Leslie Paul

Leslie Allen Paul (1905, Dublin - 1985, Cheltenham) bụ onye edemede Anglo-Irish na onye guzobere Nka nka osisi.

Ndụ

Oge ọ malitere

A mụrụ ya na Dublin na 30 Eprel 1905, Leslie Paul tolitere na Honor Oak, nwa nke abụọ nke onye njikwa mgbasa ozi Frederick Paul na onye nọọsụ edebanyere aha, Lottie Burton. Ezinụlọ ahụ buru ibu, nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gụnyere ụmụnne Joan na Douglas.

Noge ọ bụ nwata dara ogbenye ma nwee ọdịbendị, Paul nyere aka nịgụ abụ dị egwu na ntụrụndụ ezinụlọ / agbata obi. O mechara cheta na ọ naeme ihe ngosi a naakpọ 'Two Coons', nke nyere ihe ngosi ọmịiko nke ọdịbendị Afrịka.

Nwa okorobịa: netiti agha

Ka ọ naerule oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 1922, Paul bụ onye odeakwụkwọ naarụ ọrụ nobodo ahụ (nakụkụ Aldgate) na International Stores na ụgwọ ọnwa izu nke 22 s. 6 d.

Nafọ 1923, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ nna ya Pantlin na Paul na Fleet Street, naenwe olileanya ịchọta ụzọ ịbanye nọrụ mgbasa ozi onwe onye. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nezie nịghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin a naakpọ 'The open Road', mana magazin ahụ dara mgbe naanị ọnwa isii gasịrị. Nime ọnwa isii ahụ, Paul gbalịrị ịghọ onye nta akụkọ naarụ ọrụ nonwe ya, ma dee 'The Journal of a Sun Worshipper' a naebipụtaghị. Noge a, Paul bịara nokpuru nduzi nke Charles Watson, onye unionist lara ezumike nká, onye naere akwụkwọ na Swedenborgian. Watson gbazinyere Paul akwụkwọ site na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ya nke gaenwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Mmetụta ọzọ bụ Harold Laski, onye ike ikwu okwu ya metụtara echiche na ụdị edemede Paul.

Nime afọ ndị 1930 Paul yiri ka ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ naarụ ọrụ nonwe ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na London maka agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, yana ịrụ ọrụ na kọntinent ahụ na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na London County Council yana Workers' Educational Association.

Nafọ 1932, Paul bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya 'Fugitive Morning'.

Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Paul noge a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke H. G. Wells, William Morris, na Edward Carpenter, ebe echiche ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka sitere na Emile nke Rousseau. Na mgbakwunye, Paul na-arụsi ọrụ ike na pacifist No More War Movement. Paul bụ onye naakatọ ike Axis, yana Soviet Union mgbe mba nke ikpeazụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Molotov-Ribbentrop. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ tiwapụrụ na ịrị elu nke ọchịchị aka ike, Paul hapụrụ pacifism ya ma kwado mbọ agha ndị Britain.

Okike nke Nka nka osisi (1925)

Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Paul etinyela aka nụzọ miri emi na scouting na òtù ndị ntorobịa metụtara ya. Ọ hapụrụ ndị Scouts ka ọ sonye na Kibbo Kift Kindred mana mgbe esemokwu ya na onye ndú Kibbo Kipt, John Hargrave na 1925, ụfọdụ ndị otu naarụkọ ọrụ na ndịda London mara omume ọchịchị aka ike nke Hargrave aka. Esemokwu ahụ bụ maka ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ịnakwere otu mpaghara a naakpọ "The Brockley Thing". Ihe si na ya pụta bụ na n'afọ 1925, Paul na ụfọdụ ndị otu ndị ọzọ kewapụrụ iji guzobe otu ọhụrụ, Woodcraft Folk (nke ka naarụ ọrụ).

Ọ bụ ezie na Nka nka osisi bụ ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, Paul - onye otu ya kachasị ekwu okwu na onye ndú mbụ ya - bịara bụrụ onye a naahụ anya dị ka onye guzobere ya na onye nnọchi anya ya.

Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ

Noge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Paul jere ozi na Middle East na Army Educational Corps, ma kụzie na Mount Carmel College. Mgbe Simone Weil nwụrụ na Ashford, Kent, nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1943 Paul kwụrụ £ 12 maka ogige olili ozu. A naecheta ihe omume a na uri ya 'Lady Whose Grave I Own'.

