Nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ

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Ịgụ n'akwụkwọ "Growth and change" banyere ịhụ nsọ na puberty (Tanzania)

Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ (MHM) maọbụ ahụike n' ịdị ọcha nke nsọ (MHH) na-ezo aka n' inweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke oge ịhụ nsọ iji mịkọrọ maọbụ chịkọta ọbara n' oge ịhụ nsọ, nzuzo iji gbanwee ihe ndị ahụ, n' ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ihe nchịkwa ịhụ nsọ.[1] Ọ pụkwara ịgụnye "ihe ndị dị n' usoro nke na-ejikọta ịhụ nsọ n' ahụike, ọdịmma, nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi, ike, n' ikike".[1] Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe mmiri dị ọcha n' ụlọ mposi na-ezughị ezu. A na-eleghara ihe mkpofu ịhụ nsọ anya n' ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anya, n' agbanyeghị n' ọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu. Ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ, dịka enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị irè na-egbochi ụmụ agbọghọ itinye aka n' agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.  

Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkọwa a nabatara maka nlekọta ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ (MHM) bụ:

  • "Ndị inyom n' ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n' afọ iri na ụma na-eji ihe dị ọcha na-amị maọbụ na-anakọta ọbara ịhụ nsọ, a pụkwara ịgbanwe ihe a na nzuzo mgbe ọ dị mkpa maka oge ịhụ nsọ.
  • MHM gụnyekwara iji ncha na mmiri maka ịsa ahụ dị ka achọrọ; ya na ịnweta ụlọ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ihe nchịkwa ịhụ nsọ.[2]

"Ụdị uru" metụtara njikwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ gụnyere akụkụ anọ: mmata, ohere, ojiji yana njikwa ihe mkpofu.[3] CLTS Knowledge Hub na-enye nkọwa nke na-akọwa akụkụ anọ ndị a ya n' ihe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n' ọdịbendị:

Okwu ahụ bụ "ahụike ịhụ nsọ" sara mbara karịa ịdị ọcha ịhụ nsọ. Ọ na-agụnye ma usoro nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na ihe ndị sara mbara na-ejikọta ịhụ nsọ na ahụike, ọdịmma, okike, agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi, ike, n' ikike mmadụ (karịsịa ikike mmadụ maka mmiri na ịdị ọcha). UNICEF ugbu a (site na 2019) na-eji okwu MHH maka "ahụike n' ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ".[1]

Ihe ndị a na-eme n' usoro gụnyere ihe ọmụma ziri ezi na nke kwesịrị ekwesị, nke dịnụ, nke dị nchebe, na nke dị ọnụ ala, ndị ọkachamara maara ihe na nke dị mma, ntụgharị n' ịnweta ọrụ ahụike, ịdị ọcha na ebe ịsa ahụ, ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta dị mma, nchekwa n'

ịdị ọcha, na nkwado'na iwu.[1]

Ememe Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya na Amra Padatik, India

Nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ebe mmiri dị ọcha n' ' ụlọ mposi na-ezughị ezu. Na mgbakwunye, ọdịbendị ọdịnala na-eme ka o sie ike ikwurịta banyere ịhụ nsọ n'ihu ọha. Nke a na-egbochi ụmụ nw'


yị n' ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto ịnweta ozi dị mkpa na nke dị mkpa gbasara ọrụ dị mma nke ahụ ha. Nke a na-emetụta ahụike ha, agụmakwụkwọ ha, na ùgwù ha. Enwere ike iwere ịnweta ozi dị ka ikike mmadụ.[4][5]

