National Women's Media Center

National Women's Media Centre bụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị Australia nke na-adịghịzi adị nke raara onwe ya nye mmepe nke ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi n'ime Australia nke na'echiche ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'akụkụ niile nke ọrụ ya.

NWMC rụrụ ọrụ site na 1989 ruo 2003 na alaka na steeti na mpaghara niile nke Australia ma e wezụga Northern Territory. Tupu ọ pụta ụwa ikpeazụ dị ka National Women's Media Centre, a maara nzukọ ahụ dị ka MediaSwitch, e guzobere ya iji nyochaa ma melite ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2003, nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị ọrụ mgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri nke mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị gasịrị. ^[1]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Archetypes enyerela anyị aka ịkọwa ọrụ okike na omume ụmụ agbọghọ. Iji zere ịbụ ndị a kpọrọ aha, ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji nlezianya na-agagharị ozi agwakọtara agwara ha kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka ndị inyom na-agbagha echiche nke 'ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ekwesị', dichotomies dị ka nwunye ụlọ / ọkachamara na-ekpochapụ. Site n'inweta agụmakwụkwọ na ụzọ ọrụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eme nke ọma ejiriwo obi ike banye na ngalaba ọdịnala ọdịnala.^[2]

Ọtụtụ na-arụ ụka na ụdị akpụkpọ anụ na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha kpọọ ahụ ha asị. Ihe onyonyo a na-eme ka ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ata onwe ha ahụhụ site na nri, usoro ịma mma na mmega ahụ, niile ka ha wee kwekọọ n'ụdị ahụ. A na-ekwughachi arụmụka a mgbe niile na arụmụka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewu ewu ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na mgbasa ozi, telivishọn azụmahịa na ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-eweda ụmụ nwanyị ala ma na-akọwahie ha, na-eme ka ha ghọọ ihe mmekọahụ maka ụmụ nwoke.^[3]

Nnyocha nke afọ 1994 nke Mediawatch, otu òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị uru nke na-enyocha ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na mgbasa ozi, gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi na-emetụta ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị. Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka na-egosi na eziokwu a bụ eziokwu.^[4] A gbara ụmụ nwanyị ajụjụ ọnụ n'ofe mba ahụ. A chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị were iwe site na ngosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi. Ịkwụsị ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị na mgbasa ozi anọwo na atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ.^[5]

Nnyocha Mediawatch gosipụtara na enweghị afọ ojuju ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe na foto ụmụ nwanyị eji ere ha ngwaahịa na-egosipụta onwe ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị pasent asatọ nke ụmụ nwanyị a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ gosipụtara enweghị mmasị ha site n'ide akwụkwọ ozi na pasent 13 kpọrọ oku na ekwentị, pasent 53 kwuru na ha kwụsịrị ngwaahịa ndị a na-ere ha n'ụzọ ha chere na ọ na-akpasu iwe.^[1] N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, ndị mgbasa ozi ejirila nwayọ nyochaa ụzọ ha si emepụta mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ha, na-atụle na ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị isi na-azụ ihe niile site na nri ruo uwe ụmụ nwoke. A ka na-egosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi (karịsịa ndị ọcha na ndị na-erubeghị afọ 25) dị ka ihe ndị na-adịghị enwe mmekọahụ nke ịdị arọ na ọdịdị na-egosi ha karịa ụmụ mmadụ.

Otú ọ dị, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, n'okpuru nrụgide na-arịwanye elu site n'aka ndị otu na-eme ihe, ndị mgbasa ozi, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, zaghachiri oku ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ma gbalịa igosi ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ hà nhata na nke dị iche iche na mgbasa ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi azaghachila nkatọ na nrụgide ndị a site n'igosi ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwa hà nhata, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọkwá ike na ibu ọrụ.^[6]

Ngwongwo na mkpọsa

Ewezuga okwu nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ngosipụta na mgbasa ozi, National Women's Media Centre nyekwara ikike ya na mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mgbasa ozi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka 'Support the ABC', ^[1] 'Free Tibet', ^[1] mkpọsa 'Net Censorship' .

