Jump to content

Minority group

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

Otu nta, site na nkọwa mbụ ya, na-ezo aka na otu ndị omume, agbụrụ, okpukperechi, agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ njirimara ndị ọzọ dị ole na ole karịa otu ndị bụ isi nke nhazi ndị ahụ. Agbanyeghị, na sociology nke oge a, otu pere mpe na- ezo aka n'ụdị ndị mmadụ na-enwe nhụsianya dịtụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị otu na-achị ọha. [1] Ndị otu pere mpe na-adaberekarị na ndịiche dị na njirimara ma ọ bụ omume a na-ahụ anya, dị ka: agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), okpukpere chi ( obere okpukpe ), usoro mmekọahụ ( ntakịrị mmekọahụ ), ma ọ bụ nkwarụ . [2] N'iji usoro nke intersectionality, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na mmadụ nwere ike ijide otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu dị iche iche (dịka ma agbụrụ na okpukpe nta).  N'otu aka mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke otu pere mpe n'ihe gbasara njirimara ụfọdụ, mana akụkụ nke otu na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara ndị ọzọ. [3]

Okwu "ntakịrị otu" na-emekarị n'ime okwu nke ikike obodo na ikike mkpokọta, dị ka ndị òtù nke nta dị iche iche na-enwekarị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na mba na obodo ha bi. [4] Ndị otu pere mpe na-enwekarị ịkpa oke n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọha, gụnyere ụlọ, ọrụ, ahụike, na agụmakwụkwọ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. [5] [6] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịkpa oke, ọ nwekwara ike ime site na ahaghị nhata n'usoro, nke ikike na ohere na-enweghị ike ịnweta mmadụ niile. [7] A na-ejikarị asụsụ nke ikike pere mpe kparịta iwu ndị e mere iji kpuchido ndị pere mpe pụọ na ịkpa oke ma nye ha ohere nha anya n'ọha obodo n'otu ndị na-achị. [8]

Nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Sociological

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Louis Wirth kọwara otu nta dị ka "otu ndị, n'ihi ọdịdị anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omenala ha, bụ ndị a na-akpọpụta na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime obodo ha na-ebi maka mmeso dị iche na nke na-enweghị aha, ya mere na-ewere onwe ha dị ka ihe nke mkpokọta. ịkpa ókè". [9] Nkọwa a gụnyere ma ebumnobi na njirisi nke onwe: otu n'ime otu pere mpe bụ nke ọha mmadụ kwadoro nke ọma, dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume mmadụ; A na-ejikwa ya n'ụzọ doro anya ndị òtù ya, ndị nwere ike iji ọnọdụ ha mee ihe ndabere nke njirimara otu ma ọ bụ ịdị n'otu . [10] Yabụ, ọkwa otu pere mpe bụ categorical: onye gosipụtara njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume nke otu pere mpe ka enyere ọkwa nke otu ahụ ma bụrụkwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ dịka ndị otu ahụ ndị ọzọ nọ. [9]

Joe Feagin, na-ekwu na otu obere ìgwè nwere àgwà ise: (1) na-ata ahụhụ ịkpa ókè na nrubeisi, (2) àgwà anụ ahụ na / ma ọ bụ omenala nke na-ekewa ha, na nke ndị na-achị achị anabataghị, (3) echiche nkekọrịta. njirimara mkpokọta na ibu ọnụ, (4) iwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze gbasara onye bụ na onye na-anaghị ekpebi ọkwa pere mpe, na (5) ọchịchọ ịlụ di na nwunye n'ime otu. [11]

Nkatọ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere esemokwu n'iji okwu ahụ pere mpe, dịka o nwere mkpokọta na ojiji agụmakwụkwọ. [12] Ojiji a na-ejikarị okwu a na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezo aka na ike dị iche iche n'etiti otu dị iche iche karịa ndịiche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ n'etiti otu. [13]

Nkatọ a dị n'elu dabeere n'echiche bụ na a pụrụ iwere otu ìgwè dị ka ndị dị nta ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na ọ bụghị ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze akatọwo echiche nke "obere / ọtụtụ", na-arụ ụka na asụsụ a na-ewepu ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ọdịdị omenala na-agbanwe ma ọ bụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ, yana mmekọ omenala gafee oke mba. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ejikarị okwu a na-ewepụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (HEGs) mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ mmegbu na nchịkwa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, na otú nke a si arụpụta enweghị nnọchite nke otu dị iche iche n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ.

Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ejikarị okwu a bụ obere mba na-akparịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na nke mba. [14] Mba niile nwere ogo dị iche iche nke agbụrụ, agbụrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ. [15] Na mgbakwunye, ndị pere mpe nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị mbata, ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ obodo na-enweghị ala. [16] Nke a na-ebutekarị mgbanwe dị iche iche n'asụsụ, omenala, nkwenkwe, omume, nke na-eme ka ụfọdụ dị iche na ndị isi. Dị ka a na-aghọtakarị ndịiche ndị a n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke a na-ebute ọdịda nke ọha mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị òtù nke nta. [17]

Enweghị nkọwa iwu gbasara ndị pere mpe na mba n'iwu mba ụwa, n'agbanyeghị na nkwupụta mba United Nations maka ikike mmadụ bụ nke mba ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, okpukperechi na asụsụ akọwapụtara nchebe nke otu pere mpe. Iwu mpụ mba ụwa nwere ike ichekwa ikike nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. [18] Ikike nke ikpebiri onwe ya bụ isi okwu. Kansụl nke Europe na-ahazi ikike ndị pere mpe na European Charter maka asụsụ mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke pere mpe yana Nkwekọrịta Framework maka nchekwa nke ndị pere mpe nke mba .

N'ebe ụfọdụ, agbụrụ ndị nọ n'okpuru nwere ike ịbụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu, dị ka ndị ojii na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . [19] Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic bụ ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (63.4%) na agbụrụ na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile ( Mexican, African Americans, Asian America, American Indian, na Native Hawaiians ) bụ nkewa dị ka "ndị nta". [20] Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic dara n'okpuru 50% otu ahụ ga-abụ naanị ọtụtụ, ọ bụghị ọtụtụ.

Ọmụmaatụ nke otu pere mpe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obere agbụrụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enweghi ihe akaebe na-ezighi ezi ma mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya n'obere agbụrụ dị irè karị n'ịgbanwe omume ahụike dịka ịkwụsị ise siga, mbelata ibu arọ, na àgwà nri ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa ozi ezubere maka ọha mmadụ. [21] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewere ndị Romani, nke a makwaara dị ka Gypsies dị ka obere agbụrụ na Europe. Ndị Romani bụ agbụrụ kacha ukwuu na Europe. [22]

Obere obodo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu obere mba bụ otu ọha mmadụ n'ime steeti dị iche na ọtụtụ na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, asụsụ, omenala, ma ọ bụ okpukperechi, mana ọ na-achọkwa inwe njikọ chiri anya na mpaghara akọwapụtara nke ndị pere mpe. otu mmekọrịta si. [23]

Ndị pere mpe na-amanyeghị onwe ha

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A makwaara dị ka "obere obere castelike", ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha bụ okwu maka ndị ebuteburu n'obodo ọ bụla megidere ọchịchọ ha. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na ndị amaala America, ụmụ amaala Hawaii, Puerto Ricans, ndị America America, [24] na ndị America America mụrụ. [25] N'ihi ihe ndị dị iche n'ọdịbendị, ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha nwere ike ịnwe ihe isi ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị otu obere ndị ọzọ (na-ewepụta onwe ha). Ego ọha na eze na-enyere ụmụaka aka iso ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche na-ekerịta otu ebumnuche. [26]

Ndị obere afọ ofufo

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị kwabatara na-ewere ọnọdụ dị nta na obodo ọhụrụ ha, na-enwekarị olileanya maka ọdịnihu ka mma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa n'ala nna ha. N'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya na ihe ịga nke ọma, ndị obere afọ ofufo nwere ike ime nke ọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị ọzọ na-akwaga ọzọ. [24] Ime mgbanwe n'ọdịbendị na asụsụ dị iche na-eme ka ihe isi ike na mmalite nke ndụ na mba ọhụrụ ahụ. Ndị kwabatara n'afọ ofufo anaghị enwe mmetụta nke kewara ekewa dịka ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha ma na-enwekarị ọgaranya n'isi obodo n'ihi ọchịchọ mmụta ha. [26] Otu nnukwu ndị mbata na United States gụnyere ndị Mexico, Central na South America, ndị Cuban, ndị Africa, East Asia, na South Asia. [25]

Obere okike na okike

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na- eme mmemme nganga kwa afọ n'ụwa niile maka ndị pere mpe na-enwe mmekọahụ. Na foto a, ndị mmadụ na-ezukọ na Senate Square, Helsinki, ozugbo tupu 2011 Helsinki Pride parade amalite.

