Ndị Ọrụ Uwe Agwakọta nke America

Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) bụ otu ndị ọrụ United States mara maka nkwado ya maka "social unionism" na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu. Sidney Hillman duziri maka afọ iri atọ mbụ ya, o nyere aka chọta Congress of Industrial Organisation. Ọ jikọtara ya na Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA) na 1976 iji guzobe Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (ACTWU), nke jikọtara na International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union na 1995 iji mepụta Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile. Ndị ọrụ (UNITE). UNITE jikọtara na 2004 na Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union (HERE) na 2004 iji mepụta otu ọhụrụ a maara dị ka UNITE HERE. Mgbe esemokwu dị ilu gasịrị na 2009, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'akụkụ UNITE nke otu ahụ, tinyere ụfọdụ ndị na-ewe iwe HERE ndị obodo hapụrụ UNITE HERE, ma guzobe otu ọhụrụ aha ya bụ Workers United, nke onye isi oche UNITE bụ Bruce Raynor na-edu..^[1]

Ntọala

Na 1914, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America-nke a makwaara dị ka "ACWA" ma ọ bụ nanị "Amalgamated" -hapụtara n'ihi nnupụisi nke ndị obodo mepere emepe megide ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa AFL na-akwado ndị ọrụ United Garment.[1] Mgbọrọgwụ nke esemokwu a malitere ọrụ ndị ọrụ uwe na Chicago na 1910, mgbe ọrụ mberede nke ole na ole ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ butere n'ọgba aghara n'obodo niile nke ndị ọrụ uwe 41,000. Mwakpo ọjọọ a kpagburu ndị na-eme ihe ike megide ọ bụghị naanị ndị were ha n'ọrụ na ndị ọchịchị obodo, kamakwa otu nke ha.

Nduzi nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ uwe United tụkwasara obi n'ọchịchị ime obodo na-alụ ọgụ na Chicago na n'ime obodo ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, bụ ndị nwere ntụkwasị obi Socialist siri ike. Mgbe a nwara ịnapụ ndị otu obodo ahụ na mgbakọ UGW nke afọ 1914, ndị obodo ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-anọchite anya ụzọ abụọ n’ụzọ atọ nke ndị òtù otu ahụ, kwụsịrị ime ka ndị ọrụ Amalgamated Clothing Workers nke America kwụsị. AFL jụrụ ịnakwere otu ọhụrụ ahụ na UGW na-awakpo ya mgbe niile, na-enye ndị na-agbaji agbaji na ịbanye nkwekọrịta na ndị ọrụ gburu, n'afọ ndị na-abịa.

Agha ndị Amalgamated na ndị isi UGW mekwara ka mmekọrịta otu ahụ na Abraham Cahan na Daily Forward, nke Cahan deziri. N'oge iku 1913 nke United Brotherhood of Tailors na New York City, Cahan na United Hebrew Trades esonyela na ndị ndu UGW megide ndị na-eti ihe site n'ịkwado mmezi nke ndị ọkpọ ahụ jụrụ. Otu nkewa ahụ pụtara ọzọ n'afọ na-esote mgbe ndị na-aga n'ihu na ndị òtù Socialist Party bụ ndị nwere òkè na AFL kwadoro njikọ ọhụrụ ahụ, ma ọ bụ naanị nwayọọ nwayọọ, mgbe ọ kewara na UGW na AFL. Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-aga n'ihu na-ekere òkè kpọmkwem na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ime ụlọ nke ndị ọzọ bụ isi uwe ndị ọzọ, International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU, ma ọ bụ ILG), n'ime afọ ndị na-abịa, o nwechaghị mmetụta na ACWA..

Uto

Amalgamated mere ka mmeri ya sie ike ma gbasaa ike ya na Chicago site na usoro ọgbaghara na ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ 1910. Amalgamated hụrụ na o siri ike, n'aka nke ọzọ, inweta mmeri na Baltimore, ebe o nwere ike ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ya na otu n'ime ndị nrụpụta kachasị ukwuu, dị ka HSM (Hart Schaffner na Marx) na Chicago, na-achọ udo ọrụ, ọ hụrụ onwe ya na njikọ pụrụ iche nke ndị obodo UGW, onye isi rụrụ arụ nke Baltimore Federation of Labor, na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke ụwa, bụ ndị mebiri ọgbaghara Amalgamates ma wakpo ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. Ihe na-eme ka foto ahụ sie ike bụ njikọ agbụrụ dị n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị Lithuanian nke IWW na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị Amalgamated na-anwa iwepụ azụmaahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anarcho-syndicalist nke ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Lithuania, bụ ndị mepụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha na-emegide mmegbu nke ndị eze n'ala nna ha. Amalgamated mechara merie, dịka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị IWW na njikọ ya na obere ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na AFL mechara belata nkwado ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ Lithuania.