Ịda ogbenye n'oge bụ okwu a na-eji akọwa enweghị ohere ịnweta ihe nchịkwa ịdị ọcha zuru oke na agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere ngwaahịa dị ọcha (dịka, tampons, mwachi nsọ , liners, iko ịhụ nsọ), ebe ịsa ahụ, na njikwa mkpofu.[6] Ọ na-agụnyekwa ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ dị ka tabos na akụkọ ifo, mmegharị n' ihe mgbochi nri, ihere n' ihere gburugburu adịghị ọcha na unyi nke niile na-enye aka na onye na-ahụ nsọ nwere ahụmịhe nke na-adịghị asọpụrụ.[7] Ịda ogbenye n' oge bụ nsogbu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị bi na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n' etiti, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-eji ihe dịka apịtị, akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ ochie, ogho, maọbụ akpụkpọ anụ iji jikwaa oge ha.[8] Ojiji nke ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ iji ngwaahịa ogologo oge karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, nwere ike ibute nsogbu ahụike, ọrịa, na nsogbu ahụike ogologo oge.[9] "N' ime nnyocha 2018 nke U nyere iwu site na Kotex, otu n' ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ a nyochara gbalịrị ịzụta ngwaahịa oge. N' otu nnyocha ahụ, otu n' ime ụmụ nwanyị ise na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ala kọrọ n' ọrụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya furu efu n' ihi enweghị ike ịnweta ihe ndị e ji eme ihe. E jikọtara ihe ndị a na mmetụta ihere, mmechuihu na ịda mbà n' obi.[10][11][12]

N' agbanyeghị ihe ndị a maara maka ahụike, a na-elegharakarị ịda ogbenye n' oge anya ma ghara ikwurịta okwu n' ihi mkparị na omenala.[13] N' ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ gọọmentị emeela ka ha nwekwuo ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala na ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ịhụ nsọ. Scotland na-enye ndị bi na ya ngwaahịa oge n' efu ebe Kenya na New Zealand na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ngwaahịa oge n' efu.[14] Ọtụtụ òtù na-agbasa ndị na-eme iwu banyere nsogbu ụmụ agbọghọ na-agaghị akwụkwọ n' ihi ịda ogbenye n'noge.[11][12]

Agbanyeghị, ịda ogbenye n' oge ka bụ nsogbu zuru oke na United States. N' United States, mmemme enyemaka gọọmentị etiti gụnyere stampụ nri, uru SNAP, n' uru WIC anaghị ekpuchi ịzụta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha ụmụ nwanyị.[12][15] N'ii

hi enweghị nkwado gọọmentị'na ụtụ isi dị elu na ngwaahịa ịhụ nsọ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahọrọ ịhapụ ịzụta ngwaahịa nhicha maka mkpa ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke nde ụmụ nwanyị 16.9 na-enweta ego dị ala enweghị ike ịzụta ngwaahịa dị ọcha ma nwee ike ịhọrọ n'etiti ngwaahịa dị ọcha na nri.[16] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere steeti iri na anọ na-ahụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ịhụ nsọ n' ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.[15] Mana mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ n'og e mmalite nke ọrịa COVID-19 na-ama ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ego dị ala aka ịnweta pads na tampons.[15]

Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi nwekwara nsogbu ịnweta ihe ndị na-ahụ nsọ.[9] N' ime nyocha ngwakọta nke e mere site na Mee ruo Ọgọstụ 2019 na New York City na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ọtụtụ ndị sonyere kọrọ na ha nwere ohere a na-ejighị n' aka maka ohere dị nchebe, dị ọcha, na nke onwe maka ịgbanwe ngwaahịa oge.[17] Ọtụtụ kọrọ na ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị n' ebe obibi ha na-enweghị ebe obibi ruru unyi ma ọ bụ jupụta na mmiri.[17] Ha kọwakwara na ha na-eme ihere ma na-eme ya ihere n' etiti ọha n' eze na ohere nke ịhụ nsọ.[17] Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n' ime nnyocha banyere ịda ogbenye n' oge na United States lekwasịrị anya n' ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi n' ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enweta ego dị ala, ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-akọkwa ọnụego dị elu, na-emetụta ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ n' ahụike uche, n' otu n' otu.[18][19] N' afọ 2021, ihe dị ka 14.2% nke ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji na-ahụ nsọ kọrọ na ha nwere oge ịda ogbenye.[20]

Ịnweta ihe onwunwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, nhọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ na-ahọrọ maka ihe ndị dị ọcha na-ahụkarị site n' ọnụahịa, nnweta na ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.[21][22]

