Mmiri ugbo
Mmiri ugbo, nke a makwaara dị ka mmiri ugbo, bụ mmiri a kwadoro maka iji na-emepụta nri na eriri na ịnakọta maka ihe ndị ọzọ. Na US, a na-eji ihe dị ka pasent 80 nke mmiri ọhụrụ ewepụrụ n'osimiri na mmiri dị n'ime ala na-emepụta nri na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Mmiri ugbo nwere ike ịgụnye mmiri a na-eji agba ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ịgba anụ ụlọ mmiri. A na-akpọ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ya hydrology.
Mmiri bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke akụ na ụba ụwa. N'ebe ndị na-enweghị akụrụngwa mmiri dị mma ma ọ bụ ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha, enweghị ike ịkwado uto akụ na ụba.[1] Enweghị ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla ga-ata ahụhụ, ọkachasị ọrụ ugbo. Dị ka ụkọ mmiri na-eto eto dị ka nchegbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-eburukwa n'uche nchekwa nri. Ihe atụ na nso nso a nwere ike ịbụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na California; maka $100 ọ bụla emefuru na nri sitere na steeti a, a na-atụ anya na onye na-azụ ahịa ga-akwụkwa ihe ruru $15.[1]
Iji mmiri eme ihe maka anụ ụlọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmepụta anụ na anụ nwere ụfọdụ n'ime akara mmiri kachasị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, na-ewere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,800 gal nke mmiri iji mepụta otu pound nke anụ ehi na 576 gal maka anụ ezì. A na-achọ ihe dị ka galọn mmiri 108 iji nweta otu pound ọka.[2] Mmepụta anụ ụlọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-aba ụba. Nke a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi nnukwu Ntụgharị nri ha. Nnukwu mmiri anụ ụlọ na-eri nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi oge ọ dị mkpa iji zụlite anụmanụ maka igbu ọchụ. Ọzọkwa, n'adịghị mma na ọka, nke na-etolite ruo ntozu okè n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị 100, ihe dị ka ụbọchị 995 dị mkpa iji zụlite ehi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ "anụmanụ" zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe karịrị ijeri iri abụọ; na ijeri mmadụ asaa, nke a bụ ihe dịka ụmụ anụmanụ 2.85 kwa mmadụ.[2]
Ehi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụlọ ọrụ anụ ehi na mmiri ara ehi bụ ngalaba kacha akwụ ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo US, mana ha bụkwa ihe kacha enye ike. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, anụ ehi bụ ọkacha mmasị nke anụ; US naanị weputara ijeri pound 25.8 na 2013.[1] N'otu afọ a, e mepụtara mmiri ara ehi ijeri 201.2.[2] A na-azụkarị ehi ndị a n'ọrụ inye anụ ụlọ, ma ọ bụ CAFO. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ehi tozuru okè na-eri ihe dị ka galọn mmiri 7 ruo 24 kwa ụbọchị; Ehi na-enye nwa ara chọrọ ihe dị ka mmiri okpukpu abụọ.[3] Ọnụ mmiri nke ehi nwere ike ịṅụ n'ụbọchị na-adaberekwa na okpomọkụ.[3] Ehi nwere oke ntughari nri nke 6:1, maka paụnd isii ọ bụla nke nri riri, anụ ahụ kwesịrị irite otu paụnd.[1] Ya mere, e nwekwara mkpa mmiri dị ukwuu nke "na-apụtaghị ìhè" iji too nri maka anụ ụlọ. Ịkwalite ọnụ ọgụgụ nri nri dị mkpa maka ịzụ anụ ụlọ bụ pasent 56 nke oriri mmiri US.[2] N'ime ehi 1,000 paụnd, naanị 430 pound na-eme ya n'ahịa ndị na-ere ahịa.[3] Nke a 18 pasent ọnwụ, na-emepụta ihe ọbụna ukwuu na-achọ ehi, na CAFOs ga-emeju maka nke a furu efu ibu, site n'ịba ụba nke ehi na ha na-azụ.
