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Mgba ndụ

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Mkpụrụ osisi na-ebi ndụ a kụrụ iji belata uto ahịhịa n'etiti ahịrị ọka

N'ọrụ ugbo, mulch dị ndụ bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ekpuchi ma ọ bụ na-akụ ya na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi, ma bu n'obi na-eje ozi nke mulch, dị ka mkpochapụ ahịhịa na nhazi nke okpomọkụ ala. Mulches dị ndụ na-eto ogologo oge na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi, ebe a na-etinye ihe ọkụkụ n'ime ala ma ọ bụ gbuo ya na ahịhịa.

Uru ndị ọzọ dị na mulch na-ebelata uto nke ahịhịa, na ichebe ala site na mmiri na mbuze ifufe. Achọpụtara ụfọdụ mulch dị ndụ na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị iro ebumpụta ụwa nke ụmụ ahụhụ ihe ọkụkụ.[1] Mkpụrụ ọka ndị a na-eji dị ka mulches dị ndụ na-enyekwa nhazi nitrogen, na-ebelata mkpa fatịlaịza.

Uru

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Mgbe a na-atụgharị ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi n'ime ala, ha na-enye ihe oriri na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi ka a wee chọọ obere fatịlaịza kemịkal.[1] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onyinye ahụ dabere na biomass, nke na-agbanwe n'oge ma dabere na mmiri ozuzo na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ka biomass na-ebuwanye ibu, otú ahụ ka ntụgharị nri nke ala na-ebute ibu. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-ekpuchi akwụkwọ nri na-atụgharị nitrogen sitere na ikuku. Akụkọ na-egosi na legumes n'ozuzu ha nwere nitrogen dị elu, site na 20 ruo 45 mg g-1.[2] 

Ala tọgbọrọ chakoo nke na-esi n'ịkọ ahịhịa kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na-ebute nwere ike ibute mbuze nke ala, mfu nri na-edozi ahụ, na mmegharị nke ọgwụ nje. Na mgbakwunye, ata nwere ike itolite ma too na-enweghị asọmpi. Mulch dị ndụ nwere ike ibelata mpụta mmiri na mbuze, ma chebe ụzọ mmiri site na mmetọ. E gosikwara na mulch dị ndụ na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ ndị iro ebumpụta ụwa nke ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ ihe ọkụkụ.[3]

Ndị mulches dị ndụ na-achịkwa ahịhịa n'ụzọ abụọ. Mgbe a kụrụ ha tupu ahịhịa amalite, ha na-egbochi ahịhịhịa site na asọmpi.[4] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ike iji njirimara Allelopathic nke mulches dị ndụ iji chịkwaa ahịhịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji ihe onwunwe allelopathic nke rye (Secale cereale), ryegrasses (Lolium spp), na clover n'okpuru ala (Trifolium subterraneum) iji chịkwaa ahịhịa na ọka na-atọ ụtọ (Zea Mays var "rugosa") na snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). [5]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha bi n'ala dị ukwuu na ntụgharị ọka na soybean na alfalfa na kura clover na-ebi ndụ mulches karịa na-enweghị mulch dị ndụ.[6] Ọnọdụ a bụ n'ihi mgbanwe na ihe ndị dị na ahịhịa na usoro ọrụ ugbo.[7]

Nsogbu

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N'ụzọ dị mwute, mulches dị ndụ na-asọ mpi maka ihe oriri na mmiri na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi, nke a nwere ike belata mkpụrụ.[8] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Elkins et al. (1983) nyochara ojiji nke fescue dị elu (Festuca arundinacea), bromegrass dị nro (Bromus inermis), na orchargrass (Dactylis glomerata) dị ka mulches dị ndụ. Ha chọpụtara na ọgwụ herbicides gburu 50% ruo 70% nke mulches mana mkpụrụ ọka belatara 5% ruo 10% na njedebe nke owuwe ihe ubi.[9]

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ nwere nnukwu mmepụta na ntụgharị, o yighị ka ha ga-amụba ihe ndị dị n'ala.[10] Nke a bụ n'ihi na legumes eji dị ka mulches dị ndụ nwere nnukwu N ọdịnaya na ala C na N ratio.[2] Ya mere, mgbe ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-ere ure, ụmụ ahụhụ ala nwere N zuru ezu iji mee ka ha mebie ihe ndị dị n'ime ala.

Ụdị

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N'ebe okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mkpụrụ osisi nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka mkpuchi legume na osisi nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee na rọba.[11][12][13]

Na Mexico, a nwalere legumes eji eme ihe n'ọdịnala dị ka mulches dị ndụ dị ka nematode na ihe na-egbochi ahịhịa.[14] Mulches gụnyere velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), jumbiebean (Leucaena leucocephala) na tamarindo ọhịa (Lysiloma latisiliquum). Mmiri na-ewepụta Velvetbean belatara akara gall nke Meloidogyne incognita na mgbọrọgwụ Tomato, mana ọ na-egbochi mgbọrọgwụ tum. Na mgbakwunye, Velvetbean gbochiri uto siri ike nke ahịhịa Alegria (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) site na 66% na Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) site na 26.5%.

