge ochie nke nwere ihe ịchọ mma ojii ọhụrụ na-ejikọta ha abụọ, na-egosi na ha nwere ike ibi n'otu.

Usoro Lost Boys (1993-1995)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu n'ime usoro ọrụ ya a ma ama The Lost Boys (1993-1995) na-egosi ndụ na nsogbu nke ọtụtụ ndị Africa America chere ihu. Usoro ihe osise ahụ bụ nke ụmụ okorobịa Africa-America site n'ubu ruo n'elu, na-enwe ụcha akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke dị iche na anya na-acha ọcha nke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ Marshall. Eserese ndị a gosikwara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe onyonyo na-acha ọcha kpamkpam, nwere orbs ọcha, ifuru na mpaghara dị n'azụ iji mepụta ọdịiche karịa. Onye na-ese ihe kọwara na ihe onyonyo a bụ iji gosi ụmụntakịrị nwoke ndị a enweghị aha ha dị ọcha mgbe ha dị obere na ịbụ ndị a na-emegbu ghetto na ụlọ ọha.[7]

Usoro Ọrụ Ogige[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:Vignette -2, 2008, Kerry James Marshall.JPG
Ihe osise #2, 2008. Acrylic na Plexiglas gosipụtara na Chicago Art Institute.

The Garden Project bụ usoro ihe osise nwere nghọta, ma na mkpesa ya megide nkwa ụgha na eziokwu na-enweghị olileanya nke ụlọ ọha na eze na-enweta ego dị ala na ikike ya igosi ikike dị egwu nke ndị Africa America ịchọta obi ụtọ ma wuo obodo n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ndị a. Site na usoro a, Marshall na-ekpughe mgbagwoju anya dị n'ime ya na njikọ dị omimi n'etiti nkwa ndị a na-eme nke Ụlọ Ọha na ihe siri ike, nke na-enweghị olileanya nke ndị bi na ha. Mana Marshall na-agafe naanị ikpughe ọdịiche dị n'etiti echiche a na eziokwu ya, dịka ọrụ ya na-ezo aka n'echiche nke obodo na olileanya na ndị Africa America nwere ike ịmepụta n'ime ọnọdụ siri ike nke ụlọ ndị na-enweta ego dị ala. N'ịbụ nke ụlọ mbụ ya, Nickerson Gardens, [9] usoro Marshall "The Garden Project" na-eme egwuregwu na-enweghị isi na nkọwa ndị dị n'okwu ahụ bụ "ubi. " Eserese ise dị na nsonso a na-egosi ọrụ ụlọ ọha dị iche iche - Rockwell Gardens, Wentworth Gardens, Stateway Gardens, wdg - na-enyocha ka ihe onyonyo ọ fọrọ nke nta ka eden dị ka e ji aha ya bụrụ ihe nzuzu n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ndị a dara ada. N'ịbụ ndị e gburu n'elu akwa akwa a na-agbatịghị, nnukwu eserese ndị a na-adị ka ihe osise. Ihe ndị ha jikọtara ọnụ na, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọgwụgwọ n'elu ala siri ike na-egosi mbelata nke ọrụ ụlọ ọha na ihe isi ike nke ndụ n'ime ha.

Ọtụtụ Nnukwu Ụlọ (1994)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Marshall's Many Mansions, site na 1994, na-ekpughe esemokwu dị n'etiti aha "Stateway Gardens", na eziokwu nke ndụ n'ebe ahụ. Enwere obi ụtọ aghụghọ na-emetụta mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ, dịka a na-egosi ala ahụ n'ụzọ zuru oke. Ndị ojii na-emebiga ihe ókè na-akụ okooko osisi na-agbasa, a na-egbutu osisi ndị ahụ nke ọma, ihe niile na-eyi ka ọ dị oke. Mana ndị isi ojii Marshall, dị ka Michael Kimmelman si kwuo na New York Times ya, bụ "ndị siri ike ma bụrụ ndị a haziri ahazi: ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ stereotypes".[22] Ha na-akọwa nwoke ojii dara ogbenye bi n'ụlọ ọha na eze ma n'adịghị ka ala gbara ha gburugburu, ha anaghị enwe obi ụtọ. Otu na-ele onye na-ekiri ya anya n'ụzọ nkatọ, ebe ndị ọzọ abụọ na-ele ha anya, ha niile enweghị obi ụtọ. Ihe owuwu ha bi na ya na-apụta dị ka ihe ndabere katọn, na-adọta uche na ụgha nke ọnọdụ ahụ. A naghị ahụ eziokwu na utopianism mara mma nke ebe ma ọ bụ okooko osisi, kama ọ bụ na ihe owuwu nke ụlọ na ihe oyiyi, ihe oyiyi nke ndị ikom bi na ha.