Agha ahụ kpaliri Pọl ịlaghachi n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata. O dekọrọ njem ime mmụọ ya nakwụkwọ ya The Annihilation of Man (1944), nke natara Atlantic Award maka akwụkwọ na 1946. Ọ bụ T. S. Eliot họpụtara ya maka onyinye ahụ.

Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, Paul ghọrọ onye otu Chọọchị England. Ọ hapụrụ ndị Woodcraft Folk, ma mesịa ghọọ onye ụkọchukwu ọkachamara. Ihe kachasị mkpa o mere nime Chọọchị ahụ bụ mmepụta nke akụkọ ya banyere "Ntinye na ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ndị ụkọchukwu" (1964), nke dugara na mmelite dị ukwuu nke nhazi Chọọchị.

E were ya nọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Ashridge College of Citizenship (1947-8), ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ na Brasted Place Theological College (1953-7). Paul jere ozi dị ka onye nkuzi na ụkpụrụ omume na ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Queen's College, Birmingham (1965-70), na General Synod (1970-5).

Afọ ndị sochirinụ

Nime ọkara mbụ nke afọ 1980 Paul bụ onye edemede bi na College of St Paul na St Mary, Cheltenham, naebi nokpuru ala (ya na nwamba ojii na ọcha) na Shurdington Road. Noge a, ọ duziri ndị naeto eto na kọleji na ndị edemede obodo site na ọgụgụ ìgwè a haziri ahazi, ma soro dezie magazin uri kọleji, Cresset, nke o nyere aka na uri ya, gụnyere Meditations on the Four Quartets.

Nafọ 1984, Paul nyere ma ọ bụ ree ọbá akwụkwọ nke onwe ya, ụmụ akwụkwọ Kim Lidstone na Angus Whitehead depụtara ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ tupu a kwafee ya. Otu nchọpụta a naagaghị echefu echefu bụ mbipụta akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke Richard von Krafft-Ebing's "Psychopathia Sexualis".

Dị ka Oxford Dictionary of National Biography si kwuo, Paul nọrọ afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya na Madley, Herefordshire. Ọ nwụrụ na Cheltenham General Hospital na 8 Julaị 1985, mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụchi obi.

Mmetụta

Nime ọkara mbụ nke afọ 1980, Paul kwuru ọtụtụ okwu banyere ndụ ya na akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ya nke ukwuu. Ndị a gụnyere:

• Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Paul naagụ kwa afọ. O kwuru na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ Dickens ọ bụla mgbe ọ dị afọ iri.
• Rilke, Akwụkwọ Nkọwa nke Malte Laurids Brigge. Rilke's Duino Elegies nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na uri na echiche Paul.
• Boris Pasternak, Dr Zhivago - nke Paul weere dị ka [nkọwa dị mkpa] akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpa nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, naadabere na nleta nke ya na Moscow na 1931.
• Ihe odide nke Richard Jefferies, onye edemede ọdịdị nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na onye omimi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ kpaliri echiche mbụ nke Paul banyere Woodcraft Folk.
• Usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ nnwale nke Henry Williamson.
• Paul nwere obi ụtọ na ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye dị ndụ n'oge Thomas Hardy.

Nokwu Paul chetara ịgba nnukwu nchịkọta nke uri ya ọkụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa okorobịa, nke mere ka ọ kwara ụta, o kwukwara na, mgbe ọ dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iri asatọ, ọ chetara obere nkọwa site na afọ iri abụọ mbụ nke ndụ ya mana ọ fọrọ nke nta hi ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla site na afọ dị n'etiti 1925 na 1945. Ọ chetara ọbụbụenyi na nkwado nke T. S. Eliot, ma naarụ ụka siri ike na aro David Miall na Eliot nwere ọmịiko na fascism.