Ihe ndị ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike iji mee ihe na-agụnye: ájá, ntụ, obere oghere n' ime ala, ákwà, akwụkwọ zuru oke, eriri akwụkwọ (dị ka hyacinth mmiri, unere, papyrus, eriri owuwe ihe ubi), akwụkwọ (akwụkwọ mposi, akwụkwọ a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ, akpa na-acha nchara nchara, akwụkwọ anụmanụ (dị ka akpụkpọ ewu), okpukpu abụọ nke uwe ime, sọks, ma ọ bụ sari.[23][24][24][25][26]

Enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị ọnụ ala pụtara n' a na-eji ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ọcha, nke nwere ike ibute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike.[27][28] Iko ndị na-ahụkarị Ịdị mma nke ihe ahụ na-emekwa ka ha bụrụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ma nwee ahụike maka ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ, ọ bụrụhaala n' enwere mmiri dị ọcha maka ịsa ha.

Ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị nọ n' ebe ọrụ na-enwekarị ọrụ n' ihi na ha enweghị ike ịnweta ihe nhicha n' ebe ọrụ na mba ụfọdụ anaghị enye ụmụ nwanyị ihe ma ọ bụ ọbụna nwee "ụlọ mposi kwesịrị ekwesị".[29] Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Bangladesh na-arụ ọrụ n' ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe kọrọ na n' ihi ọnụahịa nke ihe ndị dị ọcha maka ịhụ nsọ nke ha na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ, ha ejirila "ihe mkpuchi ala ụlọ ọrụ mee ihe n' ọnọdụ pads na tampons, na-eduga na ọrịa dị ize ndụ na ọrụ efu. "[30] Ndị Kraịst na-ehicha okporo ụzọ na Lahore enweghị ohere ịbanye n' ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha n' eze n' ihi n' ọ dịghị maọbụ ole n' ole dị maka ụmụ nwanyị ma n' ihi nke a ga-ahapụ ọrụ mgbe ha nwere oge ha.[31]

Ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mgbochi maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ, dịka enweghị ngwaahịa dị ọcha dị irè na-egbochi ụmụ agbọghọ itinye aka na agụmakwụkwọ n' ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ n' ibe ya.[32][33] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha anaghị aga ụlọ akwụkwọ n' ihi egwu nke ịgbapụta, ihere ma ọ bụ ihere, ihe mgbu oge maọbụ ụlọ mposi ezughi oke nke na-adịghị ekwe ka ha saa ma ọ bụ gbanwee na nzuzo.[34] Nke a na-emetụta ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị si n' ezinụlọ na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha a na-atụfu bụ ego a na-eme kwa ọnwa nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ.[35]

Ebe dị ọcha zuru oke na ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ bụ naanị otu akụkụ nke ngwọta maka iwu ịhụ nsọ nke na-egbochi ọganihu ụmụ nwanyị n' ọtụtụ mba na-emepe emepe. Ihe ọmụma dị oke mkpa maka ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha nwee ahụ iru ala n' ịhụ nsọ na iji nweta mmata dị mma banyere ahụ ha.