Usoro ihe ncheta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usoro ihe ncheta ahụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere ọnwụ nke ndị isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akwụkwọ, nka, na egwu.[23] Ihe Ncheta nke Atọ, nke e dechara na 1998, na-elekwasị anya na mmụọ ozi nke na-ekpebi ugbu a na oge gara aga. Ọ bụ mmụọ ozi nke ọkwa na onye na-elekọta nhazi nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. [23] Otú ọ dị, n'ịmepụta okwu ọhụrụ banyere ndị isi ojii na America, ọ na-eme ka ọdịiche ha dị na usoro ike ndị ọcha. Enwere aghụghọ na ihe odide nke na-amanye onye na-ekiri ya ile anya miri emi: ihe oyiyi ndị a na-emegide ndị na-ese ihe ojii na-enweghị atụ chere na ha ga-etinye iji bụrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Marshall na-akpọ njikọta a nke nkọwa mara mma na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "ikike anya" nke na-enye ndị mmadụ n'uche N'ime Ihe Ncheta nke Atọ, a na-egosi aha ndị isi ojii a ma ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme na afọ nke ọnwụ ha n'elu ihe osise ahụ. [24] N'ihi ya, isiokwu nke enweghị oge na-apụta: onye na-ekiri ihe na-eme ugbu a na-eche echiche banyere ihe nketa nke ndị mmadụ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka. Ihe osise ndị ahụ na-eme ka akara ncheta ndị a sie ike site na ahịrịokwu "Anyị na-eru uju ọnwụ anyị" na "N'icheta". Ihe Ncheta nke Anọ (1998), nke a na-etinye n'otu ụlọ obibi nke etiti dabere na ebe obibi ezinụlọ Marshall, bụ ihe dị adị na aka nke ihe a na-apụghị ịhụ anya. Site na ihe osise ahụ onye na-ekiri ya na-aga n'oge Civil Rights na ihe osiso ahụ n'onwe ya bụ postcard nke na-egosikwa njem ahụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ dum na-ekwughachi emume ndị Ijipt nke inye ndị nwụrụ anwụ arịa na nri.[23] A na-eme Ihe Ncheta nke Atọ na Nke anọ n'ụdị grisaille, usoro "ihe osise akụkọ ochie", ebe a na-eme Souvenir nke mbụ na Nke Abụọ (1997) na agba.[23] Ka mmadụ na-enyocha ihe ndị mere n'oge usoro ihe ncheta ahụ, onye na-ekiri ya na-aghọta ọmarịcha ntọala ọbụna n'ime ọdịdị monochromatic nke III na IV. Ihe ịrịba ama Marshall bụ stamping a na-emegharị site na ihe osise, nke a na-ahụ ebe a dị ka nku ndị mmụọ ozi gbara ndị isi ojii gburugburu, na ndabere okooko osisi, nke a hụrụ ebe a dị Ka ihe ịchọ mma na-egbuke egbuke.[25]

Ihe osise ọha na eze nke Marshall[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2017, ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru, Murals of Acceptance nyere Marshall ọrụ ịmepụta ihe osise ọha na eze akpọrọ, Rush More. N'ịbụ nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chicago Cultural Center, akụkụ ahụ bụ nsọpụrụ nye ụmụ nwanyị nyere aka na ọdịbendị Chicago.[26][27]

N'afọ 2018, abụọ n'ime nnukwu ọrụ Marshall bịara n'ihu ọha na esemokwu dị n'etiti nka ọha na eze, na azụmahịa. N'ọnwa Mee, ụlọ ọrụ Chicago's Metropolitan Pier na Exposition Authority rere Past Times (1997) nye Sean Combs maka ego nde $ 21 maka ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze, mgbe ọ kwụchara na McCormick Place ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Past Times rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'oge mbinye ego ya na ihe ngosi ngosi nka nke 2016. N'ọnwa Ọktọba, onye isi obodo Chicago Rahm Emanuel kwupụtara atụmatụ ịkwalite Alaka Legler nke Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ọha Chicago na West Side. A ga-enweta ego maka nkwalite ahụ site na ịre ahịa Ọmụma na ihe ịtụnanya nke ọba akwụkwọ (1995). Mgbe nkatọ gasịrị, gụnyere site n'aka Marshall, onye isi obodo kagburu ire ere ahụ.[[28][29]

