Mgbukpọ osisi na Naịjirịa

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Mgbukpọ osisi na Naịjirịa
Ogige ntụrụndụ dị n'ogige nke Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta

Mgbukpọ osisi na Naịjirịa na-eji usoro okike na nke aka mere.Mgbukpọ osisi na-agụnye ịkpachara anya kụọ osisi na iweghachi ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa nke e mebiri ma ọ bụ mebie. Ọ na-agụnye atụmatụ ịmegharị ọhịa iji hụ na a na-enweta osisi na ngwaahịa ọhịa ndị ọzọ. [1][2]Mgbasawanye ọhịa, n'ụzọ bụ isi, na-agụnye imeju ọhịa iji hụ na a na-enweta osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dị n'oké ọhịa. Enwere ike imezu ebumnuche a site na usoro mmelite okike ma ọ bụ usoro mmelite aka. [3]A na-eji usoro abụọ a eme ihe na mgbalị ime ka osisi dịghachi n'ime ọhịa Naịjirịa. [3]Na mbido mmemme mgbake ọhịa na Naịjirịa, a họọrọ usoro mmelite okike maka isi ihe abụọ. [3]Nke mbụ, o bu n'uche ichebe oké ọhịa ahụ n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya site n'ikwe ka ọ nwetaghachi onwe ya site na ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ n'ime ala. Nke abụọ, na nke dị oke mkpa, ahọrọla usoro a n'ihi nsogbu mmefu ego, ebe ọ bụ na ego ezughi oke iji guzobe ubi site na ụzọ kpọmkwem.[3]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbukpọ osisi, n'ozuzu ya, nwere ọtụtụ uru. Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'etiti, dị ka ndị dị na Naijiria, na-abụkarị usoro okike dị iche iche nke na-akwado osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche, na-akwalite nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi. Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmọrọ carbon dioxide site na ikuku ma na-arụ dị ka ebe carbon na-abanye. Sequestering carbon na-ebelata ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ. Mgbasawanye ọhịa na-enyere aka igbochi mbuze site n'ịkwado ala, belata mmiri, na ịkwalite mmepụta humus site na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ebe ahụ. Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa okirikiri mmiri na idebe Mmiri Naịjirịa dị mma. Mgbukpọsị osisi na-enyere aka ichebe isi iyi mmiri, na-eme ka mmiri dị mma, ma na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri, na'abara ma obodo ukwu ma obodo ime obodo uru. Mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbukpọ ọhịa ahụ na-akwalite njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa, gụnyere osisi, ngwaahịa ọhịa ndị na-abụghị osisi, na osisi ọgwụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịkụ osisi

Mgbalị mbụ e mere iji weghachite ọhịa dabeere na usoro osisi shelterwood nke okpomọkụ nke mmelite ọhịa nke na-enwetaghị nsonaazụ achọrọ. Nke a manyere gọọmentị Naijiria ịgbanwe gaa na mmelite aka site na ịmepụta osisi na mba ahụ. Nhọrọ nke osisi maka ubi ndị ahụ dabere na mkpa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na uto nke osisi ndị ahụ. N'ihi ya, a chụpụrụ osisi siri ike nke ebe okpomọkụ dị ka Milicia excelsa na Antiaris Africa ma jiri ụdị dị iche iche na-eto ngwa ngwa dị ka Tectona grandis, eucalyptus, pine, na Gmelina arborea dochie ya. A na-ahọrọ Tectona grandis na eucalyptus n'ihi ogwe ha kwụ ọtọ na ike, nke na-eme ka ha dị egwu maka iji ya dị ka ogwe nnyefe eletrik, ebe a na-ahụrụ Gmelina na pine maka mmepụta anụ, nke a na-eji emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ.[4]