ACWA ritekwara uru na nkwado dịtụ n'otu nke gọọmentị etiti n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, nke Federal Board of Control and Labour Standards for Army Clothing kwadoro amụma nke udo ọrụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka otu. Site na nkwado nke ndị isi na-aga n'ihu, dị ka Walter Lippman, Felix Frankfurter, na Charles Rosen otu ahụ nwere ike nweta nkwado gọọmentị n'ịhazi ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dịka Rochester, New York dịka akụkụ nke nnwale na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ụlọ ọrụ.

Nnyocha ahụ kwụsịrị na 1919, mgbe ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke unionism gara n'ihu. Ọ bụghị naanị na ACWA lanarịrị mkpọchi ọnwa anọ na New York City, kamakwa ọ bịara n'ọnọdụ siri ike karị. Ka ọ na-erule 1920, ndị otu ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta na pasent 85 nke ndị na-emepụta uwe ụmụ nwoke ma belata ọrụ izu ruo awa 44.

N'okpuru idu ndú Hillman, ndị otu ahụ gbalịrị ime ka asọmpi dị egwu dị n'etiti ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'ịmanye ụkpụrụ ọrụ zuru oke, si otú a na-ewe ụgwọ ọrụ na awa site na mgbakọ asọmpi. ACWA gbalịrị ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ, na-ahazi mgbazinye ego ma na-eme nyocha arụmọrụ maka ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ nwere nsogbu ego. Hillman kwadokwara "nkwado na-ewuli elu" na ndị were ya n'ọrụ, na-adabere na nkwekọrịta kama ịgba arụkwaghịm iji dozie esemokwu n'oge ndụ nkwekọrịta. Dị ka ọ kọwara nkà ihe ọmụma ya na 1938:

N'ezie, ekwere m na iso ndị were m n'ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ! Nke ahụ bụ ihe njikọ aka bụ maka ya. Ekwenyere m ọbụna n'inyere onye were mmadụ n'ọrụ aka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma. Maka mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-enwe ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu, awa dị mkpirikpi, na itinye aka dị ukwuu na uru nke ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị mma....

ACWA bụkwa onye ọsụ ụzọ nke "social unionism" nke na-enye ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ dị ọnụ ala ma guzobe ụlọ akụ, Amalgamated Bank, nke ga-egbo ọdịmma ndị ọrụ. Hillman na ACWA nwere njikọ siri ike na ọtụtụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe, dị ka Jane Addams na Clarence Darrow.

Hillman, n'aka nke ọzọ, megidere mgbanwe unionism na Communist Party USA. Ọ bụ ezie na Hillman na ndị Communist Party nwere mmekọrịta dị mma n'oge mmalite afọ 1920 - n'oge ndị Forward nọ n'aka nri na ndị Lithuanian na ndị Italian syndicalists na ndị anarchists ndị Juu nọ n'ime njikọ ahụ n'aka ekpe na-ama jijiji - mmekọrịta ndị ahụ jụrụ oyi na 1924 mgbe CP wepụrụ nkwado ya maka ndị Farmer-Labor Party mepụtara iji kwado La Follette maka Onye isi ala. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, Hillman lụsoro ndị na-eme ihe ike CP ọgụ n'ime otu ya, mana na-enweghị nnukwu esemokwu nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kụwaa ILGWU n'oge a.

CP ajụghị ịlụ ọgụ mgbe ya na Hillman na ndị isi ACW mebiri. Mgba ahụ kacha njọ na mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ, dị ka Montreal, Toronto na Rochester, ebe CP na ndị otu Canada gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ike. Na New York City ọgụ ahụ na-abụkarị nke anụ ahụ, dịka Hillman wetara Abraham Beckerman, onye otu ama ama nke Socialist Party nwere njikọ chiri anya na The Forward, iji ụzọ siri ike mee ihe megide ndị mmegide Communist n'ime otu. Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke afọ iri, CP abụghịzi ike dị mkpa na otu.

