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Mmanụ ala

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Mmanụ ala

Biofuel bụ mmanụ ọkụ a na-emepụta n'ime obere oge site na biomass, kama site na usoro okike dị nwayọ nke na-etinye aka na nhazi mmanụ ọkụ dị ka mmanụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta biofuel site na osisi ma ọ bụ site na Ihe mkpofu ugbo, ụlọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.[1] A na-ejikarị biofuels eme ihe maka njem, mana enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka okpomọkụ na ọkụ eletrik.[2]:: 173  [3] A na-ewere biofuels (na bioenergy n'ozuzu) dị ka isi iyi ike na-agbanwe agbanwe. [4]: 11 Ojiji nke biofuel abụwo ihe a katọrọ banyere arụmụka "nri na mmanụ", nyocha dịgasị iche iche nke nkwado ha, na mbelata ọhịa na mbelata dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ihi mmepụta biofuel.

N'ozuzu, biofuels na-ewepụta obere gas na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe a na-ere ya n'ime injin ma na-ewere ya dịka carbon-neutral fuels ka carbon na-ewepụ ya na ikuku site na ihe ọkụkụ eji emepụta.[5] Otú ọ dị, nyocha nke usoro ndụ nke biofuels egosila nnukwu ikuku na-emetụta mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe achọrọ iji mepụta ihe oriri ndị ọzọ. [6][7] Nsonaazụ nke nyocha ndụ (LCAs) maka biofuels na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere ụdị nri, ụzọ mmepụta, ọdịiche data, na nhọrọ usoro. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye nke a iji mesie ike mgbagwoju anya na mgbanwe n'ịtụle mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke biofuels. [8] Atụmatụ banyere mmetụta ihu igwe sitere na biofuels dịgasị iche iche dabere na usoro na ọnọdụ a na-enyocha. [6] Ya mere, ikike Mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe nke biofuel dịgasị iche iche: n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọkwa ikuku na-apụta na mmanụ ala, na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, ikuku biofuel na-akpata ikuku na-adịghị mma.

A na-ebu amụma na ọchịchọ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka biofuels ga-abawanye site na 56% karịa 2022-2027. [9] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2027, a na-atụ anya na nrupụta biofuel zụrụ ùwà ọnụ ga eweta 5.4% mmanụ ụgbọala maka njem gụnyere 1% mmanụ ụgbọ elu.[10] A na-atụ amụma na a na ọchịchọ maka mmanụ ụgbọelu ga-abawanye.[11][12]

Ụdị biofuel abụọ a na-ahụkarị bụ bioethanol na Biodiesel. Brazil bụ onye kacha emepụta bioethanol, ebe EU bụ onye na emepụta biodiesel kacha ukwuu. Ọdịnaya ike dị na mmepụta bioethanol na biodiesel zụrụ ụwa ọnụ bụ 2.2 na 1.8 EJ kwa afọ, n'otu n'otu.[13]

Bioethanol bụ Mmanya na-aba n'anya nke a na-eme site na ịgbaze, nke ka ukwuu site na carbohydrates a na-emepụta na shuga ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ starch dị ka ọka, okpete, ma ọ bụ sorghum na-atọ ụtọ. Cellulosic biomass, nke sitere na isi nri na-abụghị nri, dị ka osisi na ahịhịa, na-emepe emepe dị ka Ihe oriri maka mmepụta ethanol. Enwere ike iji ethanol mee ihe dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala n'ụdị ya dị ọcha (E100), mana a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye gasoline iji mụbaa ọkwa octane ma melite ikuku ụgbọ ala.

A na-emepụta Biodiesel site na mmanụ ma ọ bụ abụba site na iji transesterification. Enwere ike iji ya dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala n'ụdị ya dị ọcha (B100), mana a na-ejikarị ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye mmanụ dizel iji belata ọkwa nke particulates, carbon monoxide, na hydrocarbon site na ụgbọ ala ndị na eji diesel.[14]

 

Ebenside

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Biofuel | Definition, Types, & Pros and Cons | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com (2024-03-18). Retrieved on 2024-04-02.
  2. ↑ (2020) "Chapter 9: Biofuels for transport", in T. M. Letcher: Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet, 3rd. ISBN 978-0-08-102887-2. OCLC 1137604985. 
  3. ↑ Biofuels explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). www.eia.gov. Retrieved on 2023-01-24.
  4. ↑ (2020) "Chapter1: Introduction With a Focus on Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change", in T. M. Letcher: Future energy : improved, sustainable and clean options for our planet, 3rd. ISBN 978-0-08-102887-2. OCLC 1137604985. 
  5. ↑ (2019-03-25) "The greenhouse gas benefits of corn ethanol – assessing recent evidence". Biofuels 11 (3): 361–375. DOI:10.1080/17597269.2018.1546488. ISSN 1759-7269. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 (November 2020) "Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476 (2243): 20200351. DOI:10.1098/rspa.2020.0351. PMID 33363439. 
  7. ↑ (March 2022) "Environmental outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 119 (9). DOI:10.1073/pnas.2101084119. PMID 35165202. 
  8. ↑ Jeswani (November 2020). "Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476 (2243). DOI:10.1098/rspa.2020.0351. ISSN 1364-5021. PMID 33363439. 
  9. ↑ Biofuel is approaching a feedstock crunch. How bad? And what must be done? (en-GB). Energy Post (2023-01-23). Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved on 2024-03-14.
  10. ↑ Transport biofuels – Renewables 2022 – Analysis (en-GB). IEA. Retrieved on 2023-01-30.
  11. ↑ Biofuel is approaching a feedstock crunch. How bad? And what must be done? (en-GB). Energy Post (2023-01-23). Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved on 2023-01-30.
  12. ↑ How to scale Sustainable Aviation Fuel in the next decade (en). World Economic Forum. Retrieved on 2023-01-30.
  13. ↑ Renewables Report 2022. IEA (6 December 2022).
  14. ↑ (January 2022) "Effect of the use of additives in biodiesel blends on the performance and opacity of a diesel engine" (in en). Materials Today: Proceedings 49: 93–99. DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.07.478. ISSN 2214-7853. 
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