N'afọ 1997, mpaghara Naịjirịa nke a na-eme atụmatụ na a na-akụ osisi dị hekta 150,000. N'agbata afọ 1970 na afọ 1984, e guzobere hekta 82,434 nke ubi. [5]Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1998, Naịjirịa nwere hekta 196,000 na hekta 704 n'ebe echedoro na mpụga ọhịa. N'agbata afọ 1985 na afọ 2005, pasent atọ nke ọhịa Naịjirịa bụ ubi. [4]N'afọ 2010, Naịjirịa nwere ngụkọta nke ebe a na-akụ ihe n'ime ala nke 382,000 hectare. Gmelina na teak mejupụtara ihe dị ka pasent 44 nke osisi niile dị n'ubi ahụ.[6]

Na mbido mmemme mgbake ọhịa na Naịjirịa, a họọrọ usoro mmelite okike maka isi ihe abụọ. Nke mbụ, o bu n'uche ichebe oké ọhịa ahụ n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya site n'ikwe ka ọ nwetaghachi onwe ya site na ebe a na-echekwa mkpụrụ n'ime ala. Nke abụọ, na nke dị oke mkpa, ahọrọla usoro a n'ihi nsogbu mmefu ego, ebe ọ bụ na ego ezughi oke iji guzobe ubi site na ụzọ kpọmkwem. [3]Usoro Timber Stand Improvement (TSS) gụnyere ịkpụ osisi na itinye nsí na nnukwu ụdị osisi ndị a na-achọghị. Emere nke a n'ime afọ 3 ruo 5 tupu e jiri ya mee ihe n'ezie.[7]

Ebumnuche nke a bụ ịmepụta oghere n'elu osisi ma gbaa ume ka ụdị osisi ndị a na-achọsi ike. [8]N'ụzọ na-adọrọ mmasị, n'oge mmejuputa nke Timber Stand Improvement (TSS), mgbalị dị n'otu oge pụtara, ebe ndị ọrụ ọhịa a họọrọ na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ na-eme nnwale nke imezigharị ihe n'ime mpaghara ọhịa mmiri nke Naịjirịa. N'afọ 1930, J. D. Kennedy duziri atụmatụ a pụrụ iche na Sapoba na Edo State na D. MacGregor na Olokemeji na Oyo State. N'ụzọ doro anya, nnwale ọhụrụ ndị a gụnyere ịzụlite ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na ndị dị iche iche ma jiri nlezianya mee ya n'ime usoro nhazi nke Taungya Farming System.[1]

Tupu afọ 1944, ụzọ zuru oke na usoro zuru oke iji mee ka oké ọhịa dị elu dịghachi ọhụrụ na Naịjirịa ghara ịdị, ma e wezụga maka ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama nke ubi Taungya. Ndị a gụnyere Kennedy Taungyas nke gosipụtara ụdị Miliaceae na Sapoba na ubi ochie nke teak na Nauclea dị na Akilla, Olokemeji, na Gambari. [9]N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị a rụzuru, ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị n'ihi enweghị ego zuru oke.[1]

Mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara. [10][11][12][13]Nke a na-agụnye ihe dị iche iche, tinyere ihe ndị sitere n'okike, usoro okike, ihu igwe, na egwuregwu mmadụ. Na Naịjirịa, ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche ma dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ bụ kilomita nke e ji ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi mara, gụnyere oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, savanna, ala mmiri, na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. [14]Naịjirịa dị na West Africa ma nwee ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke nwere oge mmiri na oge ọkọchị.[15][16]

Mgbukpọsị Oké Ọhịa na Naịjirịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbukpọsị ọhịa na Naịjirịa abụwo nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. [17][18][19]Ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche na-akpali ya, gụnyere:

  1. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo: Mkpa maka ala iji kọọ ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ bụ isi ihe na-akpata mgbukpọ ọhịa. [20][21][22]Ọrụ ugbo na-adịru nwa oge yana ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa buru ibu na-enye aka na omume a.
  2. Ịkụ osisi na ụlọ ọrụ osisi: Mkpa maka osisi na ngwaahịa osisi, ma n'ime ụlọ ma na mba ụwa, na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ịkpụ osisi. [23]A na-emekarị nke a n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-eduga na mmebi nke ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa.
  3. Mmepe akụrụngwa: Iwu okporo ụzọ, mgbasawanye obodo, na mmepe akụrụndụ ndị ọzọ na-achọkarị iwepu nnukwu ọhịa.[24][25]
  4. Ọrụ igwu ala: Ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ewepụta ihe, dị ka mmanụ na igwu ala, nwere ike ibute mbibi nke ọhịa.[26][27]
  5. Uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ime obodo: Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na imepụta obodo na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọchịchọ maka ụlọ na ọrụ, nke nwere ike itinye nrụgide na mpaghara ọhịa.[28][29][30][31]

