Mgbasa ozi nke nje

Na nkà ọgwụ, ọgwụ ọjọọ na eze, na bayoloji, na-egosi nke ahụ nje na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe site n'aka onye na-elekọta mmadụ ma ọ bụ m ndị nwere ọrịa na-ebute otu onye ma ọ bụ otu, n'agbanyeghị ma onye nke ọzọ bụ ọrịa mbụ. [1] Okwu a na-ezo aka nke ọma na ike nke microorganism ụzọ site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ site n'otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị a:

nnyefe ikuku - obere obere akọrọ na mmiri mmiri na-anọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge na-enye ohere ikuku ikuku ọbụna mgbe ọpụpụ nke onye ọbịa ahụ gasịrị. Nha urughuru <5 μm .
nnyefe droplet - obere ihe na-abụkarị mmiri mmiri na-anọ n'ikuku maka obere oge. Mmetọ na-emekarị n'ihu onye ọbịa. Nha nha nha> 5 μm.
kọntaktị anụ ahụ ozugbo - imetụ onye bu ọrịa aka, gụnyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị
mmetụ anụ ahụ na-apụtaghị ìhè – na-emekarị site n'imetụ elu emetọọ aka, gụnyere ala ( fomite )
nnyefe fecal – onu – na-emekarị site na aka a na-akwọghị akwọ, nri emetọọ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri n'ihi enweghị ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha, ụzọ dị mkpa na-ebufe na pediatrics, ọgwụ anụmanụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.
site na agịga hypodermic emeru ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ọbara

Nzipu ịbụ ike ịbụ indirect, site ọzọ organism, ma a vector (ike anwụnta ma ọ bụ ofufe) ma ọ bụ onye etiti ndị ọbịa (eg tapeworm na pigs nwere ike ibunye ụmụ mmadụ ndị inest esighi ezi na-arụ ọrụ). Mbufe na-enweghị ìhè nwere ike ike zoonoses ma ọ bụ, na-emekarị, nje dị ka macroparasites nwere usoro ndụ dị anya anya. Mbufe nwere ike ịbụ autochthonous (ya bụ n'etiti mmadụ abụọ n'otu ebe) ma ọ bụ nwee ike njem nke microorganism ma ọ bụ ndị ọbịa emetụtara.

Otu akụkọ Healthtù Ahụ Ike wa nke 2024 kwadoro usoro okwu maka ụzọ mbufe nke nje iku ume n'ikwekọ na physics particle: nnyefe ikuku; iku ume; nkwụnye ego ozugbo; na kọntaktị. ^[1] Mana atụgharịbeghị usoro ndị a ahaziri ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ amụma, gụnyere amụma njikwa ọrịa ^[1] ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ọrịa ma ọ bụ iwu mba ụwa emelitere.

Nkọwa na okwu ndị metụtara ya

^[2]Enwere ike ibunye onye na-efe efe na -efe efe n'ụzọ abụọ: dịka Ọrịa -efe efe na-efe efe site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ n'otu ụgbọ (ndị agha nọ n'otu apụ) [1 ] site na isi kpọmkwem (ịcha, imetụ aka, ịta ata), ma ọ bụ ndị na- ikeghị site na ikuku - ụkwara ma ọ bụ uzere ( vectors or fomites that ekwe ka ụzọ nke onye na-akpata ọrịa na-ahụ mmetụ. anụ ahụ) [2] ma ọ bụ site na okporo ụzọ kwụpụta, na-ebufe ihe na-akpata ọrịa site na nne na nna nye ụmụ, dị ka n'oge irụ nwa ma ọ bụ perinatal .

