Ndị bi n'okporo ụzọ
Ndị bi na pavement na-ezo aka na ụlọ nkịtị nke e wuru n'okporo ụzọ ukwu/pavement nke okporo ụzọ obodo. Ihe owuwu ndị ahụ na-eji mgbidi ma ọ bụ ngere nke kewapụrụ ihe onwunwe na pavement na okporo ámá n'èzí. Ihe na-agụnye akwa, corrugated iron, cardboard, wood, plastic, na mgbe ụfọdụ kwa brik ma ọ bụ simenti. [1]
Mumbai[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dịka Sheela Patel nke Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC) siri kwuo, ndị bi na pavement bụ ndị mbụ na-akwaga n'obodo Mumbai dị ka 1940s, na ndị bi na pavement nke okporo ụzọ ọha kemgbe ahụ. [2] Ha bụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya kpam kpam n'ihe gbasara amụma obodo, steeti na mba. [3] Ndị na-ehi ụra n'akụkụ pavement ma ọ bụ nso na-akwụkarị ụgwọ iji dobe ngwongwo ha n'ụlọ ahịa, kiosks, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ndị ọzọ. [4]
SPARC mere nnyocha n'afọ 1985 nke a kpọrọ Anyị The Invisible dabere na ngụkọ nke ihe dị ka ezinụlọ 6,000. O gosiputara ihe dị ka ọkara ndị bi na pavement si na mpaghara ndị kasị daa ogbenye na steeti Maharashtra, yana ọkara nke ọzọ si n'akụkụ ndị kasị daa ogbenye nke India sara mbara. Ọtụtụ ndị bịara dị ka ndị oké ọkọchị, ụnwụ nri, ala ọma jijiji, mkpagbu okpukpe ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara . Ndị ọzọ bịara n'ihi ndakpọ zuru oke nke ihe ha ji ebi ndụ ebe ha bi. Ndị bi na pavement na-akwaga Mumbai na-atụ anya iji akụ na ụba na ohere ọrụ nke obodo ahụ na-enye. Ha na-echekarị echiche n'ihu, na-achọ iwulite ndụ n'ime obodo nke na-enye ọgbọ na-abịa abịa ohere ka mma karịa ka ọ ga-ekwe omume n'ime obodo.
1985 nsogbu nchụpụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 1985, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India nyere ikike nke Municipal Corporation nke Greater Mumbai ikike ịkwatu ihe owuwu ụlọ n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Mumbai. Site n'enyemaka nke SPARC, a ghọtara ikike nke ndị bi na pavement Mumbai ma nwee mkparịta ụka nke ọma. [5]
South Africa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ndị Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers bụ otu ezinaụlọ a chụpụrụ bụ ndị bi n'okporo ụzọ dị na Delft, South Africa, site na February 2008 ruo ngwụcha 2009, ruo mgbe iwu ụlọikpe chụpụrụ ha na mpaghara ndozigharị Blikkiesdorp . [6]
Paris[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mgbe nchụpụ nke Calais Jungle na 2016, ndị Africa na-akwaga mba ọzọ malitere ibi na pavement nke Paris . Ebe ndị a mara ụlọikwuu ga-eto n'ime izu ole na ole ma ndị uwe ojii ga-achụpụ ha. [7]
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Sundar Burra & Liz Riley (1999). Electricity to pavement dwellers in Mumbai. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13.
- ↑ We, the Invisible: A Census of Pavement Dwellers. SPARC (1985). Retrieved on 18 August 2018.
- ↑ Patel (1990). "Street Children, hotel boys and children of pavement dwellers and construction workers in Bombay - how they meet their daily needs" (in en). Environment and Urbanization 2 (2): 9–26. DOI:10.1177/095624789000200203. ISSN 0956-2478.
- ↑ Appadurai (2013). "Spectral Housing and Urban Cleansing: Notes on Millennial Mumbai", in del Pilar Blanco: The Spectralities Reader. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4411-3860-6.
- ↑ University College London: Department for International Development: Urban Government: Capacity Building: SPARC: Demolitions to Dialogue: Mahila Milan - learning to talk to its city and municipality
- ↑ "CT to evict pavement dwellers", News 24, 19 October 2009. Retrieved on 24 April 2019.
- ↑ Nossiter. "Paris Is the New Calais, With Scores of Migrants Arriving Daily", New York Times, 3 November 2016. Retrieved on 25 May 2019.