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ahụike ọha na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ obere mmekọahụ eme ihe iji mata ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eme omume mmekọahụ, gụnyere ndị na-amaghị n'okpuru nche anwụ LGBTQ+. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na ndị ikom (MSM), ma ha anaghị akọwapụta dị ka nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Na mgbakwunye, okwu ahụ pere mpe nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ndị na- emekọrịta ihe, ndị transgender, ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ndị LGBTQ+ anaghị ahọrọ okwu ndị a na-enwekarị mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ha na-anọchi anya ngalaba ahụike karịa njirimara onye ọ bụla. [27]

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, bisexual, transgender, na queer (LGBTQ+) dị adị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, mmegharị ikike LGBTQ+ n'ọtụtụ mba ọdịda anyanwụ mere ka a nabata ndị LGBTQ+ dị ka ndị otu obere. [27] Ndị LGBTQ+ na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ. Ha na-enweta ọtụtụ ahaghị nhata n'etiti ọha na eze sitere na otu ha dị ka ndị LGBTQ+. Enweghị nhata ndị a na-agụnye ịkpa ókè na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ohere na-enweghị ike inweta nlekọta ahụike, ọrụ, na ụlọ, na ahụmahụ na-adịghị mma nke uche na ahụike anụ ahụ n'ihi ahụmahụ ndị a. [27]

Ndị nwere nkwarụ

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na-eduga na Iwu ikike mmadụ 1998 na UK, ịrị elu na mmata gbasara otu esi emeso ndị nwere nkwarụ malitere. Ọtụtụ ndị malitere ikweta na a napụrụ ha ihe ndị bụ́ isi ruuru mmadụ. Omume a nwere akụkụ nke kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị echebeghị ndị nwere nkwarụ mmụta site na omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmejọ ma ọ bụ nleghara anya, mgbe ahụ enwere ike gbaa ha akwụkwọ. [28]

Otu ikike ikike nkwarụ nyere aka n'ịghọta ndị nwere nkwarụ dị ka obere ma ọ bụ njikọ nke obere ndị ọha mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu, ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu n'ihi adịghị ike ha. Ndị na-akwado ikike nkwarụ na-ekwusi ike na ọdịiche dị na arụ ọrụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche, kama ịdị ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ndị nwere autism na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere neurodiversity, dị ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere agbụrụ dị iche iche. A na-elekarị ndị ogbi anya dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ na omenala ole na ole kama ịbụ otu nwere nkwarụ, ụfọdụ ndị ogbi anaghị ahụkwa onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ọlị. Kama nke ahụ, teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze emebere iji gboo ndị na-achị achị na-emebi ha. ( Lee Nkwekọrịta Maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ . )

Okpukpe pere mpe

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị nọ n'okpukpe dị nta nwere okwukwe dị iche na nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere. Ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa nwere obere okpukpe. A nabatarala ugbu a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe ịhọrọ okpukpe ha, gụnyere enweghị okpukpe ọ bụla ( ekweghị na Chineke na / ma ọ bụ ekweghị na Chineke ), na gụnyere ikike ịtụgharị site n'otu okpukpe gaa na nke ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ mba, a kpachibidoro nnwere onwe a. N'Ijipt, usoro ọhụrụ nke kaadị njirimara chọrọ ka ụmụ amaala niile kwupụta okpukpe ha - na naanị nhọrọ bụ Islam, Christianity, ma ọ bụ okpukpe ndị Juu (Lee esemokwu kaadị njirimara Egypt ). Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ ikpe nke mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị pere mpe na Pakistan, ebe a na-atụgharị ha n'ike ma ọ bụ gbuo ha. [29] [30]

Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka obere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọtụtụ obodo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị enweghị nhata. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị obere obere, [31] ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu ndị nọ n'okpuru emela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mụọ ha dị ka otu obere. [32] N'agbanyeghi na ikike na ọkwa ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'iwu dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mba, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta enweghị ahaghị nhata n'etiti ndị nwoke n'ọtụtụ obodo. [33] A na-ajụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na-eme ihe ike, na enweghị ohere inweta otu ohere akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwoke. [34]

Iwu na ọchịchị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ụfọdụ, "obere" bụ agbụrụ nke iwu kwadoro ma nwee ikike ndị akọwapụtara. Ndị na- asụ asụsụ pere mpe nke iwu kwadoro, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike ịnwe ikike mmụta ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu na gọọmentị n'asụsụ ala nna ha. Mba ndị nwere onyinye pụrụ iche  maka ndị pere mpe gụnyere Canada, China, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Croatia, na United Kingdom . 