Enwere ike igbochi ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ n' ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ mkpọrọ ebe a na-eme ihe maka ndị ikom. N' afọ 2021, e nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 740,000 n' ụlọ mkpọrọ gburugburu ụwa Otu nwanyị a tụrụ mkpọrọ afọ ise na Pakistan kwuru banyere otu ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ si enye ụmụ nwanyị n' ahụ nsọ ọgwụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbu.[36][37]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ n' ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi n' ime obodo ndị dị n' ime United States enweghị ike ịzụta ihe nhicha.[38][39] Ụlọ akụ nri dị na New York na-akọ na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị dị oke mkpa.[38] Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na United States nwere ike ịnagide ihe ịma aka nke enweghị ike ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ iji ụlọ mposi ọha na eze n' ụlọ ndị na-enweghị ụlọ dị ka ha chọrọ n' ọnọdụ ebe enwere ihe mgbochi n' ojiji ụlọ mposi.[39] Na New York, aro iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta ego dị ala aka inweta ihe nhicha nke ịhụ nsọ gụnyere aro iji wepụ ụtụ ahịa na ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ụmụ nwanyị na "ikesa tampons n' efu n' ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze".[38] A na-atụ ụtụ isi maka ihe ndị na-ahụ nsọ na steeti 36.[40] Na Mee 1, 2018, National Diaper Bank Network, nke na-enye ọtụtụ nde diapers nye ndị nne na nna dara ogbenye na ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na ndị n' akwado mgbanwe iwu gbasara mkpa ndị bụ isi, malitere Alliance for Period Supplies ma malite ikesa ngwaahịa oge n' efu site na òtù ndị jikọrọ aka gafee US. Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na mba ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, dị ka United Kingdom, na-eche nsogbu na-enye tampons na akwa nhicha.[41][42] Scotland ghọrọ mba mbụ n' ụwa iji nye ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ngwaahịa oge n' efu na 2020.[43]

Ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Pakistan na-eji ntụ kpọrọ nkụ e ji ákwà kpuchie iji nyere ha aka n'oge ha. Ha enweghị mmiri dị ọcha, ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha n' eze dị ole na ole ma karịsịa maka ụmụ nwoke, enweghị nzuzo, enweghị ebe izu ike n' ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa ọtụtụ ọrịa.[44]

Nnyocha e mere n' afọ 2018 chọpụtara na a na-elegharakarị ihe mkpofu nke ịhụ nsọ anya na usoro nhicha. Nke a na-eduga n' iwepụ ihe n' ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na mmetụta na-adịghị mma na ndị ọrụ, usoro nhicha na gburugburu ebe obibi.[45]

Usoro mkpofu siri ike na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị adịkarị, nke pụtara na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ebe kwesịrị ekwesị iji kpochapụ ngwaahịa ndị e ji mee ihe, dị ka pads.[46] Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke ihe eji eme ihe na-akpatakwa nrụgide n' usoro nhicha dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ nwere ike ịmepụta mgbochi nke ụlọ mposi, ọkpọkọ na nsị.[47]

Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe enweghị ike ịnweta ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na mgbakwunye na enweghị ike ịnweta ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka usoro nhicha na usoro mkpofu dị mkpa iji jikwaa usoro ịhụ nsọ ha. Enweghị ike ịnweta ihe mkpofu na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị ịtụba ngwaahịa ndị e ji mee ihe na usoro ụlọ mposi, ụlọ mposi ọgba, ma ọ bụ tụfuo n'ebe mepere emepe dị ka mmiri. Omume ndị a na-eweta ihe ize ndụ nye ndị ọrụ na-ejikwa ihe mkpofu ndị a ka ọ na-eme ka mmadu nwee ike ịnweta ọrịa ọbara na ngwaahịa ndị a na'ahụ anya na mmadu na kemịkal ndị a na na-ahụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-ahụ maka ịdị ọcha. Nchịkọta na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-akpatakwa nrụgide na usoro nhicha dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-akpata mgbochi nsị.[47] E gosipụtara mmetụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ezughị oke na-enwe mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụmụ agbọghọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-eduga n'ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.[48]

N' agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ n' ịhụ nsọ bụ usoro dị mma, a na-eji obi abụọ n' ozi na-ezighi ezi bịaruo ya nso n' ihi omenala omenala siri ike gbasara ịhụ nsọ.

Omenala, nkwenkwe okpukpe n' ọdịnala - ọkachasị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe - nwere ike iduga na mgbochi ụmụ nwanyị maọbụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-eche ihu n' oge ha.[49] N' obodo ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị anaghị asa ahụ ha, sachaa, ma ọ bụ sachaa n'oge ịhụ nsọ. Ha nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwe ka ha jiri isi iyi mmiri mee ihe n' oge ịhụ nsọ. Ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike ịnweta ụlọ mposi, ha nwere ike ọ gaghị eji ha eme ihe n' ihi egwu nke ime ka efere ụlọ mposi dị iche iche ghara ịdị mma (n'ihe banyere ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi na-adịghị ike).[35] Nke a na-emebi ojiji nke iko ịhụ nsọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere pads ka a na-etinye iko ndị ahụ n' ime ụlọ mposi.