Mmetụta na Biodiversity na Ecosystems[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. Mfu nke Biodiversity: Mgbukpọ ọhịa na Naịjirịa na-eduga na ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ. [32][33][34]Oké ọhịa dị iche iche dị iche iche, mgbe e kpochapụrụ ha, ọtụtụ ụdị na-efunahụ ebe obibi ha ma nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi.
  2. Mgbagwoju anya nke Ecosystems: Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. [35]Iwepụ ha nwere ike imebi mmekọrịta dị nro n'etiti osisi, anụmanụ, na microorganisms.
  3. Mgbọrọgwụ Ala na mmebi: Mgbọrọ ndụ osisi na-enyere aka ijide ala n'ebe, na-egbochi mbuze. Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa nwere ike ibute mmụba nke mbuze ala, belata uto ala, ma metụta mmepụta ugbo.
  4. Nchịkwa ihu igwe: Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe carbon na-agbanye, na-amị carbon dioxide site na ikuku. [36][37][38]Mgbe a na-egbutu osisi, a na-ahapụ carbon a echekwara n'ime ikuku, na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbukpọsị ọhịa na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. [39][40]Mgbe ewepụrụ osisi, a na-ewepụta carbon echekwara na ha dị ka carbon dioxide (CO2), gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Nke a na-enye aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ, na-eduga na okpomọkụ ụwa na nsogbu ihu igwe.

Ịrụghachi ọhịa dị ka Ụzọ E Si E Si E Ji Ji Ji Ji Mgbasa Ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbukpọsị ọhịa na-agụnye ịkụ osisi n'ebe ndị e gburu n'oge gara aga. Ọ bụ atụmatụ dị mkpa iji belata mmetụta nke mgbukpọ ọhịa. Ihe ndị a bụ isi ihe gbasara iweghachi ọhịa:

  1. Carbon Sequestration: Reforestation na-enyere aka ijide carbon na ikuku, na-ebelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ.
  2. Mweghachi ebe obibi: Ọ na-enye ebe obibi maka ụdị dịgasị iche iche, na-enyere aka iweghachi ụdị dị iche iche.[41]
  3. Nchebe ala: Osisi na-enyere aka mee ka ala kwụsie ike, na-egbochi mbuze na ịnọgide na-eme nri n'ala.[42][43]
  4. Nchịkwa Mmiri: Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa mmiri na-asọba n'osimiri na iyi, na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri ma hụ na mmiri na-aga n'ihu.
  5. Uru Obodo: Mgbasawanye ọhịa nwere ike inye ohere akụ na ụba maka obodo site na omume ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide, yana ịkwado njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi.
  6. Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbalị ndị a haziri nke ọma maka iweghachi osisi nwere ike ịkwalite mgbochi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Omume A Na-eme ugbu a n'Imeziwanye Ọhịa Naịjirịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na Naijiria egosila na ọ na-arị elu kemgbe mmalite nke mmepe ọhịa a haziri ahazi na 1906. [1]N'oge a, a naghị eleghara usoro okike na nke aka mere anya, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke osisi mbụ mere na ogige nnwale na nke nnwale dị n'ime ogige ọhịa.[3]

Mgbanwe site na Tropical Shelterwood System, nke gosipụtara na ọ naghị arụ ọrụ na mmelite ọhịa, kpaliri ndị na-emepụta ọhịa n'oge gara aga ịnakwere omume mmelite aka site na ịmepụta osisi ọhịa gafee mba ahụ. Ubi osisi ndị a, dị ka e kwuru na mbụ, gụnyere ụdị osisi dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ amaala na nke dị iche iche, nke a họọrọ dabere na iru eru ha maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ na njirimara uto ngwa ngwa ha.[3]

