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Norma Merrick Sklarek

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Norma Merrick Sklarek
mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
Aha ọmụmụNorma Merrick Dezie
aha enyereNorma Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya15 Eprel 1926 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụHarlem Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya6 Febụwarị 2012 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụPacific Palisades Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụonye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọColumbia University, Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Barnard College, Hunter College High School Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
ikike nwebiisinka dị ka onye okikeỌrụ nwebiisinka chekwara Dezie
onu akụkọ ihe mere eme naUCLA Center for Oral History Research Dezie

Norma Merrick Sklarek (Eprel 15, 1926 - Febụwarị 6, 2012) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America. Sklarek bụ nwanyị mbụ nke Afrịka America ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti New York (1954) na California (1962), yana nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye otu American Institute of Architecture (AIA). [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya United States na Tokyo, Japan (1976) na ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles (1984). [3] A na-ekwu na Sklarek bụ onye nyere aka meghee ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Onye isi oche AIA Anthony Costello kpọrọ ya "Rosa Parks of architecture" na akwụkwọ akụkọ AIA. [4]

Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ

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Norma Merrick Sklarek mụrụ na April 15, 1926 na Harlem, New York. Ndị mụrụ ya, Dr. Walter Ernest Merrick, dọkịta, na Amy Merrick (née Willoughby), onye na-akwa akwa, bụ ndị si Trinidad kwabata. [5] O tolitere na Crown Heights, Brooklyn . [5] N’ụlọ, nna Norma tinyere aka n’ọtụtụ ihe omume, gụnyere ịkụ azụ̀, ise ihe, na ịkwa nkà. [3] Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Norma gara Hunter College High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ magnet nke ụmụ agbọghọ niile nwere ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha. Norma mere nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ, na-agbasosi ike nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ. [6] N'ịchọpụta na Norma nwere mmasị na nka na mgbakọ na mwepụ, nna ya tụrụ aro ka ọ gbasoo ụkpụrụ ụlọ dịka ọrụ. [3]

Na 1944, Sklarek debara aha na Barnard College . [3] Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ gafere na Mahadum Columbia, bụ ebe ọ gbasoro ọmụmụ ihe ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1950 na Bachelors of Architecture, dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole, na naanị nwanyị Africa America na klas ya. [1] [3] [7] [6]

Ọrụ

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Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta ya, a jụrụ Sklarek ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ iri na itoolu. [8] Ọ natara ọkwa dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke nta na Ngalaba Ọha Ọha na New York. [2] [3] [8] Ka afọ anọ nke enweghị afọ ojuju n'ọkwa ahụ gasịrị, Sklarek debara aha maka nyocha akwụkwọ ikike nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ New York State, na-atụ anya na asambodo a ga-enye ya ohere ịnweta ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu. [3] N'afọ 1954, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti New York, mgbe ọ gafechara ule ikike na nnwale mbụ ya. [1] [3] [9] N'ime otu afọ nke inweta akwụkwọ ikike ya, e goro ya na Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, ọnọdụ nke kpughere ya n'ọrụ aka, nkà na-ewu ụlọ. [3] [7] Sklarek ga-edobe ọnọdụ a na SOM ruo afọ ise nke ghọrọ ntọala maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. N'oge a, Sklarek kụzikwara ụkpụrụ ụlọ na New York City Community College . [3] [7]

Na 1960, Sklarek nakweere ọnọdụ nke nwanyị mbụ osote onye isi oche maka Gruen na Associates na Los Angeles, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ afọ iri abụọ. [3] [5] Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1962, Sklarek ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'Africa nke nyere ikike na steeti California. [1] [3] Na 1966, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi. [1] [3] Sklarek bụ onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ na-ewe ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ, ebe ọ na-emekọrịta ihe n'otu oge na nnukwu ọrụ nhazi, dị ka California Mart, Pacific Design Center, Fox Hills Mall, San Bernardino City Hall, Leo Baeck Temple na Embassy nke United States na Tokyo . [3] [7] [10] A na-ekwukarị Sklarek dị ka "onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" kama ịbụ "ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ" n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinye aka na usoro nhazi ụlọ. Otu ihe dị iche na nke a bụ otuto ọ natara, n'akụkụ César Pelli, maka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ Embassy nke United States na Tokyo. [3] Omume nke ito ndị na-emepụta nwoke n'ihu ndị na-emepụta nwanyị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ọrụ Sklarek, na-akpali mmasị na ọrụ ya mgbe ọ gasịrị. [3]

N'afọ 1980, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Afrịka America ka e buliri ya na College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects, mgbe ọ bụrụla nwanyị mbụ African American so na American Institute of Architects na 1959. [1] [3] [5] [11]

Site na 1980 ruo 1985, Sklarek rụrụ ọrụ na Welton Becket Associates ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụzi ọrụ nke ihe owuwu nde $ 50 maka ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu International Los Angeles . [3] [7] Terminal One malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 1984, obere oge tupu obodo ahụ anabata asọmpi Olimpik Summer 1984 . [1] [3]