Ịgbasawanye mkparịta ụka iji tinye echiche banyere njikwa ihe mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke mgbalị iji "me ka" mkparịta ụka banyere ịhụ nsọ.[3]

MHM n' ụlọ akwụkwọ ekwesịghị ịbụ mmemme kwụụrụ onwe ya mana a ga-ejikọta ya na mmemme dị ugbu a na WASH n' ụlọ Akwụkwọ, mmemme ahụike ụlọ akwụkwọ na nri na-edozi ahụ, mmemme agụmakwụkwọ oge uto, n' ọnọdụ mberede.[50][51]

N' ime ime obodo Bolivia, e mepụtara egwuregwu nchịkwa ịdị ọcha maka ụmụ agbọghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ nke kpaliri nzaghachi zuru ezu, ma mee ka ọrụ dị iche iche na-ekere òkè na mkparịta ụka ndị otu. Egwuregwu bọọdụ ahụ nyere aka belata nsogbu ụmụ agbọghọ na-ekwu maka ịhụ nsọ.[52]

N' India, a na-eji akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị Menstrupedia Comic akụzi ụmụaka, ihe nkiri n' okporo ámá iji kụziere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, ihe osise na mgbidi iji tinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ntorobịa na nka na ihe ngosi iji mebie ihere n' ihere.[53]

Na Bhutan, ndị nọn Buddha, site na Bhutan Nuns Foundation agbanweela ahụike ịhụ nsọ nke ndị nọn bi n' ebe obibi ndị nọn.[54]

Na Pakistan, ọtụtụ mmalite ọhụrụ na mpaghara a enyela aka n'imeziwanye ohere na ime ka isiokwu ahụ dị mfe ikwu maka ya. Na Balochistan, mpaghara agbụrụ nke Pakistan, ogbako izizi nke ahụike ịhụ nsọ nke e mere na 2021, jiri uri na nka mee ka a mara ma gbanwee mkparịta ụka gbasara isiokwu ahụ ma mee ka ọ ghere oghe.[55]

Imeziwanye MHM chọrọ mgbanwe àgwà nke obodo niile. itinye ndị ikom na MHM. bụ isi ihe iji mee ka ha kwado ndị nwunye ha na ụmụ ha nwanyị.[56] Òtù ndị ọzọ arụwokwa ọrụ na egwuregwu na akụkọ iji kụzie MHM, kpochapụ akụkọ ifo ndị a na-ahụkarị ma malite mkparịta ụka. Egwuregwu na-enyere aka ịmepụta ọnọdụ dị mma gburugburu isiokwu a na-ejikọta ya na ihere na ihere.

Otu ebe a na-enyochaghị anya bụ otu ndị nwere nkwarụ si emeso ihe ịma aka nke ịhụ nsọ, na otu ndị na-elekọta ha si jikwaa ịdị ọcha n' ahụike ha maka ha.[57]

Nnyocha nyocha na enyemaka bara uru dịkwa mkpa maka ndị bi n' ebe mgbaba nwa oge n'ihi mbata, mgbanwe ihu igwe, idei mmiri, ala ọma jijiji, ọgba aghara obodo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara mbata.[58]