Ịlụso mpụ a haziri ahazi ọgụ

Mgbe ọ na-alụ ọgụ na CP, Hillman leghaara ndị omempụ banye n'ime njikọ ahụ anya. Ụlọ ọrụ ejiji jupụtara kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ na ndị omempụ na-arụ ọrụ obere oge, ndị na-agba ọsọ nchebe na ịgbazinye ego mgbe ha na-enye ume na esemokwu ọrụ. Ndị mbụ e goro ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, ụfọdụ gara rụọ ọrụ maka ndị otu ọrụ, bụ ndị jiri ha mee ihe na mbụ maka ichebe onwe ha, mgbe ahụ iji menye ndị na-agba arụkwaghịm na ndị were ha n'ọrụ egwu. Ndị obodo ILG jiri "Dopey" Benny Fein, onye jụrụ ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ.

agha n'etiti ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ kpochapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-agba chaa chaa mbụ. "Little Augie" Jacob Orgen weghaara racket, na-enye ILGWU ike na ọgbaghara 1926. Louis "Lepke" Buchalter gburu Orgen na 1927 iji weghara ọrụ ya. Buchalter nwere mmasị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na-enweta ikike nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala na njikwa nke ndị otu ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mpaghara uwe, ka ọ na-enweta mmasị na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ uwe na ndị otu mpaghara.

Buchalter, onye nyere ọrụ maka ụfọdụ ndị obodo nke Amalgamated n'oge afọ 1920, nwetakwara mmetụta n'ime ACW. N'etiti ndị enyi ya n'ime ACW bụ Beckerman na Philip Orlofsky, onye ọrụ ọzọ na Cutters Local 4, bụ ndị na-eme nkwekọrịta ịhụnanya na ndị na-emepụta ihe nke nyere ha ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ iji belata ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'obodo ahụ, na-eji ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala Buchalter iji weta ngwongwo azụ na azụ.

N'afọ 1931, Hillman kpebiri ime ihe megide Buchalter, Beckerman na Orlofsky. Ọ malitere site n'ịhazi ihe ọha na eze chọrọ na Jimmy Walker, onye isi obodo Tammany Hall nke New York, iji kwụsị ịghọ aghụghọ na mpaghara uwe, Hillman wee gaa n'ihu weghara nchịkwa nke Local 4, na-achụpụ Beckerman na Orlofsky n'òtù ahụ, wee mee ihe megide ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ rụrụ arụ na Newark, New Jersey. Ndị otu ahụ wee tie ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe iji gbochie nkwekọrịta ọrụ na ndị na-abụghị ndị otu ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebelata ọnụego na Pennsylvania na New Jersey. N'oge ọgbaghara ahụ, ndị otu ahụ mere ngagharị iwe n'ọtụtụ ụgbọala ndị ụlọ ọrụ Buchalter na-agba iji gbochie ha iweghachi ngwongwo a rụchara arụcha na New York.

Ọ bụ ezie na mkpọsa ahụ kpochapụrụ ACW, ọ chụpụghị Buchalter na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Njikọ ahụ nwere ike, n'ezie, mee nkwekọrịta ụfọdụ na Buchalter, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe pụtara, n'agbanyeghị mbọ siri ike nke ndị na-emegide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke njikọ ahụ, dị ka Thomas Dewey na Westbrook Pegler, ịchọta ya. Buchalter kwuru, tupu e gbuo ya na 1944, na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-emeso Hillman ma ọ bụ Dubinsky, onye isi ILGWU.

Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na Ntọala nke CIO

Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba belatara ndị otu Amalgamated ruo otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ ma ọ bụ obere nke ike mbụ ya. Dị ka ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọzọ, ACWA bilitere site na ntinye nke National Industrial Recovery Act, nke nkwa ya nke nchebe iwu maka ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi wetara ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrụ uwe azụ na ACWA. AFL mechara kwe ka ACWA sonye na 1933.

Hillman na ACWA bụ ndị na-akwado New Deal na Roosevelt site na mbido. FDR kpọrọ Hillman na Labor Advisory Board nke National Recovery Administration na 1933 na National Industrial Recovery Board na 1934. Hillman nyere enyemaka dị mkpa nye Senator Robert F. Wagner na idepụta Iwu Mmekọrịta Ọrụ Mba na odeakwụkwọ nke Ọrụ Frances Perkins na mmeri nke Iwu Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ Ezi.

N'ime AFL, ACWA bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ike maka ịhazi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, dị ka mmepụta ụgbọala na ígwè, ebe ndị otu na-enweghị ọnụnọ, yana ụlọ ọrụ akwa, nke a haziri naanị akụkụ. Hillman bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere na 1935 nke Kọmitii maka nhazi ụlọ ọrụ, mgbalị nke John L. Lewis duziri, na ACWA sooro ndị ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ̀ na ụba na ndị ọzọ na AFL na 1937 iji guzobe CIO dị ka njikọ njikọ dị iche. Site na njikọ ọhụrụ ahụ na-eguzobe onwe ya dị ka ihe ọzọ dị irè na AFL, Hillman ga-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche mbụ ya. ACWA nwere ọganihu dị egwu n'oge afọ ndị mbụ nke CIO. Mgbe e guzobere njikọ ahụ na 1935, ndị otu ACWA dị ihe dị ka 100,000, mana ka ọ na-erule 1940, ha amụbaala ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ, na-agụnye ndị otu 239,000 na obodo 265.^[2]