A naghị enye ndị otu pere mpe dị iche iche n'otu obodo otu nha. Otu dị iche iche pere mpe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkọwa iji nweta nchekwa pere mpe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịmanye onye otu obere agbụrụ ka ọ lelee "Ndị ọzọ" na ndepụta nlele nke nzụlite dị iche iche wee nweta ohere dị nta karịa onye so na otu akọwapụtara.

Ọtụtụ gọọmentị nke oge a na-ahọrọ iche na ndị ha na-achị ha niile sitere n'otu obodo kama ịbụ ndị dị iche iche dabere na agbụrụ. United States na-arịọ maka agbụrụ na agbụrụ n'ụdị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị ya, nke na-ekewa ma na-ahazi ndị bi na ya gaa n'ìgwè dị iche iche, bụ agbụrụ agbụrụ karịa mba. Spain anaghị ekewa ndị obodo ya site n'agbụrụ ma ọ bụ obere mba, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ejigide echiche gọọmentị nke asụsụ pere mpe, nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime njirisi maka ikpebi obere mba, n'elu Nkwekọrịta Framework for Protection of National Minorities .

Ụfọdụ ndị pere mpe ma ọ bụ ndị siri ike na-enweta nchebe zuru oke na nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bosnia na Herzegovina bụbu Yugoslavia nabatara mba atọ mejupụtara, ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu (lee mba Bosnia na Herzegovina ). Agbanyeghị, ndị ọzọ pere mpe dị ka Romani [35] na ndị Juu, bụ ndị akpọrọ “ndị mba ọzọ” na ewepụrụ na ọtụtụ n'ime nchekwa ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịwepụ ha n'ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere onyeisi oche.

A na-arụrịta ụka maka ịnakwere otu obere na ihe ùgwù ha. Otu echiche [36] bụ na itinye ikike pụrụ iche nye ndị pere mpe nwere ike imerụ ụfọdụ mba, dị ka steeti ọhụrụ dị n'Africa ma ọ bụ Latin America esiteghị na ụkpụrụ mba Europe, ebe ọ bụ na nnabata pere mpe nwere ike igbochi iguzobe njirimara obodo. O nwere ike mebie njikọ nke ndị pere mpe n'ime ọha mmadụ, ikekwe na-ebute nkewa ma ọ bụ nke ukwuu . Na Canada, ụfọdụ  chere na ọdịda nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na- asụ Bekee emeghị ka ndị Canada bụ́ French kpasuo ikewapụ ndị Quebec .

Ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ndị pere mpe na-achọ nchekwa kpọmkwem iji hụ na ewepụghị ha: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụta asụsụ abụọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka ndị pere mpe na-asụ asụsụ wee banye n'usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ wee zọọ mpi otu n'ime ọha. N'echiche a, ikike maka ndị pere mpe na-ewusi ọrụ iwu obodo ike, ebe ndị otu pere mpe na-ahụ ọdịmma ha nke ọma, ma jiri obi ha niile nabata ikike nke mba ahụ na ntinye ha (ọ bụghị nnabata) n'ime ya. [37]

Hụkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  

Ebensidee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ Healey, Joseph F. (2018-03-02). Race, ethnicity, gender, & class : the sociology of group conflict and change, Stepnick, Andi,, O'Brien, Eileen, 1972-, Eighth. ISBN 9781506346946. OCLC 1006532841. 
  2. ↑ George (2014-01-15). Essentials of sociology. ISBN 9781483340173. OCLC 871004576. 
  3. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  4. ↑ Johnson. "The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions among and within Minority Groups". Louisiana Law Review 63. Retrieved on 2018-08-14. 
  5. ↑ 1930-2014. (1971). The economics of discrimination, 2nd, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226041049. OCLC 658199810. 
  6. ↑ WILLIAMS (1999). "Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination" (in en). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896 (1): 173–188. DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 10681897. Retrieved on 2019-09-23. 
  7. ↑ Verloo (2006). "Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union" (in en). European Journal of Women's Studies 13 (3): 211–228. DOI:10.1177/1350506806065753. ISSN 1350-5068. Retrieved on 2018-09-14. 
  8. ↑ David. (2002). The minority rights revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674043732. OCLC 431342257. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wirth (1945). "The Problem of Minority Groups", in Linton: The Science of Man in the World Crisis. New York: Columbia University Press.  The political scientist and law professor, Gad Barzilai, has offered a theoretical definition of non-ruling communities that conceptualizes groups that do not rule and are excluded from resources of political power. Barzilai, G. Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  10. ↑ Wagley (1958). Minorities in the new world: six case studies (in en). New York: Columbia University Press. 
  11. ↑ Joe R. Feagin (1984). Racial and Ethnic Relations, 2nd, Prentice-Hall, 10. ISBN 978-0-13-750125-0. 
  12. ↑ Diversity Training University International (2008). Cultural Diversity Glossary of Terms. Diversity Training University International Publications Division, 4. 
  13. ↑ Barzilai (2010). Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0472024001. Retrieved on 2017-02-27. 
  14. ↑ Daniel Šmihula (2008). "National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU". Romanian Journal of European Affairs 8: 51–81. 
  15. ↑ The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world (en-US). Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 2019-08-11. Retrieved on 2019-11-01.
  16. ↑ Oleh. (2010). The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament : a global overview, Inter-parliamentary Union.627, Geneva: Inter-parliamentary Union. OCLC 754152959. 
  17. ↑ Verkuyten (2005). "Ethnic Group Identification and Group Evaluation Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Multiculturalism Hypothesis" (in en). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (1): 121–138. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.121. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 15631579. 
  18. ↑ Lyal S. Sunga (2004). International Criminal Law: Protection of Minority Rights, Beyond a One-Dimensional State: An Emerging Right to Autonomy? ed. Zelim Skurbaty. (2004) 255–275.
  19. ↑ du Toit (1988). "Ethnic and minority groups, and constitutional change in South Africa" (in en). Journal of Contemporary African Studies 7 (1–2): 133–147. DOI:10.1080/02589008808729481. ISSN 0258-9001. 
  20. ↑ U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: UNITED STATES (en-US). Census Bureau QuickFacts. Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved on 2018-08-17.
  21. ↑ (17 February 2017) "Targeted Mass Media Interventions Promoting Healthy Behaviours to Reduce Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases in Adult, Ethnic Minorities". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2 (2): CD011683. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD011683.pub2. PMID 28211056. 
  22. ↑ Roma people: 10 ways Europe's biggest minority faces discrimination. Reuters.
  23. ↑ United Nations Guide for Minorities. https://www.ohchr.org/en/ohchr_homepage (United Nations).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ogbu. Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ogbu and Simons (1998). "Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education". Anthropology and Education Quarterly 29 (2): 155–188. DOI:10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Valenzuela. Subtractive Schooling, 116–118. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Mayer (2008). "Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done" (in en). American Journal of Public Health 98 (6): 989–995. DOI:10.2105/ajph.2007.127811. ISSN 0090-0036. PMID 18445789. 
  28. ↑ Clements (2003). Disabled people and European human rights: A review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK, 1, Bristol University Press. 
  29. ↑ Another Hindu girl abducted, forcibly converted to Islam in Pakistan's Sindh; family stages protest (en). www.timesnownews.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved on 2019-09-25.
  30. ↑ Hindu medical student found dead in Pakistan hostel, brother alleges foul play (en). Hindustan Times (2019-09-17). Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved on 2019-09-25.
  31. ↑ Definition of MINORITY. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 6 February 2020.
  32. ↑ Hacker (1951). "Women as a Minority Group". Social Forces 30 (1): 60–69. DOI:10.2307/2571742. 
  33. ↑ Shachar, Ayelet (2001). Multicultural jurisdictions : cultural differences and women's rights. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0511040801. OCLC 56216656. 
  34. ↑ Women, U. N. (2018). Annual Report 2017–2018.
  35. ↑ Political recognition of Roma People in Spain. [Social Impact. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)]. SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository. Archived from the original on 2017-09-05.
  36. ↑ For example, J.A. Lindgren-Alves, member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, speaking at the Committee's 67th Session (Summary Record of the 1724th Meeting, 23 August 2005, CERD/C/SR.1724)
  37. ↑ See Henrard (2000). Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination. Martinus Nijhoff, 218–224. ISBN 978-9041113597. Retrieved on 2017-02-27. 
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minority_group&oldid=109253