Enweghị mmiri abụghị nsogbu ọhụrụ, Otú ọ dị, ndị na-azụ ehi na America anọwo na-ebelata oke ìgwè kemgbe afọ 1950 na mgbalị iji gbochie mmiri na mmepụta ihe. Mgbanwe a emeela ka e nwee usoro nri na ahụike dị irè karị, na-enye ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ ohere iwepụta anụ ehi maka anụmanụ ọ bụla.[4] Otú ọ dị, ịrị elu nke CAFO ndị a na-emepụta nnukwu mkpa maka mmiri. Ehi ndị na-eri ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ anụ na-eri ihe dị ka pasent iri na abụọ karịa mmiri site na iri ahịhịhịa dị ndụ, karịa ehi ndị a na-enye nri ọka kpọrọ nkụ.[5]
Nnụnụ na nnụnụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmiri bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke Ịzụ ọkụkọ, dịka anụmanụ niile, ha na-eji nke a ebu nri site na usoro ha, nyere aka na mgbari nri, ma chịkwaa okpomọkụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enyocha mmiri ìgwè iji tụọ ahụike zuru oke nke nnụnụ ha. Ka nnụnụ na-etolite, ha na-eri nri karịa na ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ nke mmiri n'ihi na ha ji okpukpu atọ buru ibu.[6] N'ime naanị izu atọ, mmiri ìgwè nnụnụ 1000 ga-eji ihe dị ka galọn 10 rịa elu n'ụbọchị.[6] Mmiri ojiji na-emetụtakwa okpomọkụ. N'oge okpomọkụ, nnụnụ na-eti mkpu iji mee ka ọ dị jụụ, si otú a na-efunahụ ọtụtụ mmiri ha.[7] Nnyocha e mere na Ohio gosiri na 67% nke mmiri a nwalere n'akụkụ ugbo ọkụkọ nwere ọgwụ nje.[8]
Iji mmiri eme ihe n'ubi
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Site na ọganihu nke oge a, a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ n'afọ niile na mba niile gburugburu ụwa. [citation needed] Ka ojiji nke mmiri na-aghọ nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-emeziwanye usoro ịgba mmiri maka ihe ọkụkụ ma na-adịwanye mma. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ọtụtụ Usoro ịgba mmiri eme ihe, enwere ike ịhazi ha n'ụdị abụọ: nnukwu mmiri na obere mmiri. A ghaghị ijikwa usoro ndị a n'ụzọ ziri ezi iji gbochie nsị, nsị, ma ọ bụ nsị dị ala.[9]
Enweghị mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ihe dị ka afọ 60 gara aga, nghọta a na-ahụkarị bụ na mmiri bụ ihe na-enweghị njedebe. N'oge ahụ, ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ dị ugbu a nọ na mbara ala. Ọnọdụ ndụ adịghị elu, ya mere ndị mmadụ na-eri calorie ole na ole, ma na-eri anụ ole na ole. Ha chọrọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmiri a na-enweta ugbu a n'osimiri. Taa, asọmpi maka ihe onwunwe mmiri siri ike karị, n'ihi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ asatọ nọ ugbu a na mbara ala, na iri anụ na akwụkwọ nri ha na-arịwanye elu. Asọmpi maka mmiri site na ụlọ ọrụ, ime obodo, na ihe ọkụkụ na-eto eto na-arị elu. Iji zere Nsogbu mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-eme ihe iji bulie mmepụta ihe iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka nri, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na obodo ukwu na-achọta ụzọ iji mmiri mee ihe nke ọma.[10]
Ọrụ ugbo na-aga nke ọma na-adabere na ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere mmiri zuru oke, mana ụkọ mmiri abụrụla ihe mgbochi dị oke egwu maka ọrụ ugbo n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa. Enweghị mmiri nkịtị bụ ebe mmiri zuru ezu na-adịghị iji gboo ihe niile achọrọ, gụnyere nke dị mkpa maka usoro okike iji rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Mpaghara ndị kpọrọ nkụ na-enwekarị ụkọ mmiri. Ọ na-emekwa ebe mmiri yiri ka ọ dị ọtụtụ, mana ebe ihe onwunwe karịrị akarị. Nke a nwere ike ime ebe akụrụngwa mmiri mepụtara nke ukwuu, na-abụkarị maka ịgba mmiri. Mgbaàmà nke ụkọ mmiri nkịtị gụnyere mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na mbelata Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Enweghị akụ na ụba, ka ọ dị ugbu a, bụ n'ihi enweghị itinye ego na mmiri ma ọ bụ ikike mmadụ na-ezughị ezu iji gboo mkpa mmiri. Mgbaàmà nke ụkọ mmiri akụ na ụba gụnyere enweghị akụrụngwa, ebe ndị mmadụ na-enwekarị mmiri site na osimiri maka iji ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo. Ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 2.8 bi ugbu a n'ebe mmiri na-adịghị.[11] Na mba ndị mepere emepe, iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbochi nnweta mmiri site na ịmegharị mmiri iji nyere ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ aka, dị ka ndị na-agba ụgbụ.