Nicholson na Wien (1983) tụrụ aro iji obere turfgrasses na clovers dị ka mulches dị ndụ iji melite mkpakọ ala na-eguzogide. Ndị edemede a guzobere Smooth Meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) na white clover (Trifolium repens) dị ka mulches dị ndụ ebe ọ bụ na ha emeghị ka mbelata nke ọka (ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi na-eso ya). [15]

N'otu nnyocha, ịta fescue ma ọ bụ red fescue (Festuca rubra) na ladino clover (Trifolium repens) bụ ihe dị ndụ dị irè maka ịchịkwa uto ahịhịa.[8] N'ụzọ dị mwute, ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ekpuchi ihe na ọka maka mmiri nke bụ nsogbu karịsịa n'oge ọkọchị. Ikike iji ladino clover (Trifolium repens) dị ka mulch dị ndụ ka a kpọtụrụ aha; Otú ọ dị, clover a siri ike iji ọgwụ herbicides gbuo n'oge oyi.[8]

Nchịkwa

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N'ihi na ha na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi na-asọ mpi, ọ ga-emecha gbuo mulches dị ndụ. [16][17]

Ọ dị mkpa iji ezi uche họrọ ọnụọgụ ọgwụ ahịhịa kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkụda mulch dị ndụ. Na 1989, Echtenkamp na Moomaw chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgwụ ahịhịa ezughị oke iji gbochie mulch niile dị ndụ. Ya mere, mulches na asọmpi isi ihe ọkụkụ maka akụrụngwa. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a pụghị igbu clover na ngwa mbụ nke ahịhịa, n'ihi ya, a chọrọ ngwa nke abụọ. Maka ọgwụgwọ ọzọ, ọnụego ndị dị elu nke na ha mere ka e gbuo ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ngwa ngwa, nke mere na ata ahịhịa wakporo ọka. Ọmụmụ ihe a tụrụ aro ka ekwesịrị iji nlezianya tụlee oge na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahịhịa.

A nwalere mulch dị ndụ n'ime usoro mmepụta ọka na-adịghị ruo mgbe ejiri ụzọ abụọ guzobe ahịhịa na ahịhịa ndụ mulch (ahịhịa na ahịhịa) n'etiti ahịrị ọka.[8]. N'afọ 1985, ọ dịghị ihe dị iche n'etiti ịkụgharị mkpụrụ na iji aka gbasaa mkpụrụ n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na 1986, mkpọpu mmiri mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu (97 osisi m-2) karịa mgbasa ozi (64 osisi m-2), eleghị anya n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo. Ekwesịrị ịtụle mmiri ozuzo n'ihi na ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị ike ịchịkwa ya.

Afụ ọnụ (1973) tụrụ aro ịta fescue (red fescue) (Festuca rubra var "commutata" var "shadow FESRU") dị ka ezigbo mulch ndụ n'ihi na ọ na-adaba na ọnọdụ ndò n'okpuru ọka na soybean.[18]. Ahịhịa a na-emegharị nke ọma maka ala kpọrọ nkụ na nke dara ogbenye.

Nri na-edozi ahụ

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Ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-ekpuchi akwụkwọ nri nwere mmetụta dị mma dị mkpa na usoro nri nke ihe ọkụkụ osisi.[2] Leguminous living mulches na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ atọ:

  • idozi ikuku N2 nke dị mkpa maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi,
  • Ijikọghachi ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ n'ala, na
  • Ime ka ihe na-edozi ahụ dịkwuo mma maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi.

Lehmann et al. (2000) tụrụ mkpokọta ala dị n'elu nke Pueraria phaseoloides, nke bụ mulch dị ndụ nke a na-eji na osisi ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ. Ha chọpụtara na Pueraria gbakọtara 8.8 metric ton nke dm (ihe kpọrọ nkụ) ha-1 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 4.4 t dm ha−1 maka Theobroma grandiflorum, na 1.4 t dm hectare-1 maka Bactris gaspaes.[2]    Ụdị abụọ ikpeazụ a bụ ụdị a na-akụ n'ala site na Amazon.

