Mmegbu ọnụ

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Mmetụta ọnụ (nke a makwaara ka mkparị ọnụ, okwu ogu, okwu ihe ike , ọnụ mbuso aha, ihe ike n'uche, ma ọ bụ ime ihe ike uche) bụ ụdị agwa na uche / megbu uche nke na-agụnye iji okwu ọnụ, mmegharị ahụ, na ederede na-eduzi onye a na-emegbu. Mmegbu onu nwere ike ịgụnye omume nke ịkpasu mmadụ iwe, ịkpọ aha, mkparị, ịkatọ, ịkatị, ma o bụ iti mkpu gabigara ókè.[1][2] Ọ nwere ike igụnye iji Okwu mkparị, nnyefe nke nkwupụta ndị e bu n'obi ịtụ egwu, weda mmadụ ala, mebie, ma ọ bụ mebie mmadụ. [1] [3][4] Ụdị mbuso aha ndị a nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu uche na / ma ọ bụ mmetụta uche maka onye ahụ.[1][5]

Mkpari onu na mmegbu na-emetụta mmadụ niile, ọmenala, na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Omume ndị a na-emebi uche ma na-ewere ya dị ka ụdị mmerụ ahụ mmetụta uche na ahụ onye ahụ.[6] Ụdị omume a na-eme ndị mmadụ ka ha ghara inwe mmetụta dị mma maka onwe ha ma nwee ike ibute ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike na nsogbu dịka Echiche igbu onwe onye, ịda mbà n'obi, ahụ ike na-adịghị mma, nchegbu, omume na-enweghị isi, nsogbu onye, na kwa ime ihe ike. [1] [7][8]

Ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye aja nke okwu mkparị nwere ike igosi omume mkparị megide ndị ọzọ. Mmegbu okwu na mkparị okwu nwere ike ịmalite n'ụzọ di iche iche. Mgbe ndị mmadụ ghọtara otú e si emeso mmegbu okwu onu, ha nwere ike nyochaa ma mee ihe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa Mkpari onu dị ka njirimara ma ọ bụ àgwà nke na-akpali mmadụ ịwakpo ụkpụrụ onwe onye na echiche nke ndị ọzọ na mgbakwunye, ma ọ bụ kama, ụkpụrụ na echiche nke ha.

  • Imegbu - "Ojiji mkpari nke ahu, uche, maobu nke okwu onu iji menye ndị ọzọ egwu ido onwe ha n'okpuru uche nke onye ọzọ na / ma ọ bụ kpatara iwe". Mmegbu na-abụkarị site na otu akụkụ na onye a na-emegbu emegbu enweghị ihe o mere kpatara ya ma nwee ike ịnọ na gburugburu ebe ọ bụla.[1][9]
  • Megharịa mmadụ - Onye na-emegbu ya na-eme ka onye ahụ na- aju, ọ bụghị naanị onwe ya ajụjụ , kamakwa, uche ya. Otu ụzọ ndị na-emegbu mmadụ na-ejikarị megharia mmadu eme ihe bụ site n'ịjụ onye ahụ a na-emegbu ajụjụ n'ụzọ nke na-eme ka onye ahụ na aju ajuju maka echiche nke onwe ha maka isiokwu. Mmetụta nke megharia mmadu gụnyere, ndị mmadụ na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka ndị si n'èzí, na-enwe ùgwù onwe onye dị ala, na mmetụta dị ka ha enweghị nkwado na mkpebi.[10]
  • Ebubo / Ngọnarị mmejọ: Mgbe mmadụ na-ebo onye ọzọ ebubo ụgha na ọ na-eme ihe ụfọdụ; Mgbe mmadụ na-agọnahụ omume o mere onye ọzọ nke nwere ike ma ọ bụ mee ka onye ahụ merụọ ahụ iji chebe onwe ya ma chebe onye mmegbu. (Megharia mmadu dakwara n'ụdị mmegbu a). [11]
  • <b>Mbelata</b> - Na-ezo aka na mgbe onye mmegbu na-anwa ka o belata ịdị njọ nke ọnọdụ ahụ ma mee ka ọ di ka ihe na-enweghị isi n'anya nke onye aja ma ọ bụ ndị ozo na-ege ntị [12]
  • Iyi Egwu - Mgbe onye mkpari na-eji okwu ma ọ bụ omume megide onye a na-emegbu maobu onye aja nke na-egosi ma ọ bụrụ na onye a na'emegbu emeghị ihe ọ bụla na ma ọ bụ omume ha si ya me, a ga-emerụ ha ahụ.[13]
  • Ikpọ aha - Iji asụsụ / aha, nke na-akpasu iwe, nweta ihe site na ọnọdụ ahụ (dịka: merie arụmụka) ma ọ bụ iji nyochaa mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma site na onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ; a na-ejikwa nke a mee ka a jụ ma ọ bụ katọọ ya n'echebaraghị eziokwu dị na ọnọdụ ahụ .[14]

Nsonaazụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụmụaka na umuaghogho[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha na-egosi na ọ bụrụ na a na-emegbu nwatakịrị mgbe niile kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ha na-amalite ịnwe mmetụta nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi, ihere, obi abụọ, obi amamikpe, na ịdị ala.[7] Nnyocha na-egosi na abụọ n'ime ụmụaka atọ nke America bụ ndị aja ahụmahụ okwu mkpari sit na nne na nna ha.[6] Nke a nwere ike imetụta mmepe nke uche, mmekọrịta nwatakiri ahu na ibe ya n'oge afọ mmepe nke kachasị njọ nke dị n'etiti afọ abuo na iri na itoolu. [2][15] Achọpụtala na a na-amụta omume okwu mkparị n'ime ụmụaka site na onye nlereanya okenye dịka nne ma ọ bụ nna mmaobu onye na-elekọta.[16] E nwere ụzọ dị iche iche onye na-elekọta mmadụ nwere ike isi jiri nkwurịta okwu okwu mee ihe iji megbu nwatakịrị: ịjụ uru onwe nwatakịrị, ikewapụ nwatakịrị na Ahụmahụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, iji mkparị okwu na-eyi nwatakịrị egwu, ileghara mkpa nwatakịrị anya, mebie echiche nwatakịrị banyere ụwa ma kụziere ha na omume mpụ bụ ihe dị mma, igwa nwatakiri okwu mmegbu , ma mee ka ọ too nkewa karịa ogo nwata ahụ.[4] Ụmụaka ndị nwere mmetọ okwu nne nwere ike ịmalite Nsogbu àgwà n'oge ha bu agboho ma n'oge uto ha, a makwaara ha ka ha na-azụlite àgwà na-akpali akpali na omume onwe onye.[1][7]

Ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Achọpụtala na okwu megbu na-emebi ùgwù onwe nke ụmụ akwụkwọ, na-ata onwe ha ụta na-enweghị isi, ma na-emetụta ahụ uche na ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ; ụdị mmegbu a na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkọwa site na ndị ọgbọ ha na ndị prọfesọ.[8] Mmetụta nke okwu mmegbu na nwatakịrị - na-azụlite mmetụta na-adịghị mma na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nsogbu nke uche - soro ha banye na nwata na mgbe ha na-aga agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ma na-aghọ onye na-eto eto, ha na-enwekwu ike ịnwale ọtụtụ mmetụta ọjọọ ndị a, nsogbu, ọbụnakwa nwee ohere dị ukwuu nke iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na okenye.[1][7] N'ime ndị kọleji, nnyocha egosiwo na otu n'ime ụdị mmetọ okwu kachasị emetụta bụ mmetọ ọnụ metụtara ndị ọgbọ nke malitere na nwa akwụkwọ na-ata onye ọgbọ ọzọ ụta maka ihe ha na-emeghị ma na-arịwanye elu na-eti mkpu, na-akparị, na iji Okwu mkparị; a na-ejikọta ụdị mmetụ a na-abawanye ihe ize ndụ nke nwa akwụkwọ na ịda mbà n'obi, na-imalite nchegbu, iwe-emegide mmetụta uche ndị ọzọ.[1][8]

Mmekọahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha egosiwo na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị - ọkachasị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị - okwu mmeto zuru ebe niile n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ụmụ nwoke nwetara mkparị na iyi egwu ruo n'ókè ka ukwuu, ebe ụmụ agbọghọ nwetara aha mmekọahụ ruo n'ógbè ka ukwuu.[17] Ụmụ nwoke na-ekwukarị okwu mkparị megide ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ, nke a gosiri ndi nnyocha na a na-eji njirimara ndị a eme ihe iji wulite nwoke n'etiti onwe ha. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-egosipụta ụmụ nwoke dị ka ndị chọrọ ịbụ "ndị siri ike" ma ọ bụ ndị 'nwoke', iji nwee ike ise ihe oyiyi a, ha na-ejikarị okwu mkparị eme ihe, nke a mere ka ha ghara ịmasị ụmụ agbọghọ.[1] Echiche ụmụ agbọghọ, nke na eji okwu mmegbu, maka omume mmetọ ha bụ na ha, na nsonaazu, ghọrọ ndi aja nke mmegbu no okwu mmetosite na aka nke ndi ibe ha maobu ndi nkuzimaka na Ufodu umu agbogho na egosi ụdị mmekọahụ na-ezighi ezi, ịbụ nwanyị, na afọ mmekọrịta - dịka mkpebi nke ndi nkuzi na ndị ọgbọ ha.[1][17]

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị ahụ a na emegbu, ndi aja, nwere ike ịghọ ndị mmegbu na onwe ha. E gosipụtara na ụmụ nwanyị Hispanic ndị nwere esemokwu okwu na / ma ọ bụ mmetọ na nna ha, na-enwekwa esemokwu okwu ma / ma ọ bụrụ mmetọ nwa ha nwanyị. Mgbe ndị nne Hispanic na-ekwu okwu na / ma ọ bụ mkparị megide di ya, nwa ha nwanyị nwere ike iso ha - nne na nna ya - nwee esemokwu, mgbe nke a mere, a na-ebu amụma na nwa nwanyị ahụ ga-eso onye òtù ya nwee otu esemokwu ahụ.[18] Na America, otu ìgwè na-adịghị ike maka okwu mkparị bụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ na kọleji - ndi meghoro agadi. 80% nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a maara na mmetọ okwu bụ nsogbu siri ike na-aga n'ihu na 25% n'ime ha kọrọ na ha enweela mmetọ ọnụ na mmekọrịta chiri anya.[1] N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, 65% nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ime 358 na-enweta ego dị obere, kwuru na ha enweela mmetọ okwu ma ọ bụ mmetọ ahụ n'oge ha dị ime, na ụmụ nwanyị na-eto eto na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mmetọ a.[19]

Imegbu n'ebe ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe ọrụ nwere ike ịbụ ebe a na-amụba okwu mkpari. Ndi na-eji okwu mkparị, okwu agbụrụ, na okwu mkparisi eme ihe megide Ndị agbụrụ pere mpe.[6] Ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka nsogbu a edoziwo n'ebe ọrụ n'ihi na anyị na-aghọwanye ndị na-agụnye dị ka ọha mmadụ, ndị na-eme ihe ike ka achọtawo ụzọ isi kpọọ ndị agbụrụ pere mpe n'okwu ọnụ na n'okwu na-abụghị okwu onu n'ọfịs. Ọ bụ ihe dị nro karị, mana ndị na-eme ihe ike ka na-emerụ ndị agbụrụ pere mpe n'ebe ọrụ site na mkparị na nkwupụta mkparị megide ha.[1] N'otu nnyocha ebe ndị nọọsụ 1000 natara ajụjụ na 46% zaghachiri, 91% n'ime ha kwuru na ha enweela mmegbu okwu n'ọnwa gara aga ma ihe karịrị 50% n'ime ndị kwuru na ha enweghị ike imeghachi omume na mmetọ ahụ.[20] Ndị toro eto bụ ndị aja ogwu mmegbu na mmeso ọjọọ n'ebe ọrụ enweela ohere ịrịa ọrịa uche na nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[8]