N' afọ 2014, Wash United malitere Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya na Mee 28. Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ na-emepụta oge maka ịkpọsa ozi gbasara nsogbu nchịkwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ ụkọ nsọ na mgbasa ozi dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ndị mmadụ mara, mee ememe ma mee ka ịhụ nsọ na ịdị ọcha nke nsọ dị mma. Ụbọchị ahụ na-enye ohere iji kwado itinye aka na njikwa ịdị ọcha nke ịhụ nsọ n' ime iwu na mmemme zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke mba, na nke mpaghara.[59]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 UNICEF (2019). Guidance on Menstrual Health and Hygiene. UNICEF, New York, USA
  2. ↑ UNICEF, Columbia University (2012). WASH in Schools - Empowers Girls' Education - Proceedings of Menstrual Hygiene Management in Schools Virtual Conferences. UNICEF and Columbia University, USA, p. 2
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Normalizing Menstruation: Pushing the Boundaries of the MHM dialogue in India.
  4. ↑ Sommer (July 2015). "Comfortably, Safely, and Without Shame: Defining Menstrual Hygiene Management as a Public Health Issue". American Journal of Public Health 105 (7): 1302–1311=. DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302525. PMID 25973831. 
  5. ↑ Imran. "World Menstrual Hygiene Day Observed", The International News, 29 May 2015. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  6. ↑ Lindsay.Capozzi (2021-04-05). Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About (en). policylab.chop.edu. Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
  7. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  8. ↑ Health (2018-06-01). "Normalising menstruation, empowering girls" (in English). The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2 (6): 379. DOI:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30143-3. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 30169273. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Period poverty remains a critical, yet overlooked, health issue, advocates say (english). PhillyVoice (2021-06-09). Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
  10. ↑ What is Period Poverty? | U by Kotex® (en-us). www.ubykotex.com. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30. Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Periods and girls' education | ActionAid UK (en). www.actionaid.org.uk. Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school", BBC News, 2017-03-14. Retrieved on 2022-10-30. (in en-GB)
  13. ↑ Health (2018-06-01). "Normalising menstruation, empowering girls" (in English). The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2 (6): 379. DOI:10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30143-3. ISSN 2352-4642. PMID 30169273. 
  14. ↑ Sullivan. "Scotland becomes the first country to offer tampons and pads for free, officials say", NPR, 2022-08-16. Retrieved on 2022-10-30. (in en)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Lindsay.Capozzi (2021-04-05). Period Poverty: The Public Health Crisis We Don't Talk About (en). policylab.chop.edu. Retrieved on 2022-10-30.
  16. ↑ Michel (2022-02-22). "Period poverty: why it should be everybody's business" (in en). Journal of Global Health Reports 6: e2022009. DOI:10.29392/001c.32436. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Sommer (2020-11-01). "Menstruation and homelessness: Challenges faced living in shelters and on the street in New York City" (in en). Health & Place 66: 102431. DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102431. ISSN 1353-8292. PMID 32987242. 
  18. ↑ Sebert Kuhlmann (2020-09-01). "Students' Menstrual Hygiene Needs and School Attendance in an Urban St. Louis, Missouri, District" (in en). Journal of Adolescent Health 67 (3): 444–446. DOI:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.05.040. ISSN 1054-139X. PMID 32646832. 
  19. ↑ Cardoso (2021-01-06). "Period poverty and mental health implications among college-aged women in the United States". BMC Women's Health 21 (1): 14. DOI:10.1186/s12905-020-01149-5. ISSN 1472-6874. PMID 33407330. 
  20. ↑ Michel (2022-02-22). "Period poverty: why it should be everybody's business" (in en). Journal of Global Health Reports 6: e2022009. DOI:10.29392/001c.32436. 
  21. ↑ UNESCO (2014). Puberty Education & Menstrual Hygiene Management - Good Policy and Practice in health Education - Booklet 9. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, France, p. 32
  22. ↑ Kaur (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries" (in en). Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018: 1730964. DOI:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMID 29675047. 
  23. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Tamiru (2015). "Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: Cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe". Waterlines 34: 92–102. DOI:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009. 
  25. ↑ "Girls 'too poor' to buy sanitary protection missing school", BBC News, March 14, 2017.