Ọrụ

• "Pipes of Pan; Poems" (1927)
• "The Ashen Stave, Songs etc" (1928)
• "The Folk Trail; An Outline of the Philosophy and Activities of Woodcraft Fellowships" - Woodcraft Folk leaders manual (Noel Douglas, 1929); na isiokwu peeji a kọwara Leslie dị ka "Little Otter; Headman of the Woodcraft Folk.
• "The Green Company" (The C. W. Daniel Co., 1931)
• "Ịhụnanya Naacha Akwụkwọ ndụ, na Abụ Ndị Ọzọ" (1931)
• "Fugitive Morning" (Dennis Archer, 1932) - akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ
• "Ihe nkiri abụọ: 'Augustus Intervenes'; 'The Picnic Party'" (1933)
• "Periwale: Odyssey ya" (Dennis Archer, 1934) - akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ
• "Nkwado ya na USSR; A Study of the Consumers' Movement" (1934)
• "Akụkọ naenweghị njedebe; Akwụkwọ Ntorobịa nke Nkwado" (1935)
• "Ọzụzụ nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ: Usoro mmụta nke Woodcraft Folk" (1936)
• "Men in May" (1936) - akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ dabere na ihe omume nke General Strike nke 1926.
• "The Republic of Children; A Handbook for Teachers of Working Class Children" (Allen & Unwin, 1938)
• "The Annihilation of Man" (1945)
• "The Living Hedge" (1946)
• "Heron Lake" (1948) - akwụkwọ akụkọ nke otu afọ nọrọ nime ime obodo Norfolk.
• "Soviet Union" (1948)
• "Ihe Ọdịdị Mmadụ" (1949)
• "Foto nke Onye Nsọ Iwe; Onye naede uri Peguy" (1949)
• "The Age of Terror" (1950) - na Stalinist Russia.
• "Angry Young Man" (1951) - akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Aha ahụ, nke a naejikọta ya na ọtụtụ, mechara bụrụ akara maka ọgbọ nke ndị edemede Britain nke afọ 1950, gụnyere Kingsley Amis na Colin Wilson, ma (nụzọ sara mbara) tinye ya na ndị dere "ihe nkiri sink".
• "Exile na Abụ Ndị Ọzọ" (1951)
• "Sir Thomas More" (1953)
• "Ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Bekee" (1953)
• "The Adventure of Man, Geographies" (1954)
• "Chineke naekwo ekworo; Atọ Atọ Atụmatụ Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Ndị Kraịst" (1955)
• "The Boy Down Kitchener Street" (Faber & Faber, 1957) - akwụkwọ akụkọ dabeere na nwata Leslie na London. Ihe osise Jacket nke Edward Ardizzone.
• "Nature into History" (1957)
• "Ndị mmadụ na nghọta" (1961)
• "Nwa nke Mmadụ; Ndụ nke Kraịst" (1961)
• "Ụlọ ọkụ" (1961)
• "Ụkpụrụ na Ọha nke Oge A" (1962)
• "The Transition from School to Work; a Report Made to King George's Jubilee Trust and Industrial Welfare Society" (1962)
• "Traveller on Sacred Ground" (1963) - akwụkwọ akụkọ nke njem ya na Middle East iji mee nchọpụta 'Son of Man'.
• "Ntinye na Ụgwọ nke Ndị ụkọchukwu" (1964)
• "Ụzọ Ndị Ọzọ Maka Nkwenkwe Ndị Kraịst" (1967)
• "Ọnwụ na Mbilite n'Ọnwụ nke Chọọchị" (1968)
• "Ịbịa na Okwu na Mmekọahụ" (1969)
• "Eros A chọpụtaghachiri; Iweghachi Mmekọahụ na Ụmụ Mmadụ" (1970)
• "Nghọta Nwoke nke Onwe ya" (Hale Memorial Sermon) (1971)
• "Njem na Connemara na uri ndị ọzọ" (1972)
• "A Church by Daylight; A Reapraisement of the Church of England and its Future" (1973)
• "The Waters and the Wild" (1975) - akwụkwọ akụkọ e mere noge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ banyere ụmụ okorobịa abụọ nọ nobodo East Anglian.
• "Ịhụnanya Mbụ; Njem" (1977)
• "Rural Society and the Church; the Herford Consultation" (1977) [ya na Anthony Russell, Laurence Reading, eds.]
• "O Pioneers" (1978) - uri sitere noge ọ nọrọ na America
• "Bulgarian Horse" (1978) - ihe egwu nke Agha Nzuzo.
• "Mkpesa nke Ezi na Ihe Ọjọọ; Isiokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ na Akwụkwọ" (1979)
• "The Early Days of the Woodcraft Folk" - akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme (enweghị ụbọchị, kwenyere na e dere ya netiti 1975 na 1980)
• "Agha Nzuzo megide Hitler" (1984)