Okwu infectivity na-enwe ikike nke organism nri, dị ndụ na ịba ahụ n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ, ebe nje nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-egosi foto mfe nke na-ebufe onye ahụ ahụ na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ. [1] Mbufe nje na-enwe ike ime site na ndị ụzọ, site na nri emetọọ, mmiri ara ma ọ bụ ihe, site na ikuku ume ikuku ma ọ bụ site na ntule vector. . ^[3]

Mbufe bụ nsogbu nke ibute ọrịa, nyere ndị n'etiti onye ọbịa butere ọrịa na onye ọbịa ọbịa ^[4]

^[5]Mbufe obodo na-ama ihe isi akụkọ nke ọrịa na-agbasa ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọrịa na ndị ọzọ na-efu. Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe isi ike dị n'ịghọta njikọ ọrịa na-efe efe na obodo ụmụaka ikpe enwetara. ^[6]

Mbufe mpaghara obodo na mgbasala iyi nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ebe a na-akọ ndị (ike n'ime obodo, mpaghara ma ọ bụ obodo).^[7]

Ụzọ nnyefe

Ụzọ mgbasa ozi dị mkpa nye ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe n'ihi na usoro dị iche iche n'etiti ndị mmadụ dị iche iche na otu dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ na- ndabere na akụ na mụrụ, omenala na ihe ndị ọzọ. apeere, ọcha onwe onye na nke nri dị ala n'ihi ihi mmiri mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike ibute nke ọrịa site n'ụzọ fecal-oral, dị ka ọgbụgbọ . Ọdịiche dị n'ibu ndị dị otú ahụ n'etiti otu dị iche iche echiche ike ime ka ìhè dị n'okporo ụzọ a na-ebufe ọrịa ahụ. ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ na ọrịa polio na-emekarị n'obodo ukwu ndị dị na mba ndị na-emepe akara, na- man mmiri dị ọcha, ụfọdụ n'obodo ndị nwere usoro ọkpọ dị mma, anyị nwere ike echiche echiche. ahụ na ụzọ fecal-oral na-agbasa polio. A na-ewere ụzọ dị ka ikuku na-efe efe : ọrịa ikuku na-efe efe na ụmụ irighiri mmiri. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ọrịa ikuku

"Nfe ikuku na-ezo aka na nje na-efe efe nke na-agbasa site na droplet nuclei (nke ike site na mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ) nke nwere microorganisms na-efe efe. Ihe ndị nwere ike akpụkpọ ndụ n'ahụ ahụ ma , Nche na-akpatụ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge. Ha na-ebute ndị ọzọ site na elu na nke ala. osu iku ume." [1] Ogo nke ụmụ irighiri ihe maka ọrịa na-efe efe kwesịrị, <5 μm. iche ebe ọ nwere ike ịhụrọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge Ya bụ, ikuku ikuku dị iche ma ọ bụ gburugburu na-ahụ mma dị mkpa iji zere mmetọ n'ozuzu eg, ụkwara nta, ọkụkọ ọkụkọ, measles. </link>

infection

Droplet image captured under dark background on scattering illumination or tyndall effect — A na-ahapụ ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume site na ikwu okwu, ụkwara, ma ọ bụ uzere. ^[8]

^[9]Ụdị mgbasa ozi a na-emekarị bụ saịtị na ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume, na-ebute site na ụkwara, uzere ma ọ bụ ikwu okwu. Nfefe ntapu iku ume bụ ụzọ a na-emekarị maka ọrịa iku ume. Mbufe nwere ike ime mgbe ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume rute n'elu mucosal nwera ike ike, dị ka n'anya, imi ma ọ bụ ọnụ. Nke a ụgbọ ike ime na-icheghị ìhè site na ndị na elu emetọọ mgbe aka mete ihu. Tupu ihicha, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume buru ibu na akara ike eduzi n'ikuku ogologo oge, a na-agbasasịkwa ya n'ebe dị anya. [1] Ogo nke irighiri ihe maka ọrịa droplet bụ> 5 μm

Nnụnụ na-agbasa site na mbufe droplet nje ndị na-eku ume dị ka nje influenza, nje parainfluenza, adenoviruses, rhinovirus, virus syncytial respiratory, metapneumovirus mmadụ, Bordetella pertussis, pneumococci, streptococcus pyogenes, diphtheria, coronavirus [1] . [2] Enwere ike mgbasa nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri iku ume site na onye na-ebu ya site na iji ìhè ịwa ahụ.. ^[8]

kọntaktị ozugbo

Mmekọahụ ozugbo na-apụta site na kọntaktị akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ, nsusu ọnụ, na inwe mmekọahụ. Mmekọrịta ozugbo na-ezokwa aka na kọntaktị na ala ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-ebu nje na-efe efe. Na mgbakwunye, ebe a na-ewere nnyefe fecal-ọnụ ka ụzọ kọntaktị na-apụtaghị ìhè, kọntaktị ozugbo nwekwara ike bute mbufe site na nsị. ^[10]