  26. ↑ Chin, L. (2014) Period of shame - The Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on Rural Women and Girls' Quality of Life in Savannakhet, Laos [Master's thesis] LUMID International Master programme in applied International Development and Management http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938 [accessed 10 August 2015]
  27. ↑ African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC). Experiences and Problems with Menstruation Among Poor Women and Schoolgirls in Nairobi. In: Policy Brief No. 20. Nairobi, Kenya: APHRC, 2010.
  28. ↑ Obiria M. Kenyan students could solve the sanitary problems with banana-fiber pads. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/sep/26/kenyan-girls-sanitary-problem-banana-fibre-pad. 26 Sep 2014.
  29. ↑ Sadeque. "Talking Menstruation: About Time?", Dhaka Tribune, 31 May 2015. Retrieved on 29 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Cowan. "Ditch the Euphemisms: Menstrual Hygiene Day Calls Out Period Taboos", TakePart, 28 May 2015. Retrieved on 29 June 2015.
  31. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  32. ↑ UNESCO (2014). Puberty education & menstrual hygiene management - good policy and practice in health education - Booklet 9. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 
  33. ↑ (2012) "Sanitary pad interventions for girls' education Ghana: A pilot study". PLOS ONE 7 (10). DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0048274. PMID 23118968. 
  34. ↑ Crofts (2012). Menstruation hygiene management for schoolgirls in low-income countries. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Center (WEDC), Loughborough University. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 House (2012). Menstrual hygiene matters. A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world. WaterAid.
  36. ↑ Period poverty in prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Submission to the UN Special Rapporteur on health (en). idpc.net. Retrieved on 2022-03-13.
  37. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 De Bode. "New York City Wants to Provide Free Tampons to Address Menstruation Stigma", Al Jazeera America, 17 June 2015. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Goldberg. "For Homeless Women, Getting Their Period Is One of the Difficult Challenges", The Huffington Post, 14 January 2015. Retrieved on 1 July 2015.
  40. ↑ "More States Move To End 'Tampon Tax' That's Seen As Discriminating Against Women", NPR.org. Retrieved on 2018-05-22. (in en)
  41. ↑ Pollitt. "Are We Finally Getting Over the Belief That Periods Are Embarrassing?", The Nation, 2018-05-10. Retrieved on 2018-05-22. (in en-US)
  42. ↑ Isaac. "The Homeless Period: It Doesn't Bear Thinking About and That's the Problem", The Guardian, 5 June 2015. Retrieved on 29 May 2015.
  43. ↑ "Period poverty: Scotland first in world to make period products free", BBC News, 2020-11-24. Retrieved on 2022-03-13. (in en-GB)
  44. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  45. ↑ Elledge (2018-11-15). "Menstrual Hygiene Management and Waste Disposal in Low and Middle Income Countries—A Review of the Literature" (in en). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (11): 2562. DOI:10.3390/ijerph15112562. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 30445767. 
  46. ↑ Kjellén, M., Pensulo, C., Nordqvist, P., Fogde, M. (2012). Global review of sanitation systems trends and interactions with menstrual management practices - Report for the menstrual management and sanitation systems project. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Stockholm, Sweden
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Kaur (2018). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018: 1730964. DOI:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMID 29675047. 
  48. ↑ Kaur (2018-02-20). "Menstrual Hygiene, Management, and Waste Disposal: Practices and Challenges Faced by Girls/Women of Developing Countries". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018: 1–9. DOI:10.1155/2018/1730964. ISSN 1687-9805. PMID 29675047. 
  49. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  50. ↑ Tamiru (2015). "Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe" (in en). Waterlines 34 (1): 92–102. DOI:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009. ISSN 0262-8104. 
  51. ↑ Roose, S.; Rankin, T. and Cavill, S. (2015) ‘Breaking the Next Taboo – Menstrual Hygiene within CLTS’, Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 6, Brighton: IDS
  52. ↑ Long (2015). "Developing games as a qualitative method for researching menstrual hygiene management in rural Bolivia" (in en). Waterlines 34 (1): 68–78. DOI:10.3362/1756-3488.2015.007. ISSN 0262-8104. 
  53. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  54. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  55. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  56. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  57. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  58. ↑ Ahamed (2022). in Ahamed: Period Matters: Menstruation in South Asia, 1st (in en), India: Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-9389104479. 
  59. ↑ About Menstrual Hygiene Day | MHDay (en-US). Archived from the original on 2022-10-12. Retrieved on 2021-12-14.
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