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Welton Becket Associates na 1985, Sklarek kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na Margot Siegel AIA na Katherine Diamond FAIA . [2] [3] [7] Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Siegel Sklarek Diamond, bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị nke nwanyị nwere n'oge ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi Sklarek, ga-aga n'ihu ịrụzu ọrụ dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995). [10] [12] Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge. [4] Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1989 [1] [3] [11] iji sonyere Jon Jerde Partnership dị ka onye isi. [1] [5] Na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya, Sklarek ga-arụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ahịa America . [5]

Ụlọ ndị dị mkpa

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Ọ bụ ezie na ma Sklarek na César Pelli, mgbe nọ na Gruen Associates, bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịmepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Embassy United States na Tokyo, Pelli bụ isi kwadoro maka ọrụ ahụ, na-ahapụ Sklarek enweghị ike ịmata ya. [13] Ọrụ ya abụghị naanị n'ichepụta ụlọ ahụ, kamakwa ilekọta ndị ọrụ na iweta ndị ọrụ. [13] N'agbanyeghị na o meela ọtụtụ ihe na mmekorita ya na Pelli, a naghị akpọkarị ya aha maka mmezu a. [13]

Terminal One ọdụ dị na Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) bụ nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ Sklarek na Welton Becket Associates rụzuru na 1984, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi ọrụ. [14] Ewubere ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One yana Tom Bradley International Terminal iji kwado ndị njem si mba ofesi, ọkachasị tupu ha aga egwuregwu Olimpik Summer site na Julaị-August nke afọ ahụ.. [15] [13] A maara ya maka ọmarịcha ụkpụrụ ụlọ ya bụ okirikiri U. Ewubere ọdụ ụgbọ oloko $50 nde ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị iji kwalite ikike.

Ọrụ ahọpụtara

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Mgbe Sklarek bụ onye nduzi na Gruen Associates, ya na César Pelli rụkọrọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ.

  • 1961–66 – Fox Plaza, San Francisco, California
  • 1961–63 – California Mart, Los Angeles, California
  • 1963–65 – Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California [15] [16]
  • 1972–75 – Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, California
  • 1976–78 – Embassy nke United States na Tokyo, Japan
  • 1980 - Ebe Santa Monica, Santa Monica
  • 1984 – Terminal One, ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California [13]
  • 1989–92 – Nnukwu ụlọ ahịa America, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Ntụaka

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dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995). Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge. Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 News from California, the nation and world (en-US). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2022-11-30. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":03" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek (en). ThoughtCo. Retrieved on 2022-11-30. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 Pioneering Women of American Architecture (en-US). Pioneering Women of American Architecture. Retrieved on 2022-11-30. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":23" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Margaret (2013). Gale Publication:Contemporary Black Biography (Vol. 101.). Gale eBooks. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Ehrhart-Morrison (1997). No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women. Berkeley, CA: Conari. ISBN 0-943233-98-4. OCLC 35599913.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Ehrhart-Morrison 1997" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Norma Sklarek | Columbia Celebrates Black History and Culture. blackhistory.news.columbia.edu. Retrieved on 2022-11-30.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lewis (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers, 1st. ISBN 978-1-61374-509-0. OCLC 867631321.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":32" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Remembering Norma Merrick Sklarek, an Architect of Many Firsts (en). archive.pinupmagazine.org. Retrieved on 2022-11-30.
  9. ↑ Pioneering Women of American Architecture (en-US). pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org. Retrieved on 2024-03-05.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Bailey. Legacy: A Pioneering African-American Architect. Inc.com. Retrieved on November 30, 2022. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kaplan (2006). Structural inequality : black architects in the United States. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-4582-2. OCLC 62732678.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Nancy (2021-03-29). An Inside Look at Siegel Sklarek Diamond (en). Optima. Retrieved on 2022-11-30.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). "Norma Merrick Sklarek". Pioneering Woman of American Architecture. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation.
  14. ↑ Lewis (2014). Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers, First, Independent Pub Group, 52–59. ISBN 978-1613745083. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Woo, Elaine. "Pioneering African American architect". Los Angeles Times, Feb. 10, 2012.
  16. ↑ Griffith, Susan J. "Normal Merrick Sklarek". Blackpast.org (website). Accessed Oct 27, 2015.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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  • Rogers, Laurel Frances. "Norma Merrick Sklarek." Ụmụ nwanyị ndị gbanwere ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ed. Jan Cigliano Hartman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2022. pp, 98-99 .
  • Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy, Enweghị ugwu dị elu zuru oke: Nzuzo nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka America na-aga nke ọma, Conari Press, 1997
  • Summers, Barbara, ed. M nrọ ụwa: Eserese nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị gbanwere America . Foto na ajụjụ ọnụ Brian Lanker. Onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, 1989.
  • Lewis, Anna M, Women of Steel and Stone , Chicago Review Press, Inc, 2014. ISBN 978-1613745083

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