A na-akpọ ọrịa ndị nwere ike ibunye site na ndị na-asụ na-efe efe ( Ibu na-efe efe efe otu na-efe efe; ọ bụ ihe na ọrịa niile na-efe efe na-efe efe, ọ bụghị ọrịa niile na -efe efe). A otu ibunye ọrịa ndị a site n'ịkesa akwa ịkpọrọ (ebe a na-enwe ọmụmụ ahụ nke ọma na ahụ abụọ) ma ọ bụ ihe uwe na-akpachi anya na ahụ (socks, dịka ọmụmaatụ) ma ọ bụrụ na a na -asacha ha nke ọma n'etiti ojiji. N'ihi nke a, ọrịa ndị na-efe efe na-ndịkpà n' akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ebe a na-ekerịta akwa na ihe onwe onye nke uwe na ngwaọrụ na-akpa n'ime ụlọ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

ụdị ọrịa a na-ebute site na ndị na-egosi egwu ụkwụ ndị na-eme egwuregwu, impetigo, syphilis, warts, na conjunctivitis.. ^[11]

Mmekọahụ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Leung (2024-07-03). "New WHO proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission" (in en). Nature Reviews Microbiology: 1–2. DOI:10.1038/s41579-024-01067-5. ISSN 1740-1534.
↑ Vertical transmission. medterms.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007.
↑ (2004) Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th, McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
↑ Notes on R₀ 1–9. Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University (May 2007).
↑ Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resources.
↑ Gainers and losers in the time of nCoV. The Manila Times (10 February 2020).
↑ Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 47. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved on 8 March 2020.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (28 February 2017). Retrieved on 28 February 2017.
↑ Prevention of hospital-acquired infections. World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 March 2020.
↑ Common Vehicle Spread. Boston University School of Public Health (2016-01-06). Retrieved on 2020-07-21.
↑ (2019) Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology, 28th, New York: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 978-1-260-01202-6.

Nke a na-ezo aka na ọrịa ọ mgbaka ike ejide ya n'oge mmekọ nwoke na-akpọ, sị ikpu ma ọ bụ gbasara ike ike, nke na-amaghị site n'ọnụ (lee n'okpuru) na ọ dịkarịghị site na inwe agụụ (lee n'okpuru). Mbufe bụ kpọmkwem n'etiti elu na ndị mgbe a na-enwe mmekọahụ (ụzọ a na-emekarị maka ọrịa nje na ọrịa ndị na-akpata ọnya) ma ọ bụ site na-achọghị ( semen ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri zoro ezo nke onye nwe obi ụtọ) nke na-ebu nje ndị na-abanye n'akwụkwọ onye òtù ọlụlụ site na obere ozi. anya mmiri naamụ, ikpu ma ọ bụ ikensi (nke a bụ ụzọ nje virus na-emekarị). N'okwu nke abụọ, ndọrọ ndọrọ gbasara gbasara ike dị ize ndụ ebe ọ bụ na na-emepe ọtụtụ anya mmiri na ikensi ụfọdụ ikpu, n'ihi na ikpu na-agbanwe ma na-anabata ya. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site n'ụzọ mmekọahụ HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, warts genital, gonorrhea, ịba ọcha n'anya B, syphilis, herpes, na trichomoniasis. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ọnụ ọnụ

A na-eche na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site ná mmekọahụ dị ka HIV na ịba ọcha n'anya B. ebute ebute site na ọnụ na ọnụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-ekwe omume ibunye ụfọdụ STI n'etiti ahụ na ọnụ, n'oge agụụ. N'ihe gbasara nje HIV, ezela nhọrọ a. Ọ bụkwa ya na-akpata nke nje virus herpes simplex 1 (nke na-ebute ọrịa ọnụ) na ọrịa nje na onye nke ụdị nje 2 </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Mmekọahụ ntuziaka