Mkpa nke iwebata ụdị osisi ndị dị iche iche na ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa na mmepe nke osisi na Naịjirịa pụtara n'ihi ogologo oge ntozu oke a hụrụ na osisi siri ike dị ka Milicia excelsa na Antiaris africana, nke na-adịkarị afọ 60 ruo 80. [3]A na-etinye ụdị dị iche iche a ma ama n'ime ọhịa, gụnyere Tectona grandis na ụdị Eucalyptus dị iche iche, karịsịa n'ihi na ha kwụ ọtọ na ike. Àgwà ndị a mere ka ha dị mma maka ngwa dịka akụrụngwa eriri ọkụ eletrik.[3]

N'otu oge ahụ, a họọrọ Gmelina arborea na ụdị Pine dị iche iche n'ihi ikike ha nwere maka mmepụta anụ, ihe dị mkpa na mmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na ngwaahịa akwụkwọ. Naịjirịa hụrụ mmụba nke eletrik n'ime ime obodo n'oge afọ ndị 1970, ebe e mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'iwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a ma ama, otu dị na Ogun State na nke ọzọ na Akwa Ibom State, na mbọ ndị a na-efe efe n'etiti afọ ndị 1970.[2]

N'afọ 1997, a tụlere oke osisi na Naịjirịa na ihe dịka hekta 150,000. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, n'oge site na 1970 ruo 1984, e guzobere ngụkọta nke hekta 82,434 nke ubi n'ime mba ahụ. [44]A na-enwu gbaa nke nchekwube na isi anọ Niger Delta States, ya bụ Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Delta, na Rivers, site na Niger Delta Biodiversity Project na-aga n'ihu, nke a malitere na 2013 n'ime mpaghara ahụ. Atụmatụ Ọrụ Biodiversity nke Obodo na-anọchite anya atụmatụ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi. [3]Na mmekorita ya na Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na Global Environment Facility (GEF) anabatala Community Biodiversity Action Plan (CBAP) dị ka atụmatụ zuru oke iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị mkpa nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche n'ime ime obodo Niger Delta.[3]

Usoro[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu n'ime nnukwu nsogbu ndị na-eche ọhịa Naijiria ihu bụ usoro ọrụ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke na-eme ka ọhịa ghara ịdị. Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo bụ usoro ọrụ ugbo nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-ebugharị ugbo ya n'ebe ọzọ mgbe oge nke ihe dị ka afọ atọ gasịrị, n'ihi mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ. Usoro owuwe ihe ubi ahịrị nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Usoro ịkpụ ahịrị na-agụnye nkwekọrịta n'etiti ịkpụ ahịhịa na ịkpa ọhịa. Ọ na-agụnye uto nke ihe ọkụkụ nri na ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa ọnụ, ọ bụrụhaala na ihe ọkpọkọ ọhịa na-ekwe ka ìhè anyanwụ banye ma rute ihe ọkụkụ oriri. Site na usoro a, ala ahụ ga-anọgide na-emepụta, na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ego ma n'otu oge ahụ na-echekwa usoro okike.[45]

Ihe ịma aka na nchebara echiche maka Mgbasawanye Ọhịa na Naịjirịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ iweghachi ọhịa na Naijiria na-eche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi ihu. Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka ndị a bụ enweghị ike nke mba ahụ ịnọgide na-enwe ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke inweta ozi oge niile na nke oge a na mpaghara ọhịa ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime ozi eji eme mkpebi na oké ọhịa Naịjirịa dabere na ozi ochie na extrapolation sitere na data ochie. [46]N'ọtụtụ steeti, maka oge afọ 10 (2005-2015), e nwere ọkwa dị ala nke nkwado gọọmentị na ọrụ ọhịa, n'ihi enweghị ego na enweghị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ, nke e guzobere nlekọta gọọmentị. [5]Gọọmentị Naijiria etinyela obere ego na njikwa ọhịa n'ihi oke mmefu ego.[47]

