Limbum language
| Language name | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | — | |
| Region: | — | |
| Total speakers: | — | |
| Language family: | Default | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | — | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Limbum bụ asụsụ Grassfields nke Cameroon, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ ya na Naịjirịa. Ụfọdụ na-eji ya dị ka asụsụ azụmahịa, mana ọ bụ asụsụ nne nke ndị Wimbum, ndị bi na mpaghara Donga-Mantung nke Northwest Region, n'elu okporo uzo mgbanaka.
Ndị ọkà okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Wimbum nwere agbụrụ atọ: agbụrụ agha nwere isi na Mbot, agbụrụ Tang na Tallah, na agbụrụ Wiya na Ndu.[1] Obodo Wimbum ndị ọzọ gbasara gburugburu ebe ahụ, nke ọ bụla jikọtara ya na otu n'ime agbụrụ atọ ahụ. Obodo ọ bụla nwere onye isi, nke a makwaara dị ka fon, bu onye nweere onwe ya, yana ndi isi ala ma o bu ndi isi ano n'okpuru ya.[2] Agburu atọ a na-ejikota onu na mpaghara, na-ekerịta asụsụ ahu.[1] Ndị mmadụ bi na Nkambe Plateau, ala ahịhịa dị egwu nke nwere ugwu osisi, ihe dị ka otu kilomita n'elu oke osimiri.[3] Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-akụ ọka, agwa, poteto, yam, akwụkwọ nri, tomato, unere, yana plantain na kọfị n'ebe dị ala, ebe okpomọkụ.[4][5] Ụfọdụ na-azụ ahịa, ọkachasị n'obodo Nkambé na Ndu. Ụfọdụ na-arụ ọrụ maka gọọmentị, ọkachasị na Nkambe.
Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ewere Limbum dị ka olumba atọ: asụsụ ugwu, nke etiti, na nke ndịda. Ndị na-asụ otu olumba nwere ike ịghọta ndị na-asụrụ nke ọ bụla ọzọ. Olumba atọ ahụ gafere agbụrụ atọ ahụ, ma nwee ike ịpụta site na mmetụta nke asụsụ ndị agbata obi n'ebe ugwu na ndịda.[6] Limbum nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị agbata obi dị ka Yamba na ndị ọzọ dị anya dị ka Bamum, Ngemba na Bamileke. Ọ dị nnọọ iche na ufodu asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị nso dị ka Bebe na Noni.[7]
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Asụsụ Limbum yiri Bekee n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, gụnyere:
- Usoro okwu bụ isiokwu-ngwaa-ihe.[8] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, tụlee:
- Ŋgwa Tataʹa byɛ́aʹaʹa. (usoro okwu Limbum nkịtị)[9]
- Nwunye Tata ebula ọka. (okwu-okwu ntụgharị Bekee, na-ejigide usoro okwu Limbum)
- Nwunye Tata ebula ọka. (ntụgharị ya na usoro okwu Bekee)
- A na-ejikarị ngwaa enyemaka dị ka "aʹ" emepụta oge ngwaa n'ihe atụ dị n'elu.
- Enwere ike ịmepụta ajụjụ ndị a na-emeghe na ndị na-ekpebi ajụjụ; dịka. "A nda?" pụtara "Ọ bụ onye?" okwu-okwu.[10]
Mana Limbum dị iche na Bekee n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Nkea bụ ole na ole:
- Limbum bụ asụsụ ụda, nke pụtara na ụda a na-asu nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'okwu ndị na-ada ụda otu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụda "baa" nke a na-ekwu na ụda dị iche iche nwere ike ịpụta nna, fufu, abụọ, akpa, akụkụ na ntutu, ma ọ bụ ara.[11]
- Usoro nnọchiaha dị nnọọ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "ye" bụ onye nke atọ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, na-anọchi ya na Bekee. Na onye nke abụọ, "o" pụtara ị - otu), "o" apụta ị - ọtụtụ) ọ bụghị I, "o' pụtara ị - naanị otu) na I, na "o" pụta (ị - naanị) na anyị) ma ọ bụ (ị - ọtụtụ) na I). Ọzọkwa, Limbum nwere nnọchiaha mejuputara, nke Bekee enweghị.[12]
- Adjectives na-esochi aha ha na-agbanwe, ma nwee ike ikwughachi ya maka nkwenye. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, "e ye ye ye program" pụtara "ya-ma ọ bụ-ọ na-eri kolanut dị mma," na "e ye bi programboŋ" pụtara "ọ na-erị kolanut dị ezigbo mma".[13]
- A na-emepụta ajụjụ ndị a site na itinye okwu a na nkwupụta, dịka na "Ndi ã du a?", nke pụtara "Ndi apuola, ọ bụ ya?" okwu-maka okwu - obere ihe mgbagwoju anya karịa ntụgharị ngwaa Bekee.[14] Nkwupụta na-agọnahụ ya yiri n'asụsụ.[15]
- Okwu amuma ise nke Limbum anaghị adaba n'okwu amuma bekee:
- ni: akara nke ntụziaka, soro ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ, dị ka " ya" ma ọ bụ "na ya".