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ụkọ n'ihe gbasara omume mmekọahụ a, ụfọdụ ọrịa nwere ike gbasaa site na inwe mmekọahụ na-agụnye HPV, chlamydia, na syphilis. ^[1]

Ọnụ ọnụ

Enwere ike ijide ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site n'ọnụ site na ndị ọnụ kpọmkwem dị ka nsusu ọnụ, ma ọ bụ site na ndị na-egosighị ìhè dị ka ikesa iko ma ọ bụ sịga. echiche ndị mara na a na-ebute site na nsusu ọnụ ma ọ bụ site na ndị ọnụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ìhè na-agụnye ọrịa niile na-ebute site na ndị droplet na (opekata mpe) ụdị ọ blu nke nje. nje herpes, ya bụ cytomegalovirus ọrịa herpes simplex virus (ịkarịsịa HSV-1) na mononucleosis na-efe ef. . </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Nfefe nne na nwa

Nke a sitere na nne ruo nwa (ọ na-enweghị nna na nwa), mgbe mgbe na utero, n'oge ikiri nwa (nke a na-akpọ ọrịa perinatal ) ma ọ bụ n'oge mmekọ anụ ahụ n'etiti nne na nna na ụmụ. Na mammals, ndị ụmụ mmadụ, ọ na- kwurukwa site na mmiri ara ara (nfefe transmammary). echiche ndị nwere ike ibunye n'ụzọ dị otu a: HIV, ịba ọcha n'anya B na syphilis. A na-ebunye ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. ^[2]

Iatrogenic

Mbufe n'ihi usoro eji emetụ, dị ka imetụ ọnya aka, iji ngwa emetọọ, ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ihe butere ọrịa. ọrịa nwere ike ibunye n'ụzọ iatrogen na-agụnye ọrịa Creutzfeldt-Jakob, HIV, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. ^[3] ^[4]

Ịkekọrịta agịga

Nke a bụ omume nke ndị na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ime eriri afọ bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ekenye agịga ma ọ bụ sirinji iji nye ọgwụ ndị na-esi n'interine dị ka heroin, steroid, na hormones. Nke a nwere ike ọrụ dị ka vector maka ọrịa ndị sitere n'ọbara, dị ka ịba ọcha n'anya C (HCV) na HIV. ^[5]

kọntaktị na-apụtaghị ìhè

Mbufe ndị na-enweghị ìhè, nke a na-adị dị ka ụgbọ ala, eserese site na mmetọ nke ihe na-adịghị ndụ. ikike ala ndị nwere ike ibunye ihe na-efe efe n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nri nri, mmirika, ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkụ, na fomites dị ka ịchafụ, akwa akwa, ma ọ bụ ịwa ahụ. ikike ala nwere ike ibu nje na-efe efe, dị ka nri ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere ike ibu nje ịba ọcha n'anya A. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụgbọ ala ahụ nwere ike inye ebe onye ọrụ na-eto eto, na-amụba ma ọ bụ na-ahụ ebe, dị ka nri mkpọ na- nri ezi na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado nke botulinum toxin site na Clostridium botulinum..

Mbufe site na ntule ndị ọzọ

Vector bụ ahụ na-egosi ebute ọrịa n'onwe ya kama na - ebufe ọrịa site n'otu ebe gaa n'ọzọ.^[6]

Vectors nwere ike ịbụ igwe ma ọ bụ ndu. Vector na-arụ ọrụ na-eburu ihe na-efe efe n'ahụ ya ma na-ebufe ya n'ụzọ na-ama isi. Ihe atụ nke vector na-arụ ọrụ bụ ijiji ụlọ, nke na-ada na ozi ehi, na-agụnye ihe mgbakwunye ya na nje bacteria sitere na ezinụlọ, wee daa na nri tupu eri ya. nje ahụ ụgbọ ịbanye n'ime ahụ ijiji. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebufe nje n'ime ahụ ha ma na-ebuga ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ n'ụzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na--anata ata. Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebutekarị ọrịa siri ike na-ebute ụkwụ, dị ka ịba, nje encephalitis, ọrịa Chagas, ọrịa Lyme na ọrịa ihi Ụra nke Africa . Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anya, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị naanị, arthropods, dị ka anwụnta, akọrọ, fleas na . A na-achọ vectors na ndụ nke nje. Usoro a na-achị chịkwaa ọrịa na-efe efe na-ebute vector bụ usoro ndụ nke saịtị n'igbu vector. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Fecal - ọnụ