Mmekọrịta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya, ọkachasị nke mkparị ahụ na nke okwu ọnụ, achọpụtala na mgbe di na nwunye ahụ nwere esemokwu, 53% nke ndị mmegbu a na-ekwu na ime ihe ike anụ ahụ bụ ihe malitere esemokwu ahụ ebe 33% nke ndị na-eme ihe ike, n'ọnọdụ a, na-ekwu ete ime ihe ike bụ ihe kpatara nsogbu ahụ.[6] Ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na, ma onye ahụ a na-emegbu ma onye ahụ na-eme ihe ike, nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere ihe mere mmetọ ahụ ji gbasaa. Na mmekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye, ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị ịhụ na ọ bụrụ na otu onye - ma ọ bụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye - nwere nsogbu ịgwa onye òtù ọlụlụ ha mkpa na atụmanya ha, kama inwe arụmụka "dị mma", ha na-eji okwu mkparị megide onye òtù ọchụ ha nke na-akpata nsogbu na esemokwu na mmekọrịta ahụ.[1] Dị nnọọ ka ọ dị n'ebe ọrụ, ndị okenye ndị nwere ihe ike ime n'etiti ndị mmekọ enweela mmetụta uche na ọdịdị ụbụrụ ha.[8]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ (November 2018) "Impact and Prevalence of Physical and Verbal Violence Toward Healthcare Workers". Psychosomatics 59 (6): 584–590. DOI:10.1016/j.psym.2018.04.007. PMID 29909013. 
  2. ↑ Lawson (January 2003). "Incidence, Explanations, and Treatment of Partner Violence". Journal of Counseling & Development 81 (1): 19–32. DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2003.tb00221.x. 
  3. ↑ Koller (16 November 2020). "Emotional Behavior with Verbal Violence: Problems and Solutions". Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review 1 (2): 1–6. DOI:10.47667/ijphr.v1i2.41. 
  4. ↑ Verbal assault. TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved on 2021-08-08.
  5. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Moyer-Gusé (2008). "Communication Studies, Overview", Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict, 368–379. DOI:10.1016/b978-012373985-8.00032-5. ISBN 978-0-12-373985-8.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":15" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Johnson (2001). "Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood". Comprehensive Psychiatry 42 (1): 16–23. DOI:10.1053/comp.2001.19755. PMID 11154711.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":24" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Yun (2019-04-04). "Verbal Abuse Related to Self-Esteem Damage and Unjust Blame Harms Mental Health and Social Interaction in College Population". Scientific Reports 9 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-42199-6. PMID 30948757.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":32" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :42
  10. ↑ Huizen (December 18, 2019). Verbal abuse: What to know. Medical and health information. Retrieved on August 4, 2023.
  11. ↑ Castor (2015). "Accusatory Discourse", The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction, 1–5. DOI:10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi052. ISBN 978-1-118-61110-4. 
  12. ↑ Hetherton (February 1999). "The idealization of women: its role in the minimization of child sexual abuse by females". Child Abuse & Neglect 23 (2): 161–174. DOI:10.1016/s0145-2134(98)00119-7. PMID 10075185. 
  13. ↑ Adams (2015). "Language Ideologies and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Evidence from Motive, Structure, and Design". Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 36 (1): 17–46. DOI:10.1353/dic.2015.0013. 
  14. ↑ (2001) "Lessons in On-Line Reference Publishing, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. Merriam-Webster". The Library Quarterly 71 (3): 392–399. DOI:10.1086/603287. 
  15. ↑ Why Ages 2-7 Matter So Much for Brain Development (en). Edutopia. Retrieved on 2022-04-26.
  16. ↑ Helen. (2004). Adult Reflections on Childhood Verbal Abuse.. University of Saskatchewan. OCLC 1007593163. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kuiper (2008). "Verbal Abuse in School: Constructing Gender and Age in Social Interaction by Miriam A. Eliasson". Journal of Sociolinguistics 12 (2): 254–257. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2008.00365_2.x. 
  18. ↑ Oramas (2017). "Influence of Parental Conflict Resolution Strategies on Hispanic College Women's Experiences With Verbal Aggression". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32 (19): 2908–2928. DOI:10.1177/0886260515596333. PMID 26246116. 
  19. ↑ O'Campo (1994). "Verbal abuse and physical violence among a cohort of low-income pregnant women". Women's Health Issues 4 (1): 29–37. DOI:10.1016/s1049-3867(05)80107-0. PMID 8186724. 
  20. ↑ Sofield (2003). "Workplace Violence". Orthopaedic Nursing 22 (4): 274–283. DOI:10.1097/00006416-200307000-00008. PMID 12961971. 

Àtụ:AbuseÀtụ:BullyingÀtụ:Domestic violenceÀtụ:Psychological manipulation

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