  1. Nchịkwa ala na nwe ala: Ịchọpụta ikike ala na nwe ya nwere ike ịdị mgbagwoju anya, dịka ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị nwere ike ịnwe ala na mpaghara ọhịa. Ihichapụ nsogbu nke ala dị mkpa maka mbọ ndị na-aga nke ọma n'ịmezigharị ọhịa.
  2. Nhọrọ Ụdị na Biodiversity: Ọ dị mkpa ịhọrọ ụdị osisi ndị a mụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị dabara nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a na-akwalite ụdị dị iche iche ma hụ na osisi ndị a kụrụ ọhụrụ nwere ike itolite.
  3. Mmekọrịta na itinye aka na obodo: Mmekọrịta obodo dị iche iche na usoro mgbake osisi dị oke mkpa. Ha kwesịrị itinye aka na atụmatụ, mmejuputa, na njikwa iji hụ na ihe ịga nke ọma ogologo oge.
  4. Nnyocha na Nnyocha: Ịmepụta usoro nlekota na nyocha siri ike na-enyere aka ịchọpụta ọganihu nke mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji mee ka osisi dịghachi ndụ, gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dị ndụ nke osisi ndị a kụrụ, mgbake dị iche iche, na nchedo carbon.
  5. Nchịkwa Ọhịa Na-adịgide adịgide: Mgbalị ime ka ọ dịghachi mma kwesịrị ịbụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ sara mbara maka njikwa ọhịa na-adịgide. Nke a na-agụnye omume ndị dị ka igbu osisi, agroforestry, na mgbochi ọkụ.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Akpan-ebe (2017). "Reforestation in Nigeria: History, current practice and future perspectives". Reforesta 3 (3): 105–115. DOI:10.21750/REFOR.3.09.33.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ngounou (15 September 2021). NIGERIA: Kano State launches a one million tree reforestation campaign | Afrik 21. Afrik 21. Retrieved on 17 September 2023. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Akpan-Ebe (2017-07-01). "Reforestation in Nigeria: History, current practice and future perspectives" (in en). Reforesta (3): 105–115. DOI:10.21750/REFOR.3.09.33. ISSN 2466-4367.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Akpan-Ebe (2017). "Reforestation in Nigeria: History, current practice and future perspectives.". Reforesta 3 (3): 105–115. DOI:10.21750/REFOR.3.09.33.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Umeh (2005). "Trends and impact of forest development in Nigeria: Lessons and prospects. In Popola I., Mfon P., and Oni, P.I (eds.). Sustainable forest management in Nigeria. Lessons & prospects.". Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of FAN, Kaduna, Nigeria..  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ FAO (2010). "Global forest resources assessment 2010 country report". 
  7. ↑ Nwoboshi (1982). Tropical Silviculture: Principles and Techniques. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. 
  8. ↑ FORMECU (1999) Forest Resources Study, Nigeria: Revised National Report Volume 1. Federal Department of Forestry, Abuja, Nigeria. 108 p
  9. ↑ Adeyoju (1975). Forestry and the Nigerian Economy. Ibadan University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria, 26–27. 
  10. ↑ Hughes (2012-04-26). "Environmental justice: concepts, evidence and politics". Food Security 4 (2): 325–327. DOI:10.1007/s12571-012-0193-0. ISSN 1876-4517. 
  11. ↑ Gaffikin (2011-02-10). Planning in Divided Cities: Collaborative Shaping of Contested Space. Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9781444393200. ISBN 978-1-4051-9218-7. 
  12. ↑ Bosserman (April 1981). "Kenneth A. Dahlberg: Beyond the Green Revolution: The Ecology and Politics of Global Agricultural Development. New York: Plenum Press, 1979, 256 pp". Behavioral Science 26 (2): 180–181. DOI:10.1002/bs.3830260212. ISSN 0005-7940. 
  13. ↑ (September 2017) "Politics in the Developing World". Politics Trove. DOI:10.1093/hepl/9780198737438.001.0001. 