N'okporo ụzọ fecal-oral, nje na-efe efe dị na fecal particles na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ọnụ onye ọzọ. Ọ bụ ebe na a na-ekwukarị ya dị ka ụzọ ụzọ, ọ bụ n'ezie ụmụakapụta nke ọnụ ụzọ mbata na ikpe nke nje ahụ, ọ na-eji ọrụ n'ofe ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ọzọ. [1] A na-ahụta mbufecal-ọnụ dị ka ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri emetọru. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-arụ ọrụ saịtị na ndị na-egosi na ihe ma ọ bụ ahụ gụpụtara ihe, dị ka saịtị na inwe mmekọahụ . [2] [3] Ọ hụ ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ntapu ma ọ bụ ikuku na-ebufe site na mmiri mposi sitere na ụlọ mposi emetọru. ^[7] ^[8]

Isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa fecal-ọnụ ọnụ idebe ọcha zuru oke na omume rụrụ ọcha - nke nwere ike were ụdị dị iche iche. Nfe ọnụ ọnụ nwere ike ịbụ site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri emetọọla. Nke a nwere ike ime mgbe ndị mmadụ enweghị aka ha nke ọma mgbe ha mechara ụlọ mposi na tupu ha ọzụzụ nri ma ọ bụ na-elekọta ndị ọrịa </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ụzọ mbufe fecal-oral nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ ndị ọha na eze maka ndị mmadụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe mịlị bụ ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na- ሙa ማረhọ ọcha zuru oke. N'ebe a, ozi ma ọ bụ ozi na-enyere nwere ike imetọ ebe mmirika ( mmirika ala ma ọ bụ mmiri elu). Ndị na-mmiri mmiri e nyere ihe nwere ike ibu ọrịa. Nsogbu ọzọ na ụfọdụ mba ndị ka na-emepe dị, bụ ịsa awụ n' nke na-ebute ọrịa site n'ụzọ fecal-onu. </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

ụzọ ná mba ndị mepere emepe, a na-enwe ndakpọ nke sistemu site n'oge ruo n'oge na-eme ka mmiri mmiri na-ejubiga ókè . Nke a bụ ụdị mgbasa ozi nke ndị na-efe efe dị ka ụgbụgbọ, ịba ọcha n'anya A, polio, Rotavirus, Salmonella, na nje nje (ike Ascaris lumbricoides ) </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ndepụta

A na-akpọ mgbasa nke ọrịa na-efe efe . Ileba anya nke ọrịa na-efe efe na mpaghara ọha bụ ọrụ dịịrị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na mba ụwa, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara. onye ọrụ mgbasa na-adabere na ndị ọrụ na-azụ na ụlọ achụ nta microbiology iji hụ ndị ọrịa . Nyocha nke nchịkọta akụkọ nwere ike igosi mgbasa nke ọrịa na ọ bụ isi nke anụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe . Iji mgbasa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ọrịa na-ahụ nke a na-egosi, ọ dị mkpa ka achịkọta data na otu ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ nchịkọta data dị ugbu a nwere ike iputa, dị ka data ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ Aha ọgwụ dịka ọmụmaatụ </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ, ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ụmụ mgbei, onye gbara ọsọ ndụ, wdg, a na-arụ ọrụ ndị fim na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ọrịa, ndị ga-egosi ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka nke mmemme ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ. atụ </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

