Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa (US)
Ndị enyi nke ụwa US bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke nwere isi na Washington, D.C., nke onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ David Brower guzobere na 1969. Ndị enyi nke ụwa U.S. na-eme mkpọsa na okwu ndị gụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmetọ, teknụzụ nuklia, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mgbukpọ ọhịa, ọgwụ ahụhụ, nri na ọrụ ugbo na iwu akụ na ụba.[1] Ọ bụ onye guzobere Friends of the Earth International.[2]
Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị enyi nke ụwa US tọrọ ntọala na California na 1969 site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Brower mgbe ọ hapụrụ Sierra Club.[3] E bidoro nzukọ ahụ site n'enyemaka nke Donald Aitken, Jerry Mander na onyinye $ 200,000 site na ego nke Robert O. Anderson.[4] Otu n'ime nnukwu mkpọsa mbụ ya bụ mkpesa maka ike nuklia, ọkachasị na California.[3]
Nzukọ ahụ jikọtara ya na Environmental Policy Center na Oceanic Society na 1989.[3]
E hiwere Friends of the Earth International na 1971 ma taa bụ netwọk nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na mba 75.[5] N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, ndị enyi nke ụwa US nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na San Francisco, mana ọ bụ nzukọ dịpụrụ adịpụ, na-enye ike na nnwere onwe dị ukwuu na alaka ya.[3]
Ndị enyi nke Ụwa, Inc. v Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 1999, ndị enyi nke ụwa nọchitere anya ndị bi nso Osimiri North Tyger na South Carolina na ikpe megide Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. Ikpe ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ nke osimiri ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Laidlaw kwuru na ikpe ahụ bụ ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ọ bụ na emechiela ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ osimiri ahụ, Ụlọikpe ahụ kwenyere na onye gbara akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgba akwụkwọ n'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ kwuru na ha ga-eji osimiri ahụ mee ihe maka ntụrụndụ, mana ha enweghị ike n'ihi mmetọ ahụ. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, na-ede maka ọtụtụ ndị dere na "ihe mara mma na ntụrụndụ nke mpaghara ahụ" belatara n'ihi mmebi iwu nke onye a na-ebo ebubo ugboro ugboro nke ikike mmiri dị ọcha ya.[6]
Ọrụ na mkpọsa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị enyi nke ụwa US na-agba ọsọ nke na-adaba n'ụdị anọ dị mkpa, na-akwado ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa nke nzukọ ahụ: ịkwalite nkwado, ịlụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile, yana ịgba ume mgbanwe usoro maka nsonaazụ na-adịgide adịgide.[7] Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbalị ha na-elekwasị anya na iwu lobbying.
Oké osimiri na oké ọhịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A katọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri maka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụgbọ mmiri ha dị ka ikuku carbon, mmetọ ikuku, mkpofu nsị na mmiri mkpofu, na nsị mmanụ.[8] Mgbasa ozi a arụwo ọrụ iji mee ka International Maritime Organization sie ike ma mee ka ụkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri mba ụwa gụnyere Polar Code.[9]
Iwu akụ na ụba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-elekwasịkwa anya na nkwekọrịta ụfọdụ nke World Trade Organization nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-emebi iwu gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbaa uru ume.[10]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụdị dị iche iche
- Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
- Ịhụnanya maka gburugburu ebe obibi
- Ihe ndị a gbanwere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
- Ime ihe ọzọ
- Nkwado
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Projects. Friends of the Earth. Retrieved on March 11, 2015.
- ↑ About FoEI Archives - Friends of the earth international. foei.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Decline and Fall of Friends of the Earth in the United States. lornasalzman.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved on March 11, 2015.
- ↑ The Big Bad Bank - Presented by George Washington Hunt. thebigbadbank.com. Retrieved on March 11, 2015.
- ↑ History. foei.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved on March 11, 2015.
- ↑ FRIENDS OF EARTH, INC. V. LAIDLAW ENVI-RONMENTAL SERVICES (TOC), INC.. cornell.edu. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.
- ↑ What we stand for. Friends of the Earth. Archived from the original on March 14, 2015. Retrieved on March 11, 2015.
- ↑ South Florida Sun-Sentinel (December 10, 2014). Cruise ships dumped a billion gallons of sewage, Friends of Earth says - Sun Sentinel. Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.
- ↑ IMO adopts Polar Code which comes into force in 2017; environmental groups unsatisfied. MercoPress. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.
- ↑ Law Scholars From 11 Countries Urge Reversal of Chevron RICO Decision, Saying Judge Kaplan Violated International Law - Business Wire. businesswire.com (July 11, 2014). Retrieved on March 18, 2015.