Mmebi ala

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Nnukwu mmebi ala na Nauru mgbe mkpuchi phosphate gwụsịrị site na igwu ala

  Mmebi ala bụ usoro nke uru nke gburugburu ebe obibi biophysical na-emetụta site na njikọta nke usoro mmadụ na arụ ọrụ n'ala.[1] A na ele ya anya dị ka mgbanwe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ nsogbu ọ bụla na ala a na ele anya dị ka ihe na emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ihe na adịghị mma.[2] A na ewepu ihe ize ndụ okike dị ka ihe kpatara ya; Otú ọ dị, ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike imetụta ihe ndị dị ka idei mmiri na ọkụ ọhịa.

Atụmatụ ndị ọkachamara na atụ aro na mmebi ala ga abụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke narị afọ nke 21, na emetụta mmepụta ọrụ ugbo, ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche, mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmetụta ya na nchekwa nri. A na eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru 4% nke ala ugbo n'ụwa emebiwo nke ukwuu.[3]

Dị ka Akụkọ Pụrụ Iche na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe na Ala nke Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe si kwuo: "Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ala na enweghị ice nke ụwa na emetụta mmebi nke mmadụ kpatara (mmadụ obi ike). A na eme atụmatụ na mbuze ala site na ubi ugbo dị ugbu a ugboro 11 ruo 20 (enweghị ọrụ ugbo) ruo ihe karịrị ugboro 100 (ọrụ ugbo nkịtị) karịa ọnụego mmepụta ala (nlezianya dị n'etiti). ".[4]

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke ala emebi n'ụwa niile, ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ atọ na abụọ bi n'ebe ndị a na emebi emebi.[5] Ihe dị ka nde hekta iri na abụọ nke ala na amị mkpụrụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hara ka ogo nke Gris na emebi kwa afọ. Nke a na eme n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na erigbu ala ahụ n'enweghị nchebe ya.[6][7] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Ebumnuche mmepe na adịgide adịgide nke United Nations 15 nwere ebumnuche iji weghachite ala na ala mebiri emebi ma nweta ụwa na anọpụ iche na mmebi ala site na 2030.[8]

Nsonaazụ ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ụzọ anọ isi lee anya na mmebi ala na mmetụta ya na gburugburu ebe obibi ya:

  1. Mbelata nwa oge ma ọ bụ nke na adịgide adịgide na ikike mmepụta nke ala. Enwere ike ịhụ nke a site na mfu nke biomass, mfu nke mmepụta ihe n'ezie ma ọ bụ na mmepụta ihe nwere ike, ma ọ bụ mfu ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na mkpuchi ahịhịa na ihe oriri ala.
  2. Omume na ikike ala iji nye ihe onwunwe maka ndụ mmadụ. Enwere ike ịlele nke a site na akara ndabere nke iji ala eme ihe n'oge gara aga.
  3. Mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche: Mfu nke ọtụtụ ụdị ma ọ bụ mgbagwoju anya gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mbelata na ogo gburugburu ebe obibi.
  4. Mgbanwe nke ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi: mmụba nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ na mbibi ma ọ bụ nsogbu. A na atụle nke a site na akara ndabere n'ụdị ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu ma ọ bụ mbibi.

Nsogbu na ịkọwa mmebi ala bụ na ihe otu ìgwè mmadụ nwere ike ile anya dị ka mmebi, ndị ọzọ nwere ike ile ya anya dị ka uru ma ọ bụ ohere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ebe mmiri ozuzo siri ike na ndagwurugwu dị elu ga akpata nchegbu sayensị na gburugburu ebe obibi gbasara ihe ize ndụ nke mmiri na emebi ala, ma ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ile ebe ahụ anya dị ka ebe dị mma maka nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ.

Ụdị dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ubi poteto na mbuze ala

Na mgbakwunye na ụdị ọdịdị ala a na ahụkarị nke a maara kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ (mmiri, ifufe na mmebi nke igwe, mmebi nke anụ ahụ, nke kemịkal na nke ihe ndị dị ndụ), ụdị anọ ndị ọzọ apụtala n'ime afọ 50 gara aga:

  • mmetọ, mgbe mgbe kemịkal, n'ihi ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, igwu ala ma ọ bụ azụmahịa.
  • ọnwụ nke ala a na akọ ugbo n'ihi iwu obodo, iwu okporo ụzọ, ntụgharị ala, mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, wdg.
  • radiation aka, mgbe ụfọdụ na mberede;
  • ihe mgbochi nke iji ala eme ihe metụtara agha.