N'ihi na usoro omenala ndị a na-adị ngwa, na-ewe oge ma na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, a na-achọ proxies nke ọzọ. Otu onye anya n'ihe gbasara influenza bụ nleba anya ọrịa dị ka influenza na saịtị ụfọdụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ na steeti, dịka ọmụmaatụ. [1] Emepụtala ngwa ọrụ iji nyere aka soro ọrịa influenza site n'ịchọta iwu na ụfọdụ nchọta webụ . Achọpụtara na ugboro ole ndị na-agụkarị influenza n'ozuzu ya na-arrị elu ka ọnụọgụ ndị na-arahụ ọrịa influenza na-arrị elu. Nleba anya isi oge-oge nke iheike ka egosiri na mgbasa nke influenza [2] na dengue . ^[9]

Ejila ihe ngosi kọmpụta gbasara mgbasa ọrịa na-efe efe. [1] ndị nwere ikike ike mgbasalite ozi, mgbaàmà oge oge na mmetụta nke ọrịa na-efe efe, dị ka anụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ kwa afọ, bootcamp, Hajj kwa afọ wdg. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, data sitere na televishọn egosila na ọ ga-enwe ike ijide ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọma iji buru ụzọ. akụkụ nke ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe, dị ka rubella. ^[10]

Mmekọrịta na virulence na nlanarị

Ọrịa ga-enwerịrị ụzọ a ga-esi na-ebufe ya site n'otu ndị ọbịa gaa na nke ọzọ iji hụ na ụdị ha dị ndụ. Ndị na-efe efe bụ ndị ọkachamara n'ozuzu maka otu usoro mbufe. Inwe ihe atụ site n'ụzọ iku ume, site n'echiche evolushọn nje virus ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-eme ka onye ọbịa ha nwee ike ịmalite ụkwara na imi imi nwere nnukwu uru ịlanarị, n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka a ga-achụpụ ha n'otu onye ọbịa na-ebuga ya ọzọ. Nke a bụkwa ihe mere ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata afọ ọsịsa . </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

ụgbọ dị n'etiti virulence na okpuru ọchịchị anya ma nwee mmetụta dị mkpa maka evolushọn ogologo oge nke pathogen. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ụgbọ maka microbe na ụdị ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ ka ha na-etolite, nje nje na-ahụ nwere ike àmà ndị mbụ ihe ya nke ukwuu. Ọ na-ahụ na mbụ mbụ nke ọrịa ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu. Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa na-egbu ngwa ngwa, onye ọbịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ tupu e bufee microbe ahụ na onye ọbịa ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike ịkabiga ya ókè site na uru dị ike nke ọrịa na-efe efe dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na a na- mgbasa ozi na ọrịa virulence, dị ka ọ bụ dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihe ize ndụ. (ihe mgbawa na-agbawa agbawa na-enyere nje bacteria na- ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ) ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ọrịa iku ume. uzere na ụkwara na-ahụ ikuku ikuku na-efe efe ). </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ihe ọ ALA na-abụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akụkụ nke ọrịa na-ebu ihe dị mma, nke bụ uru maka ọha mmadụ na-egosighi na mmetụta nye onye ahuhu. A na-amata nke a n'ezoghị ọnụ mgbe a na-enye ọgwụ sị n'efu ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ahịa onye ọrịa na- ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ ^[11]

Microorganisms bara uru

Usoro mgbasa ozi bụkwa dị mkpa nke bayoloji nke microbial symbionts bara uru, dị ka coral -associated dinoflagellates ma ọ bụ ụmụ ụmụ microbiota . Nnụnụ nwere ike ike symbioses na ụmụ nje na-ebute site na nne na nna ha, site na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na-eke njikọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. /link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Mbufe kwụ ọtọ