N'afọ 2021, Washington National Cathedral họọrọ Marshall site na Racial Justice Windows Project iji mepụta windo abụọ ọhụrụ. Ndị a na-anọchi windo ndị mbụ sitere na 1953, nke sọpụrụ ndị ọchịagha Confederate Robert E. Lee na Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson; katidral ahụ wepụrụ ma wepụ windo ndị ahụ na 2017. Windo ọhụrụ nke Marshall, nke akpọrọ "Ugbu a na Ruo Ebighị Ebi", bụ ọrụ mbụ nke onye na-ese ihe na-eji ugegbe eme ihe. A kpughere ha ma nyefee ha n'ihu ọha na katidral na Septemba 23, 2023. [30]

Ihe ngosi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Marshall emeela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi n'onwe ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na gallery na United States na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi ya gụnyere Kerry James Marshall, Telling Stories: Selected Paintings (1994-1995), nke sitere na Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland;[1] Kerry James Marshall: Mementos (1998-2000), sitere na Renaissance Society, Chicago; [2] Along the Way (2005-2006), sitere na Camden Arts Center, London  ;[3] Kerry James Marshall: Na Ụlọ elu (2013), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; [4] na Kerry James Marshall: Mastry (2016-2017), sitere na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. .[31]

E gosipụtakwara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere Documenta X (1997); [32] 50th Venice Biennale (2003); [33] Documenta 12 (2007); [34] na Afro-Atlantic Histories (2022). [35]

Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na nchịkọta ọha na eze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ndụ onwe onye[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ lụrụ onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nduzi, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Cheryl Lynn Bruce . [27] Ha zutere mgbe Bruce na-arụ ọrụ na Studio Museum na Harlem na Marshall na-amalite ebe obibi nka n'ebe ahụ.[36] N'afọ 1987, Marshall sooro Bruce kwaga n'obodo ya na South Side nke Chicago, ebe ha lụrụ na 1989 na South Side Community Art Center.[1] Nwa ya nwanyị bụ Onye nnọchi anya United States Sydney Kamlager-Dove.

Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 1997 - MacArthur Fellowship, MacArthur Foundation[37][7]
  • 1999 - Doctorate Honorary, Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, California[6]
  • 2017 - Fifth Star Award, maka onyinye ya na Chicago, City of Chicago.[38]
  • 2022 - A họpụtara ya dị ka Honorary Royal Academician (HonRA) na 13 Disemba 2022 [39]

Ihe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afọ Aha ihe nkiri Ọrụ Ihe edeturu
1991 Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu Onye na-emepụta ihe [40]

Telivishọn[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afọ Ihe ngosi telivishọn Ihe omume Ụdị Ihe edeturu
2001 Art:21 - Art Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu Ihe e ji mara ya (Oge 1) Telivishọn Ihe omuma ihe omuma nke PBS.[41][42]