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Mmiri ọrụ ugbo dị ka òkè nke mmiri niile na-ewepụta[12] -
Mmiri a na-ewepụta n'ọrụ ugbo n'afọ 2010[13]
Iji mmiri eme ihe na-adịgide adịgide
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Ọ bụ ezie na ojiji mmiri na-emetụta Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na uto akụ na ụba, ọ na-akpali ihe ọhụrụ gbasara usoro ịgba mmiri ọhụrụ. N'afọ 2006, USDA buru amụma na ọ bụrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo emeziwanye arụmọrụ mmiri site na naanị 10%, ugbo nwere ike ịchekwa ihe karịrị $ 200 nde kwa afọ.[14] Ọtụtụ n'ime omume ndị na-ebelata ojiji nke mmiri na-efu ego. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ahịhịa, compost, ma ọ bụ mulch gburugburu ihe ọkụkụ ha nwere ike belata evaporation site na ihe dị ka 75%, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụahịa ntinye abụghị ọnụ ala ma ọ bụ dị mfe n'ebe ụfọdụ.[15] Nke a ga-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịhịa ma zọpụta onye ọrụ ugbo ka ọ ghara iji ọgwụ herbicides. Mulches ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ala na-enyekwa ohere ka ala na-amịkọrọ mmiri site na ibelata mkpakọ. A na-ejikwa okwute na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ nke na-acha odo odo, ebe ọ na-ebelata evaporation ma na-eme ka okpomọkụ ala dị ala site na igosipụta ìhè anyanwụ. [citation needed]
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Water crisis in California to drive up food prices. ABC10. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved on 2015-11-17.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Meat's large water footprint: why raising livestock and poultry for meat is so resource-intensive. Food Tank (16 December 2013). Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved on 2015-11-17.
- ↑ Water Availability and Distribution for Livestock. www.noble.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved on 2015-11-17.
- ↑ Beef and Water Use: Has the Drought had an Impact?. Facts About Beef. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved on 2015-11-17.
- ↑ (2006) Livestock's long shadow : environmental issues and options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251055717. OCLC 77563364.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Broiler Water Consumption. The Poultry Site. Retrieved on 2015-12-11.
- ↑ Poultry Drinking Water Primer | Publications | UGA Extension. extension.uga.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved on 2015-12-11.
- ↑ Campagnolo (2002). "Antimicrobial residues in animal waste and water resources proximal to large-scale swine and poultry feeding operations". Science of the Total Environment 299 (1–3): 89–95. DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00233-4. PMID 12462576.
- ↑ Types of Irrigation Systems. togetherweconservelandscape.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved on 2015-11-17.
- ↑ Chartres, C. and Varma, S. Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World’s Water Problems FT Press (USA), 2010
- ↑ Molden, D. (Ed). Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. Earthscan/IWMI, 2007.
- ↑ Agricultural water as a share of total water withdrawals. Our World in Data. Retrieved on 15 February 2020.
- ↑ Agricultural water withdrawals. Our World in Data. Retrieved on 15 February 2020.
- ↑ USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2006). Energy Management. Conservation Resource Brief.
- ↑ Prevent weeds, improve soil and save water by mulching your garden | Oregon State University Extension Service | Gardening. extension.oregonstate.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-12-11. Retrieved on 2015-12-11.