N'ozuzu, enwere ike nyochaa ihe karịrị ụdị 36 nke mmebi ala. Ihe niile na-akpata ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọ ka njọ site n'omume mmadụ, dịka mbuze ala, mmetọ ala, acidization ala, mbuze mpempe akwụkwọ, silting, aridification, salinization, urbanisation, wdg.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ efunahụla okpukpu abụọ kemgbe afọ 2001, na mmefu kwa afọ nke na eru nso mpaghara dị ka Ịtali.[9]
Ịzụbiga anụ ụlọ ókè nwere ike ibute mmebi ala

Mmebi ala bụ nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke metụtara ọrụ ugbo, mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere:

  • Ihichapụ ala, dị ka igbu osisi na igbu osisi
  • Mmebi nke ihe na edozi ahụ n'ala site na usoro ọrụ ugbo na adịghị mma
  • Anụ ụlọ gụnyere ịta nri gabigara ókè na ịdọrọbiga ihe ókè
  • Ịgba mmiri n'ụzọ na ekwesịghị ekwesị na ịdọrọ mmiri n'elu
  • Mgbasawanye obodo na mmepe azụmahịa
  • Ụgbọala na adịghị n'okporo ụzọ
  • Igwu nkume, ájá, ore na mineral
  • Mmụba nke oke ubi n'ihi akụ na ụba nke oke, belata ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa, ka hedgerows na copses na apụ n'anya
  • Ikpughe ala gba ọtọ mgbe e wepụtasịrị ya site na ngwá ọrụ dị arọ
  • Monoculture, na emebi usoro okike mpaghara
  • Ịdaba ihe mkpofu na adịghị emebi emebi, dị ka plastik
  • Ụdị Ndị Na awakpo
  • Mgbanwe ihu igwe
  • Mfu nke carbon ala
Mgbari ala n'ubi ọka wit dị nso na Pullman, US

Ịkụcha ahịhịa na eme mgbe ndị mmadụ na egbutu oké ọhịa, ọhịa na ala ahịhịhịa iji nweta osisi, osisi na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na agafe ọnụego nke uto okike. Nke a na emekarị na gburugburu ebe kpọrọ nkụ, ebe ụkọ osisi na adịkarị njọ.

Ịzụbiga anụ ụlọ ókè bụ ịta ahịhịa nke anụmanụ na-eme ka ike dị elu karịa ikike anụ ụlọ na ebu anụ ụlọ; mbelata nke ahịhịhịa bụ isi ihe na akpata ikuku na mmiri. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa na Afghanistan. Mmetụta na-arịwanye elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, n'afọ 1980 na 1990, emeela ka mbelata na obere mpaghara nke ala ugbo kwa onye na mba isii n'ime mba asatọ (14% maka India na 21% maka Pakistan).

Mmetụta nke ndị mmadụ na-arụkwa ọrụ site na usoro ndị ọzọ. Omume ọrụ ugbo na-ekwesịghị ekwesị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eme naanị n'okpuru ihe mgbochi dị ka saturation nke ala dị mma n'okpuru nrụgide nke ndị mmadụ nke na-eduga ndị bi na ya ịkọ ala na-adịghị omimi ma ọ bụ nke dị elu, ịkọ ala na'ala tupu ọ nwetaghachi uto ya, ma ọ bụ gbalịa inweta ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ site na ịgba ala na-ekwekọghị mma mmiri.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị mmadụ anaghị enwe njikọ mgbe niile na mmebi ala. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ omume nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ime ka ala mebie. Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịba uru maka ala ahụ ma mee ka ọ na amịpụta ihe karịa ka ọ dị n'ọnọdụ okike ya. Mmebi ala bụ ihe dị mkpa na akpata mbata n'ime ọtụtụ mba Afrịka na Eshia.[10]

Nnukwu mmebi ala na emetụta akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ala a na akọ ugbo n'ụwa, na ebelata akụ na ụba na mmepe akụ na ụba nke mba. Ka ala na aghọ ihe na abaghị uru, nchekwa nri na emetụta na asọmpi maka mbelata akụ na ụba na abawanye, a na akụ mkpụrụ nke ụnwụ nri na esemokwu nwere ike.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmebi ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Akụkọ Pụrụ Iche na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Ala nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change climate change si kwuo bụ otu n'ime ihe na akpata mmebi ala. Akụkọ ahụ na ekwu na: "Gbanwee ihu igwe na eme ka mmebi ala ka njọ, ọkachasị n'ebe ndị dị ala n'ụsọ oké osimiri, osimiri, ala kpọrọ nkụ na mpaghara permafrost (oké ntụkwasị obi). N'ime oge 1961-2013, mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ kwa afọ amụbaala, na nkezi site na ihe karịrị 1% kwa afọ, yana nnukwu mgbanwe n'etiti afọ. N'afọ 2015, ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 500 (380620) bi n'ime ebe ndị nwere ọzara n'etiti afọ 1980 na afọ 2000. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị metụtara bụ na South na East Asia, mpaghara Sahara gburugburu gụnyere North Africa, na Middle East gụnyere Arabian Peninsula (enweghị ntụkwasị obi). Mpaghara ndị ọzọ kpọrọ nkụ enwetala ọzara. Ndị bi n'ebe ndị mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ ebe ọzara na enwe mmetụta na adịghị mma site na mgbanwe ihu igwe (oké obi ike). "[11] Tụkwasị na nke a, a na azọrọ na 74% nke ndị ogbenye na emetụta mmebi ala n'ụwa niile.[8]

Nnukwu mmebi ala site na idei mmiri, ọkachasị na ndagwurugwu osimiri na agwaetiti ndị dị ala, bụ ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ịbụ nke a chọpụtara na akụkọ IPCC nke afọ 2007.  