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Worley (March 29, 2016). This Modern Master Spent His Life Bringing Black Faces to Classic Art. Chicago magazine. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.Worley, Sam (March 29, 2016). "This Modern Master Spent His Life Bringing Black Faces to Classic Art". Chicago magazine. Retrieved May 21, 2016. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ MCA – Exhibitions: Kerry James Marshall: Mastry (en). mcachicago.org. Retrieved on December 13, 2017.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mason. "Kerry James Marshall Is Shifting the Color of Art History", The New York Times, October 17, 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kennedy. "Kerry James Marshall, Boldly Repainting Art History", The New York Times, 9 September 2016. Àtụ:ProQuest. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kennedy20160909" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Artist Info. www.nga.gov. Retrieved on 2023-05-02.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kerry James Marshall: Mastry, October 25, 2016–January 29, 2017. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved on October 17, 2020. “He holds a BFA (1978) and honorary doctorate (1999) from the Otis College of Art and Design.”"Kerry James Marshall: Mastry, October 25, 2016–January 29, 2017". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved October 17, 2020. He holds a BFA (1978) and honorary doctorate (1999) from the Otis College of Art and Design. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Whitehead (2009). "Invisibility of Blackness: Visual Responses of Kerry James Marshall". Art Education 62 (2): 33–39. DOI:10.1080/00043125.2009.11519010. Whitehead, Jessie L. (2009). "Invisibility of Blackness: Visual Responses of Kerry James Marshall". Art Education. 62 (2): 33–39. doi:10.1080/00043125.2009.11519010. JSTOR 27696328. S2CID 190529086. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Whitehead" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Kerry James Marshall, American, born 1955. National Gallery of Art. Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Tani (April 21, 2016). How Kerry James Marshall Became a Superhero for Chicago's Housing Projects (en). Artsy. Retrieved on April 13, 2021.Tani, Ellen (April 21, 2016). "How Kerry James Marshall Became a Superhero for Chicago's Housing Projects". Artsy. Retrieved April 13, 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Tani" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Osborne (July 1998). "Kerry James Marshall.". Parachute: Contemporary Art Magazine. 
  11. ↑ Reid (Winter 1998). Kerry James Marshall. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
  12. ↑ Maclean (1 October 2018). "'Kerry James Marshall: Mastry', The Met Breuer, New York, 25 October 2016–29 January 2017". Journal of Contemporary Painting 4 (2): 405–410. DOI:10.1386/jcp.4.2.405_5. Àtụ:Gale. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Rythm Mastr" (en). Art21. Retrieved on April 13, 2021.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Valentine (April 16, 2018). Two Decades After it Debuted, Kerry James Marshall is Revisiting His Rythm Mastr Comic Series at 2018 Carnegie International (en-US). Culture Type. Retrieved on April 13, 2021.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kerry James Marshall created comic strip with black characters to show 'it can be done' (en-US). Document Journal (October 15, 2018). Retrieved on April 13, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Kerry James Marshall Biography". Chicago, 2001. ArtMakers. The History Makers. November 16, 2009.
  17. ↑ 10 Surprising Facts about Artist Kerry James Marshall (en-US). SAMBlog (April 25, 2018). Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 LACMA Gifted Kerry James Marshall's Portrait of the Artist as a Shadow of His Former Self (en-US). Artforum.com (February 18, 2019). Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  19. ↑ Voyager, Kerry James Marshall. Corcoran (2018).
  20. ↑ Knight (2017-03-20). Kerry James Marshall's paintings insist on black self-representation (en-US). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on October 17, 2020.
  21. ↑ Crouther, Betty J. "The Black Artist and His Image in America 65 Years Ago. (Essay)". Southeastern College Art Conference Review 15.2 (2007): 163+.
  22. ↑ Kimmelman (29 September 1995). Art in Review. The New York Times.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Souvenir IV". Loss & Desire: Kerry James Marshall. Ed. Art:21. November 17, 2009.
  24. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kerry James Marshall 20002
  25. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Rowell, Charles H. 19983
  26. ↑ Johnson (3 December 2017). Giant mural by Kerry James Marshall honors Chicago women of culture (en-US). chicagotribune.com. Retrieved on April 18, 2019.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Janssen (October 2, 2017). Cheryl Lynn Bruce's name misspelled — on her husband's mural. chicagotribune.com. Retrieved on October 17, 2020.Janssen, Kim (October 2, 2017). "Cheryl Lynn Bruce's name misspelled — on her husband's mural". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ Johnson. "Chicago reverses course on planned auction of Kerry James Marshall painting", chicagotribune.com. Retrieved on November 7, 2018. (in en-US)
  29. ↑ Deb. "Chicago Pulls Kerry James Marshall Painting From Auction Following Criticism", The New York Times, November 5, 2018. Retrieved on November 7, 2018. (in en)
  30. ↑ Iati. "For $18.65, famous artist designs racial justice windows for National Cathedral", Washington Post. Retrieved on 25 September 2023.
  31. ↑ Kerry James Marshall: Mastry. MCAChicago. Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. Retrieved on 2 May 2023.
  32. ↑ Documenta X. Documenta. Retrieved on 4 May 2023.
  33. ↑ Rondeau (10 September 2003). "50th Venice Biennale". frieze (77). Retrieved on 4 May 2023. 
  34. ↑ documenta 12. Documenta. Retrieved on 4 May 2023.
  35. ↑ Quinn (15 June 2022). "'Afro-Atlantic Histories' Quietly Rebuts Representations of the Black Experience". Frieze (229). Retrieved on 4 May 2023. 
  36. ↑ Harrison (5 February 2010). Getting to know Cheryl Lynn Bruce (en-US). chicagotribune.com. Retrieved on October 17, 2020. “A few years later, Bruce was working at the Studio Museum in Harlem, where she met someone else who arrived in a Volkswagen: Marshall, who was to begin an art residency there.”
  37. ↑ Kerry James Marshall. MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved on May 21, 2016.
  38. ↑ Kerry James Marshall Mural at the Chicago Cultural Center (en). Chicago Cultural Center, City of Chicago. Retrieved on December 12, 2017.
  39. ↑ Kerry James Marshall | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts. Royal Academy of Arts. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023.
  40. ↑ Kerry James Marshall: Mementos. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved on October 17, 2020. “He was production designer on a feature film by Julie Dash, Daughters of the Dust, and recently presented Doppler Incident as part of the Artist in Action series staged by Brooklyn Academy of Music and performed at the Kitchen.”
  41. ↑ "Watch — Art21", Art21. Retrieved on August 5, 2017. (in en)
  42. ↑ Kerry James Marshall in 'Identity' (en). Art21 (September 28, 2001). Retrieved on October 17, 2020.

[1]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Kerry James Marshall - Artworks & Biography (en). David Zwirner. Retrieved on 2023-12-02.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerry_James_Marshall&oldid=174340