- mbe: akara nke ebe, dị ka "n'ụlọ" ma ọ bụ "n'oche".
- mba: akara ntụziaka ma ọ bụ ebe di n'elu ugwu dị ala, dị ka "da-na ndagwurugwu Tabenken".
- ko: akara ntụziaka ma ọ bụ ebe dị elu, dị ka "ruo Ndu".
- nje: akara ntụziaka, ebe ma ọ bụ ebe o si, dị ka "n'ụlọ akwụkwọ" ma ọ bụ "site na Douala".
Nkọwa okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| ŋwɛ́́́ - onye | fa - nye | Gishp - nnụnụ | __ibo__ Onye dị mma - onye dị mma |
| Nwanyị | unu - iri nri | Ntu - anụ | Onye isi - ọ dị ezigbo mma |
| muu - nwatakịrị | na-ekwu | Kwaa - mpi | bɛbɛp - ihe ọjọọ |
| ŋkar - enyi | na-ekwu - ọrụ | Ụlọ - | baa - abụọ |
| nne m - nne | koʹŋ - dị ka ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya | tap - ụlọ | Bare - atọ |
| ta - nna | Ohu - lee | afyoŋ - ụgbọelu | tâ - ise |
| e - ya ma ọ bụ ya | saŋ - dee | ŋwa' - akwụkwọ ozi[16] |
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pool, p. 33.
- ↑ Kifon, p. 2-3.
- ↑ Pool, p. 32.
- ↑ Ndu.
- ↑ Nkambe.
- ↑ Fiore, p. 2.
- ↑ Nkwi, p. 149.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 252.
- ↑ Ndi, p. 10 and 65.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 157-158.
- ↑ Fiore, p. 78.
- ↑ Wepngong, p. 6.
- ↑ Nformi, p. 46-47
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 255.
- ↑ Nforgwei, p. 259-260.
- ↑ Ndi, throughout.
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Bongmba (2001). African Witchcraft and Otherness - A Philosophical and Theological Critique of Intersubjective Relations. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-4989-0. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.
- Fiore (January 1977). A Phonology of Limbum (Nsungli). Société Internationale de Linguistique. Retrieved on 2016-10-16.
- Nkwi, Paul Nchoji (1982). Elements for a History of the Western Grassfields. Yaounde: University of Yaounde - Department of Sociology.
- Ndi, Augustine (1988). Bki᷅nfɛ̀r - Ta᷅ta, Nyako, Fa᷅ake ba Nfo᷅ - A second Primer in the Limbum Language. Yaounde, Republic of Cameroon: Societe Internationale de Linguistique.
- Ndu. United Councils and Cities of Cameroon. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.
- Nforgwei. Dissertation: A Study of the Phonological, Morphological and Syntactic Processes in the Standardisation of Lumbum. Retrieved on 2022-02-12.
- Nformi. Dissertation: The Limbum Noun Phrase (A Generative Approach). Retrieved on 2022-02-12.
- Nkambe. United Councils and Cities of Cameroon. Retrieved on 2016-11-17.
- Pool (1994). Dialogue and the Interpretation of Illness: Conversations in a Cameroon Village. Oxford & Providence, RI: Berg Publishers. ISBN 1859730167.
- Wepngong. "Pronominal and Possessive Referencing in Limbum", Leiden University, 2011. Retrieved on 2016-10-16.