Òtù ahụ weputara ihe onwunwe n'oge gara aga iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike ijikwa mgbasa ozi na mmetụta ya na ndụ ha. Ihe onwunwe ndị a gụnyere ndụmọdụ banyere otu esi ede akwụkwọ ozi nye onye nchịkọta akụkọ, otu esi eduzi maka itinye mkpesa banyere nsogbu na mgbasa ozi, ndepụta kọntaktị maka isi mmalite mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti, nduzi maka ijikwa ajụjụ ọnụ na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe a na-akpọ Lobbying Made Easy.^[1]

Enwekwara atụmatụ ntọhapụ mgbasa ozi a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ka Media Assist, ^[1] ebe National Women's Media Centre nwere ike itinye aka iji nye ọrụ na ịhazi mgbasa ozi na mkpọsa mmekọrịta ọha na eze.

Ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi

Nzukọ a kwadoro nke ukwuu dị ka onye nnọchi anya mmasị ụmụ nwanyị na mkparita uka n'etiti Gọọmenti, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndị na-azụ ahịa gbasara nguzobe nke usoro ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ. Ebumnuche bụ isi bụ ime ka Gọọmenti tinye aka na nhazi ụlọ ọrụ ebe nzukọ a na-ele anya na enweghị ohere na nlebara anya n'ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị.^[1]

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1997, nzukọ ahụ malitere Advertising Complaints Hotline dị ka ụzọ isi nye ụmụ nwanyị ohere mkpesa maka iwe maka mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọahụ. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke omume a bụ:

Debe ndekọ nke mkpesa iji mepụta nchịkọta nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị banyere mgbasa ozi na nyochaa mkpesa ndị usoro iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ na-ekwu maka ha na ndị a na-ajụ.
Nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịhazi mkpesa ha n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na koodu.
Nkwupụta dị mkpa maka usoro nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ndị na-ebu mgbasa ozi, na ndị omeiwu dị mkpa.

Ọrụ Nlekọta Mgbasa Ozi Ụwa

Ihe oru nlekota oru mgbasa ozi nke mbu bu ihe nṅomi nke ogbako umu nwanyi na mgbasa ozi nke 1994 na Bangkok nke Mediawatch Canada mere ma gbuo ya na 1995 na nsonye nke mba iri asaa na otu. Ewepụtara akụkọ a na ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị Beijing. ^[1]

Emere atụmatụ nke abụọ Global Media Monitoring Project na 1997 Women and Communication Policy Forum na Manila na National Women's Media Center bụ iji hazie ọrụ ahụ na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Deakin na Mediawatch Canada.