Nchịkwa nke mbuze

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Mkpuchi ahịhịa dị ka mulches dị ndụ na-echebe ala pụọ ​​na ifufe na mbuze mmiri. Osisi kwesịrị imepụta uwe mwụda ma ọ bụ nnukwu mulch nke na-echebe ala ka ọ ghara ịpụpụ ya. Mulches dị ndụ na-egbochi mkpuru mmiri ozuzo ma belata mpụta mmiri. Ihe nchebe nke ahịhịa dị otú ahụ na-enye megide ifufe na-emetụta tumadi site na ọnụọgụ biomass nke na-ekpuchi ala (dị iche na spp ọ bụla), geometry osisi na nhazi usoro.[18]

N'otu nnwale, e jiri mmiri na-agbapụta na ala na-efu na ndagwurugwu 14% tụnyere maka rototilled (RT), no-till na ọka stover mulch (NT-CSM), no-til na CSM + birdsfoot trefoil living mulch (NT-BFT) na no till na CSM na crownvetch living mulch. Nsonaazụ gosipụtara na mmiri ahụ bụ 6,350 L ha-1 maka NT-BFT, 6,350 L Ha-1 NT-CSM, 5,925 L Ha-1 maka NT -CV, na 145,000 L Ha-1 Maka RT. Mfu ala maka RT bụ 14.22 t ha-1 ebe na ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ ihe na-erughị 0.5 tọn ha-1. E nwetara ala kacha nta na NT-CV 0.02 tọn ha-1.[19] Mbelata nke mmiri na mbuze bụ otu n'ime uru kachasị ukwuu nke inwe ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi. Ala nwere ike imebi n'ụzọ dị mfe na-enweghị ihe mkpuchi ala ma ọ bụ ihe fọdụrụnụ. N'ụzọ dị mma, mbuze ala kwesịrị ịbụ ihe na-erughị tọn 4 ruo 5 / hectare / afọ.[20]

Hụkwa

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  • Mulch
  • Mmanụ ala plastik

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Brophy L. S., G. H. Heichel and M.P. Russelle. 1987 Nitrogen transfer from forage legumes to grass in a systematic planting design Crop Sci 27: 753-758
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lehmann J, J.P. da Silva, Jr. L. Trujillo, K. Uguen 2000 Legume cover crops and nutrient cycling in tropical fruit tree production Acta Horticulturae 531: 35-72.
  3. ↑ Hartwig N.L., H.. Ammon 2002 Cover crops and living mulches Weed Sci. 50: 688-699
  4. ↑ Hartwig N.L 1977 Nutsedge control in no-tillage corn with and without a crownvetch cover crop. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Society 31: 20-33
  5. ↑ De Gregorio R. E. and R.A. Ashley. 1986. Screening living mulches/ cover crops for no-till snap beans. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc. 40:87-91
  6. ↑ Prafiska J. R, N. P Schmidt, and K.A Kohler, 2006 Effects of living mulches on predator abundance and sentinel prey in a corn-soybean-forage rotation Env. Entomology 35: 1423-1431
  7. ↑ Andow 1991. Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 561- 586.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Echtenkamp, G. W, and R. Moomaw 1989 No-till corn production in a living mulch system Weed technology 3: 261-266
  9. ↑ Elkins, D., D. Frederking, R. Marashi, and B. McVay. 1983. Living mulch for no-till corn and soybeans. J. soil Water Conserv, 38: 431-433
  10. ↑ Barber, R.G., and F. Navarro 1994. The rehabitation of degraded soils in eastern Bolivia by subsoiling and the incorporation of cover crops. Land Degr. Rehab. 5:247-259
  11. ↑ Broughton W.J., 1977. Effects of various covers on soil fertility under Hevea brasiliensis and on growth of the tree. Agro-Ecosys. 3:147-170
  12. ↑ Aldaba F.R., 1995. Coconut production in the Philippines: problems and prospects. Plantatios, Recherche, Developpement Sept-Oct:15-18
  13. ↑ Watson G.A., 1989a. Field maintenance. In: Webster, C.C. (Ed.), Rubber. Longman Scientific, London. pp. 245-290.
  14. ↑ Caamal-Maldonado J.A.,Jimenez J.J., Torres A., Anaya A. 2001. The use of allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for weed control in cropping systems. Agron J. 93:27-36
  15. ↑ Nicholson, A.G., and H.C. Wein. 1983. Screening of turfgrasses and clovers for use as living mulches in sweet corn and cabbage . J. Am Soc. Hort. Sci. 108:1071-1076
  16. ↑ Brandsaeter, L. J. Netland, and R. Meadow 1998 Yields, weeds, pests and soil nitrogen in a white cabbage living mulch system, in Biol. Agric. Hortic. 16: 291-309
  17. ↑ Tharp, B. e., and J. J. Dells. 2001 Delayed burndown in no-tillage glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays) planted into soybean (Glycine max) residue and a wheat (Triticum aestivum) cover crop. Weed Technol. 15: 467-473
  18. ↑ Trohen F and J.A. Hobbs 1991 Soil and water conservation 1991 4:83-84 and 5: 108-109 Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ
  19. ↑ Hall J, L. Hartwing, and L. Hoffman 1984 Cyanazine losses in runoff from no-tillage corn in "living mulch" and dead mulches vs. unmulched conventional tillage. J. Envoron. Qual 13: 105-110
  20. ↑ Pimentel D., C. Harvey, P. Resosudarmo et al., 1995 Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267: 1117-1122
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