  14. ↑ Fadairo (2022-08-20). "Drivers of vulnerability to climate change and adaptive responses of forest-edge farming households in major agro-ecological zones of Nigeria". GeoJournal 88 (2): 2153–2170. DOI:10.1007/s10708-022-10741-1. ISSN 1572-9893. 
  15. ↑ Akinwumiju (2021-04-19). "Airborne Particulate Matter Pollution in Akure Metro City, Southwestern Nigeria, West Africa: Attribution and Meteorological Influence". Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis 5 (1). DOI:10.1007/s41651-021-00079-6. ISSN 2509-8810. 
  16. ↑ Joseph O. Adejuwon (2012-01-18). "Rainfall seasonality in the Niger Delta Belt, Nigeria". Journal of Geography and Regional Planning 5 (2). DOI:10.5897/jgrp11.096. ISSN 2070-1845. 
  17. ↑ AHMED (2019-12-31). "Climate Change Induced Challenges on Deforestation: The Needs to Educe Mitigation Measures in Nigeria". Analele Universităţii din Oradea, Seria Geografie 29 (2): 64–76. DOI:10.30892/auog.292107-807. ISSN 1221-1273. 
  18. ↑ Omofonmwan (January 2008). "The Challenges of Environmental Problems in Nigeria". Journal of Human Ecology 23 (1): 53–57. DOI:10.1080/09709274.2008.11906054. ISSN 0970-9274. 
  19. ↑ Oladosu (June 1994). "Nigeria's household energy sector". Energy Policy 22 (6): 538–549. DOI:10.1016/0301-4215(94)90073-6. ISSN 0301-4215. 
  20. ↑ Olagunju (2015-07-30). "Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment: A review". Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 7 (7): 196–209. DOI:10.5897/jene2015.0523. ISSN 2006-9847. 
  21. ↑ Ihemezie (2021-10-27). "Stakeholders' Perceptions on Agricultural Land-Use Change, and Associated Factors, in Nigeria". Environments 8 (11): 113. DOI:10.3390/environments8110113. ISSN 2076-3298. 
  22. ↑ Kleemann (July 2017). "Assessing driving forces of land use and land cover change by a mixed-method approach in north-eastern Ghana, West Africa". Journal of Environmental Management 196: 411–442. DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.053. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 28334680. 
  23. ↑ Chamshama (2009-11-25). "Plantation Forestry in Sub Saharan Africa: Silvicultural, Ecological and Economic Aspects". Discovery and Innovation 21 (3). DOI:10.4314/dai.v21i3.48210. ISSN 1015-079X. 
  24. ↑ Emmanuel Ayila (2014). "Statistical Analysis of Urban Growth in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria". International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis 2 (1): 50. DOI:10.11648/j.ijema.20140201.16. ISSN 2328-7659. 
  25. ↑ Haregeweyn (May 2012). "The dynamics of urban expansion and its impacts on land use/land cover change and small-scale farmers living near the urban fringe: A case study of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia". Landscape and Urban Planning 106 (2): 149–157. DOI:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.02.016. ISSN 0169-2046. 
  26. ↑ Ranängen (December 2014). "Revisiting the 'how' of corporate social responsibility in extractive industries and forestry". Journal of Cleaner Production 84: 299–312. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.020. ISSN 0959-6526. 
  27. ↑ Ojakorotu (2018-04-26). "Oil wealth paradox and its implication for sustainable development in Angola and Nigeria". Journal of African Foreign Affairs 5 (1): 85–106. DOI:10.31920/2056-5658/2018/v5n1a5. ISSN 2056-564X. 
  28. ↑ Braimoh (April 2007). "Spatial determinants of urban land use change in Lagos, Nigeria". Land Use Policy 24 (2): 502–515. DOI:10.1016/j.landusepol.2006.09.001. ISSN 0264-8377. 
  29. ↑ Fuwape (December 2001). "Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve". Biomass and Bioenergy 21 (6): 401–405. DOI:10.1016/s0961-9534(01)00036-8. ISSN 0961-9534. 