ACWA nyere nnukwu nkwado ego maka Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ákwà, nke chọrọ iguzobe otu ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrụ na-emepụta Ákwa mgbe mmeri dị egwu nke United Textile Workers' strike na 1934. The Textile Workers Union of America, nke nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị otu, si na mgbalị ahụ pụta na 1939 dị ka akụkụ nke Operation Dixie. ACWA nyekwara aka mepụta Retail, Wholesale na Department Store Workers Union of America site na Kọmitii nhazi ndị ọrụ ụlọ ahịa CIO.

Hillman na Lewis mechara nwee esemokwu, ebe Lewis na-akwado ka ha nwee onwe ha karịa ka ha na gọọmentị etiti na-emeso Hillman. Otú ọ dị, Lewis ji nwayọọ nwayọọ kewapụ onwe ya na CIO, n'ikpeazụ ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi ya wee wepụ ndị United Mine Workers na ya na 1942. Hillman nọgidere na ya, ka bụ onye ndú nke abụọ a na-ahụkarị mgbe Philip Murray, onye nọchiri Lewis.

Jacob Potofsky, onye agha ibe ya nke Hart. Schaffner & Marx strike nke 1910, nọchiri Hillman mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1946. Amalgamated gara n'ihu na-eto n'oge afọ 1950, na-agafe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu 300,000 na 1951, mana, dị ka òtù ndị ọzọ na-emepụta uwe, chere nrụgide ogologo oge ihu site na ịgba ọsọ nke ọrụ ndị otu na-abụghị ndị na-emepụta na South na mba ofesi.^[2]

Njikọ

ACWA rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ego na idu ndú nke Kọmitii Na-ahazi Ndị Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ákwà, nzukọ nke CIO guzobere na 1939 dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị ya ịhazi South. TWOC, nke mechara kpọwa onwe ya Textile Workers Union of America, toro ruo 100,000 ndị otu na 1940s, mana o mere obere ọganihu na South n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ.

N'afọ 1961, International Glove Workers' Union of America sonyeere ACWA. ACWA jikọtara ya na TWUA na 1976 iji guzobe Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union. ^[3]

Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

ACWA anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịgbalị ịmepụta otu ọrụ na 1920s, na-ejikọta ụfọdụ akụkụ nke Socialist Party na ndị na-akwado La Follette.

Hillman jiri ACWA mee ihe dị ka isi, tinyere ILGWU nke David Dubinsky duziri, n'ịtọ ntọala American Labor Party na 1936, otu pati nwere onwe ya nke jere ozi dị ka ụlọ ọkara maka ndị Socialist na ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịkwado nhọpụta FDR mana ha adịghị njikere isonyere Democratic Party. Dubinsky mechara kewapụ onwe ya na Labour Party n'ihi esemokwu onwe onye na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Hillman iji guzobe Liberal Party nke New York.

ACWA nọchitere anya ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Farah strike, 1972-1974. ^[4]

Ịdu

Ndị isi ala

Ndị odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka akụ

1914: Joseph Schlossberg

1940: Jacob Potofsky

1946: Frank Rosenblum

1972: Jack Sheinkman

Ndị guzobere osote onye isi ala

Bessie Abramowitz Hillman
August Bellanca
Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca
Joseph Catalanotti
Louis Hollander

Hụkwa

Obodo Nkwado
Jimmy Burke
Dorothy Jacobs Bellanca
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ihe na Russia na America

References

↑ International Ladies Garment Workers Union | The Columbia Encyclopedia - Credo Reference. search.credoreference.com. Retrieved on 2019-05-01.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Amalgamated Clothing Workers map - Mapping American Social Movements. depts.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2021-10-08. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Inactive Organizations. UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved on 18 April 2022.
↑ Ledesma (1995). "Texas Newspapers and Chicana Workers' Activism, 1919-1974" (in en). The Western Historical Quarterly 26 (3): 309–331. DOI:10.2307/970655.

[1] International Ladies Garment Workers Union | The Columbia Encyclopedia - Credo Reference. search.credoreference.com. Retrieved on 2019-05-01.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Amalgamated Clothing Workers map - Mapping American Social Movements. depts.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2021-10-08. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[maryland-3] Inactive Organizations. UMD Labor Collections. University of Maryland. Retrieved on 18 April 2022.

[4] Ledesma (1995). "Texas Newspapers and Chicana Workers' Activism, 1919-1974" (in en). The Western Historical Quarterly 26 (3): 309–331. DOI:10.2307/970655.

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