Mbufe kwụ ɔtɔ na-ezo aka akara symbionts n'aka nne na nna (na- posi ndị nne). Mbufe kwụ nwe nwere ike ịbụ intracellular (kaka transovarial), ma ọ bụ extracellular (ihe atụ site na ndị mgbe embrayo na-enwe n'etiti nne na nna na ụmụ). Enwere ike iwere ma ụzọ intracellular na extracellular dị ka ụdị nketa na-ahụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ike nne na nna . A na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enweta ụfọdụ ụdị nke symbionts kwụ otu. [1] Ihe atụ Canonical nke symbionts ndị a na-ebute na kwụ ụlọ nutritional symbiont Buchnera in aphids (transovarially transmitted intracellular symbiont) na ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ microbiota (ebunye n'oge ngafe nke ụmụ ọhụrụ site na inye nwa nakwa site na-enye ara) </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

nnyefe kwụ ọtọ

A na-enweta ụfọdụ symbions bara uru n'ụzọ kwụpụta, site na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na- ike njikọ. Nke a na-achọ ka ndị ọbịa na symbiont nwee ike ụfọdụ usoro nke ike misali ha ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ibe ha. Ọtụtụ mgbe, symbionts enwetara n'ụzọ kwụpụta na-adabara na nke abụọ ụfọdụ metabolism nke mbụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka iji chebe onwe ya ọrịa na ọrịa nje, [1] mana ụfọdụ symbiont nri nri na-enwetakwa n'ụzọ kwụ otu (1) na gburugburu). [2] Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke symbionts bara uru na-ebufe n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nje bacteria bioluminescent , na squid bobtail na nje na-edozi nitrogen na osisi . </link>^{[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]}

Ngwakọta-ụkpụrụ nnyefe

^[2]Ọtụtụ microbial symbionts, ndị mmadụ microbiota, nwere ike ibunye ma kwụ ɔ na kehoraizin. Nbufe ụdị agwakọta nwere ike ikwe ka symbionts nwee ike “kachasị mma nke ụwa abụọ a” - ha nwere ike bute ụmụ ndị ọbịa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ mgbe n'ihu nke ndị ọbịa dị ala, ma bute ndị ọbịa dị iche iche n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ. ọtɔ mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa ọzọ. Ngwakọta ụdị ụdị na-eme ka mgbaàmà (ogo nke ndị ahụ ma ọ bụ uru) nke see siri ike, n'ihi na akara evolushọn nke symbiont bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-ahụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke onye ọbịa.

Hụkwa

Bioaerosol
Ịgba ọsọ
Ofefe ụdị nnyefe
Ọrịa na-efe efe: nnyefe
Ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi (Epidemiology)

Ntụaka

↑ Hoyle (2019). Great Relationships and Sex Education. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-35118-825-8. Retrieved on July 11, 2023.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 (2013) "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44: 623–643. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555. Ebert D (2013). "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (en). nhs.uk (2017-10-23). Retrieved on 2023-09-12.
↑ (May 2018) "Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015". Clinical Infectious Diseases 66 (11): 1733–1741. DOI:10.1093/cid/cix1071. PMID 29211835.
↑ HIV and Injection Drug Use | HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (2022-03-30). Retrieved on 2023-09-12.
↑ Pathogens and vectors. MetaPathogen.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.
↑ (March 2013) "Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: a literature review with suggestions for future research". American Journal of Infection Control 41 (3): 254–258. DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330. PMID 23040490.
↑ (May 2015) "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57 (5): 501–508. DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216.
↑ (May 2011) "Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: a new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5 (5): e1206. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206. PMID 21647308.
↑ (September 2015) "Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 (35): 11114–11119. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1423542112. PMID 26283349.
↑ (March 2022) "Externalities, public goods, and infectious diseases.". Real-World Economics Review 99: 25–56.

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[2] Vertical transmission. medterms.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007.

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[12] Hoyle (2019). Great Relationships and Sex Education. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-35118-825-8. Retrieved on July 11, 2023.

[auto-13] 2.0 ^2.1 (2013) "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 44: 623–643. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555. Ebert D (2013). "The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 44: 623–643. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content

[14] Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (en). nhs.uk (2017-10-23). Retrieved on 2023-09-12.

[15] (May 2018) "Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015". Clinical Infectious Diseases 66 (11): 1733–1741. DOI:10.1093/cid/cix1071. PMID 29211835.

[16] HIV and Injection Drug Use | HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC (en-us). www.cdc.gov (2022-03-30). Retrieved on 2023-09-12.

[17] Pathogens and vectors. MetaPathogen.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015.

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[Jon2015-19] (May 2015) "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 57 (5): 501–508. DOI:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448. PMID 25816216.

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