  30. ↑ Oyetunji (2020-09-09). "The Effects of Population Growth on Deforestation in Nigeria: 1991 – 2016". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24 (8): 1329–1334. DOI:10.4314/jasem.v24i8.4. ISSN 2659-1502. 
  31. ↑ Edeme (2018). "Urban Population Growth and Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria". Journal of Empirical Studies 5 (1): 12–19. DOI:10.18488/journal.66.2018.51.12.19. ISSN 2312-623X. 
  32. ↑ Numbere (2021-02-25). "Natural seedling recruitment and regeneration in deforested and sand‐filled Mangrove forest at Eagle Island, Niger Delta, Nigeria". Ecology and Evolution 11 (7): 3148–3158. DOI:10.1002/ece3.7262. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 33841774. 
  33. ↑ Adejumo (2014-02-01). "Prospects for Achieving Sustainable Development Through the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria.". European Journal of Sustainable Development 3 (1): 33–46. DOI:10.14207/ejsd.2014.v3n1p33. ISSN 2239-5938. 
  34. ↑ Bodo (2021-05-11). "Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Human Causes, Consequences and Possible Solutions". Journal of Geographical Research 4 (2): 22–30. DOI:10.30564/jgr.v4i2.3059. ISSN 2630-5070. 
  35. ↑ Alongi (2009). The Energetics of Mangrove Forests. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-4271-3. ISBN 978-1-4020-4270-6. 
  36. ↑ Omokhua (2009-06-05). "Impact Of Deforestation On Ecosystem: A Case Study Of The Fresh Water Swamp Forest In Onne, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria". Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR) 8 (2). DOI:10.4314/jasr.v8i2.43349. ISSN 1595-7470. 
  37. ↑ Aweh (2023-04-06). "Assessment of deforestation impacts on carbon sequestration in Edo State south Southern Nigeria". Technology Audit and Production Reserves 2 (3(70)): 18–24. DOI:10.15587/2706-5448.2023.276637. ISSN 2706-5448. 
  38. ↑ Ndakatu (2011-03-28). "Evaluation of some factors of fish farming and management systems in Kuje Area Council of Federal Capital territory, Abuja, Nigeria". Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 8 (1). DOI:10.4314/joafss.v8i1.64824. ISSN 1597-0906. 
  39. ↑ Leon (2022-09-09). "Effect of Deforestation on Climate Change: A Co-Integration and Causality Approach with Time Series". Sustainability 14 (18): 11303. DOI:10.3390/su141811303. ISSN 2071-1050. 
  40. ↑ Pandve (2011). "Assessment of awareness regarding climate change in an urban community". Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 15 (3): 109–112. DOI:10.4103/0019-5278.93200. ISSN 0019-5278. PMID 22412288. 
  41. ↑ Lale (2020-09-01). "Biodiversity and Conservation in Entomology in the 21st Century: An Overview". Nigerian Journal of Entomology 36 (1): 1–10. DOI:10.36108/nje/0202/63.01.10. ISSN 0331-0094. 
  42. ↑ (2000-12-11) in Rees: Sustainable management of soil organic matter. UK: CABI Publishing. DOI:10.1079/9780851994659.0000. ISBN 978-0-85199-465-9. 
  43. ↑ Morgan (2003-09-02). Slope Stabilization and Erosion Control: A Bioengineering Approach. DOI:10.4324/9780203362136. ISBN 9780203362136. 
  44. ↑ Umeh LIC (2005) Trends and impacts of forest plantation development in Nigeria: Lessons and prospects. In: Popola L, Mfon P, Oni PI (eds), Sustainable Forest Management in Nigeria Lessons and Prospects, Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of FAN, Kaduna, Nigeria, pp 418 – 442.
  45. ↑ Etuk (1976). "Suggested scheme for reforestation and cropping of abandoned farmlands in Nigeria". Journal of Agro Economic Educatiion 5: 41–43. DOI:10.2134/jae.1976.0041. 
  46. ↑ Akindele (2012). "Status of forest cover in Nigeria.". Proceedings of the Third National Conference of the Forest and Forest Products Society. 3rd – 6th April, 2012.. 
  47. ↑ Akpan-Ebe (2016). UNDP-GEF Niger Delta Biodiversity Project: Consultant's Report., 73. 
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