N'ihi ịrị elu nke oke osimiri site na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọkwa nnu nwere ike iru ọkwa ebe ọrụ ugbo na agaghị ekwe omume na mpaghara dị ala.

Otu ụzọ ị ga esi tụlee mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmebi ala bụ site na ọzụzụ nke Sayensị mgbanwe ala, nke, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, na agbaso nsonaazụ ogologo oge nke mmebi ala na ihu igwe nke mpaghara enyere. Site n'ịghọta njikọ dị n'etiti mmebi ala na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịmatakwu ịmepụta iwu iji belata mmerụ ahụ.

N'afọ 2009, European Investment Bank kwetara itinye ego ruru $ 45 nde na Land Degradation Neutrality Fund (LDN Fund).[6] Emere ya na UNCCD COP 13 na 2017, LDN Fund na etinye ego na ọrụ ndị na emepụta uru gburugburu ebe obibi, uru mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na nloghachi ego maka ndị na etinye mbongo.[12] E bu ụzọ nweta ego ahụ na US $ 100 nde ma na atụ anya na ọ ga etolite na US $ 300 nde.[12]

Na akụkọ IPCC nke afọ 2022, mmebi ala na emeghachi omume kpọmkwem na mgbanwe ihu igwe ka ụdị erosion na mbelata SOM niile (nchubata ala) na abawanye.[13][14] Nsogbu ndị ọzọ na emebi ala na esikwa na nrụgide mmadụ dị ka usoro okike a na achịkwa. Usoro ndị a gụnyere ala ugbo na ebe ịta nri[14] nke mmadụ.

Ifufe ala na abanye n'ọrụ nke bụ ihe kpatara ihe omume siri ike dịka oké mmiri ozuzo.[14]

Mmetụta na ntachi obi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmetụta na ntachi obi bụ ihe atụ nke adịghị ike nke ala na mmebi. Ihe abụọ a jikọtara ọnụ iji kọwaa ogo nke adịghị ike. Mmetụta bụ ogo nke usoro ala na agbanwe n'ihi ike okike, ntinye aka mmadụ ma ọ bụ njikọta nke abụọ. Resilience bụ ikike nke ala iji mịrị mgbanwe, na enweghị mgbanwe dị n'etiti mkpa dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị mmadụ na ụdị ndị mejupụtara obodo ahụ. Ọ na ezo aka na ikike nke mpaghara ahụ ịlaghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya mgbe a gbanwere ya n'ụzọ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịbawanye ma ọ bụ belata ike nke ala site na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na ụzọ dị iche iche nke njikwa ala. Ala nke mebiri emebi na-aghọ nke na-adịchaghị ike karịa ala na-emebi emebi, nke nwere ike iduga na mmebi ọzọ site na mgbagwoju anya na ala.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịgba mmiri
  • Imeziwanye ala
  • Nchịkọta ala
  • Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
  • Ihe Omume Akụnụba nke Ala
  • Ọzara
  • Uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
  • Ala#Nkebi
  • Mgbukpọ nke ala

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Land useÀtụ:Human impact on the environmentÀtụ:Population

  1. ↑ Conacher (1995). Rural Land Degradation in Australia. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press Australia. ISBN 0-19-553436-0. 
  2. ↑ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Garfield Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
  3. ↑ Ian Sample (31 August 2007). Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land. The Guardian. Retrieved on 23 July 2008.
  4. ↑ (2019) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 30 January 2020. 
  5. ↑ Le (2014). "Biomass Productivity-Based Mapping of Global Land Degradation Hotspots" (in en). SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2465799. ISSN 1556-5068. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Artificial intelligence makes restaurants and farms more sustainable (en). European Investment Bank. Retrieved on 29 July 2021.
  7. ↑ 24 billion tons of fertile land lost every year, warns UN chief on World Day to Combat Desertification (en). UN News (16 June 2019). Retrieved on 29 July 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Goal 15 targets (en). UNDP. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved on 24 September 2020.
  9. ↑ Butler. "Global forest loss increases in 2020", Mongabay, 31 March 2021. ● Mongabay graphing WRI data from Forest Loss / How much tree cover is lost globally each year?. research.WRI.org. World Resources Institute — Global Forest Review (January 2021). Archived from the original on 10 March 2021.
  10. ↑ Terminski, Bogumil, Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella (1 December 2011). Policy Studies Organization (PSO) Summit, December 2011
  11. ↑ (2019) Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved on 30 January 2020. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chasek (February 2019). "Land degradation neutrality: The science-policy interface from the UNCCD to national implementation" (in en). Environmental Science & Policy 92: 182–190. DOI:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.11.017. 
  13. ↑ Special Report on Climate Change and Land — IPCC site. Retrieved on 2022-03-01.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Chapter 4 : Land Degradation — Special Report on Climate Change and Land. Retrieved on 2022-03-01.
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