Usoro iheomume

1902: Australia ghọrọ mba nke abụọ n'ụwa iji nye ụmụ nwanyị votu.
1960: Nlọghachi nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-esonyere nkatọ nke ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na omenala a ma ama.
1975: Nzukọ omebe iwu nke South Australia na-eme iwu ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị mbụ na Australia (The Sex)
1981: Nnyocha nke Office of the Status of Women na-ekpughe na ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ mgbasa ozi na-akpasu iwe mgbe ọ na-akọwa ọrụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-akparị ụmụ nwanyị, ma na-eji ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe mmekọahụ.
1982: Nnyocha ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi (Bartos 1982; Clemenger 1984) kwubiri na ndị mgbasa ozi Australia kwesịrị ịgbanwe ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma na nke ochie nke ụmụ nwanyị.
1983: Ụlọ ọrụ nke Ọnọdụ Ụmụ nwanyị bipụtara Fair Exposure: Ntuziaka Maka Nkọwapụta na Nkọwa nke Ụmụ nwanyị na Mgbasa Ozi.
1983: Women's Electoral Lobby na-enye ntuziaka na-ekpuchi ịkpa ókè mmekọahụ (ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị) na iwu mgbasa ozi nke omume.
1984: Nzukọ omebe iwu nke gọọmentị etiti weputara Iwu Ịkpa Ókè Mmekọahụ 1984. Ọ na-anabata ndokwa nke Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụ nwanyị.
1984: Ụlọikpe mgbasa ozi Australia guzobere kọmitii na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị nke na-agbasa n'afọ na-esote.
1985: Kansụl mgbasa ozi nke Australia tinyere akwụkwọ na Trade Practices Commission maka ikike nke koodu mgbasa ozi mana ọ na-efunahụ na mkpesa.
1986: E guzobere Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Ohere Ịha nhata.
1986: Nnyocha National Agenda site na Office of the Status of Women na-ekpughe na ụmụ nwanyị Australia chọrọ ihe oyiyi ndị dị mma na nke ọma nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi. Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị 26,000 a nyochara na-emegide ihe ngosi na-adịghị mma, ọkachasị ndị na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịdị mfe ma na-enwe mmekọahụ.
1987: Gọọmentị etiti kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ime nchọpụta banyere ngosipụta ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi.
1987: The Office of the Status of Women na-ahụ maka nyocha ọdịnaya na ngosipụta ọrụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi (Saulwick, Weller and Associates, 1987; Sally Hartnett and Associates), nchọpụta na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị na mkpọsa Australia na-abụkarị ndị na-eto eto, ndị ọcha ma mara mma nakwa na a na-egosipụta ha n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-abụghị nke ikike na nke stereotypical
1987: Nnyocha ekwentị nke ụmụ nwanyị 1002 site na Office of the Status of Women na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi bụ nchegbu nye ụmụ nwanyị Australia nke afọ niile na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
1988: A na-eme nzukọ ọha na eze, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta National Working Party na Portrayal of Women in the Media. Ebumnuche nke otu ọrụ ahụ bụ iji nweta ngosipụta ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi.
1989: E guzobere MediaSwitch, otu mba iji nyochaa ma melite ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na mgbasa ozi.
1990: Na-agwa ụmụ nwanyị na 90's, a na-eme ogbako ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Sydney.
1990: The Women and Advertising: Reference Dictionary bụ nke Office of the Status of Women bipụtara.
1991: Women and Advertising Resource Package ka National Working Party wepụtara na Portrayal of Women in the Media.
1991: E guzobere alaka MediaSwitch na Queensland.
1992: Nnyocha Qualitative site na Consumer Contact na-achọpụta na ụmụ nwanyị na-emegide ngosipụta mgbasa ozi nke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị 'enweghị ọgụgụ isi' bụrụ ihe ziri ezi.
1993: Women and Media, nsonaazụ nke nyocha ọdịnaya nke mba site na Media Insight na ngosipụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ na ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a ka National Working Party wepụtara na Portrayal of Women in the Media.
1993: Southdown Research Services bipụtara akụkọ na-egosi na 62% nke ụmụ nwanyị chere na mgbasa ozi anaghị egosipụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị n'afọ ndị 90.
1994: E guzobere National Women's Media Centre na Sydney.
1995: Global Media Monitoring Project na-ekpughe na a ka na-egosipụta ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma na-anọchite anya ha n'ụzọ dị ala na mgbasa ozi Australia na mba ụwa.
1995: Gọọmentị Queensland bipụtara ntuziaka maka Portrayal of Women in Public Sector Advertisements and Publications.
1996: Breaking the Mould: Beyond Media Images, a resource package na-akwalite critical analysis of the portrayes of women in the media ka MediaSwitch (QLD) bipụtara. ^[7]

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Australian Web Archive. webarchive.nla.gov.au (2006-08-23). Archived from the original on 2001-10-21. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.
↑ Bottrell, Dorothy. "The Idea of the ‘Bad Girl’." Australian Review of Public Affairs July (2008): n. pag. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.
↑ Lumby, Catharine. "Girls and the New Media." Meanjin 56.1 (1997): 105-113. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.
↑ Self-Esteem In Overweight And Underweight Women Affected By Media Exposure Medical News Today. Medicalnewstoday.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.
↑ EmeraldInsight. EmeraldInsight. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.
↑ Napoli, Julie and Marie Murgolo-Poore. "Female Gender Images in Adolescent Magazine Advertising." Australasian Marketing Journal 11.1 (2003): 60-69. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.
↑ Breaking the Mould: Beyond Media Images - media package held in the Fryer Library archive of National Women's Media Centre UQFL353.

[Pandora-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 Australian Web Archive. webarchive.nla.gov.au (2006-08-23). Archived from the original on 2001-10-21. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.

[2] Bottrell, Dorothy. "The Idea of the ‘Bad Girl’." Australian Review of Public Affairs July (2008): n. pag. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.

[3] Lumby, Catharine. "Girls and the New Media." Meanjin 56.1 (1997): 105-113. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.

[4] Self-Esteem In Overweight And Underweight Women Affected By Media Exposure Medical News Today. Medicalnewstoday.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-11. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.

[5] EmeraldInsight. EmeraldInsight. Retrieved on 2015-03-03.

[6] Napoli, Julie and Marie Murgolo-Poore. "Female Gender Images in Adolescent Magazine Advertising." Australasian Marketing Journal 11.1 (2003): 60-69. APA FT. Web. 8 Oct. 2010.

[7] Breaking the Mould: Beyond Media Images - media package held in the Fryer Library archive of National Women's Media Centre UQFL353.

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