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Ntinye ụgbọelu

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
A PZL-106 Kruk crop duster applying a fine mist
A Mil Mi-8 spreading fertilizer
A Schweizer S269C nke nwere spraying booms
Elu na ikuku na-emetụta mgbasa

Ngwa ikuku, ma ọ bụ ihe a na-akpọkarị uzuzu ihe ọkụkụ, gụnyere ịfesa ihe ọkụkụ site na ụgbọ elu ọrụ ugbo. A na-etinyekwa ịkụnye ụdị mkpụrụ ụfọdụ na ngwa ikuku. A na-akpọkwa ịgbasa fatịlaịza a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka akwa akwa ikuku na mba ụfọdụ. Ọtụtụ mba enweela oke ikuku ngwa ngwa nke ọgwụ pesticide na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ n'ihi ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha dịka ịfefe mmiri; Nke kachasị, European Union machibido ya kpam kpam site na mwepu ole na ole amachibidoro ya na 2009, kwụsịkwa omume ahụ nke ọma na mba ndị otu niile.[1]

Ụgbọ elu ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ụgbọ elu pụrụiche, nke ejiri ebum n'obi rụọ. Ụgbọ elu ọrụ ugbo nke oge a na-ejikarị injin turbine ruru 1,500 shp (1,100 kW) ma nwee ike ibu ihe ruru galọn US 800 (3,000 L) nke ngwaahịa nchekwa ihe ọkụkụ. A na-eji helikopta eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ, ụfọdụ ụgbọ elu na-arụkwa ọrụ abụọ dị ka ndị na-atụ bọmbụ mmiri n'ebe ndị ọkụ na-agba ọkụ. A na-akpọ ụgbọ elu ndị a dị ka SEAT, ma ọ bụ "ụgbọelu ikuku nke otu engine..

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu

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Ihe mbụ a maara na ikuku nke ihe ọrụ ugbo bụ site n'aka John Chaytor, onye na 1906 gbasaa mkpụrụ n'elu ala ndagwurugwu na Wairoa, New Zealand, na-eji balloon ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na eriri na-agagharị agagharị.[2] Ịgha mkpụrụ n'elu ka na-aga n'ihu ruo taa site na itinye ihe ọkụkụ na ịkụ osikapa.

Mkpụrụ osisi na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị nro

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Ojiji mbụ a maara nke igwe dị arọ karịa ikuku iji gbasaa ngwaahịa mere n'August 3, 1921. [3] E mepụtara ntụ ọka n'okpuru mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke U.S. Army Signal Corps na McCook Field na Dayton, Ohio.[3] N'okpuru nduzi nke onye injinia McCook Etienne Dormoy, a United States Army Air Service Curtiss JN4 Jenny nke John A. Macready na-anya gbanwere na McCook Field iji gbasaa arsenate na-edu iji gbuo caterpillars Katalpa" id="mwQQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ceratomia catalpae">catalpa sphinx na ugbo catalpa dị nso na Troy, Ohio na United States.[3] A na-ewere ule mbụ ahụ dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma.[3]

Ọrụ mbu nke mbu nke mbu malitere na 1924 na Macon, Georgia [4] site na Huff-Daland Crop Dusting, nke onye na-anya ụgbọelu McCook Field Lt. Harold R. Harris guzobere. [3] Ojiji nke Ọgwụ ahụhụ na fungicide maka ịkpụcha ihe ọkụkụ jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa na America na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, mba ndị ọzọ na 1930s. Aha 'ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ebe a malitere, dịka a na-agbasa ezigbo ájá n'ofe ihe ọkụkụ. Taa, ndị na-etinye ihe n'elu na-eji ihe nchebe mmiri na obere doses.

Uwe elu

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Aerial topdressing bụ itinye fatịlaịza n'elu ala ugbo site na iji ụgbọelu ugbo. E mepụtara ya na New Zealand n'afọ 1940 ma nabata ya ngwa ngwa n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'afọ 1950. [5]

Ụgbọelu e ji mee ihe

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N'afọ 1951, Leland Snow mepụtara ụgbọelu mbụ e wuru maka iji ya eme ihe n'elu, S-1. N'afọ 1957, Grumman G-164 Ag-Cat bụ ụgbọelu mbụ nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mepụtara maka ụgbọelu ugbo. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụgbọelu ugbo kachasị ewu ewu bụ Air Tractor, Cessna Ag-wagon, Gippsland GA200, Grumman Ag Cat, PZL-106 KRUK, M-18 Dromader, PAC Fletcher, Piper PA-36 Pawnee Brave, Embraer EMB 202 Ipanema, na Rockwell Thrush Commander, mana a na-ejikwa helikọpta nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche.

Ntinye ụgbọelu na-enweghị onye na-anya

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Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1990, a na-ejikwa Ụgbọelu na-enweghị onye na-anya maka ịwụcha ugbo. Ihe omume a malitere na Japan na South Korea, ebe ugwu ugwu na obere ugbo ezinụlọ chọrọ obere ọnụ ala na nke ziri ezi. As of 2014, a na-agbasawanye ojiji nke UAV crop dusters, dị ka Yamaha R-MAX, na United States maka iji ya na-agbanye n'ubi vaịn.[6]

Nchegbu

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences na-edekọ nyocha dị mkpa. [7] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, enwere nchegbu banyere mmetụta nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ n'elu na mmetụta nke kemịkal ka ha na-agbasa na ikuku. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, itinye mancozeb n'elu nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-echegbu ụmụ nwanyị dị ime.[8][9]

Mmachibido iwu

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Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ mba malitere igbochi ma ọ bụ machibido itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ, fatịlaịza, na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ n'ihi nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze, ọkachasị site na spray drift. Karịsịa, na 2009, European Union machibidoro ikuku na-agbanye ọgwụ ahụhụ na ụfọdụ ndị a machibidoro iwu nke ukwuu na edemede 9 nke Ntuziaka 2009/128/EC nke European Parliament na nke Council na-eguzobe usoro maka ọrụ Community iji nweta ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ọgwụ ahụhụ, nke mere ka ọtụtụ ngwa ikuku kwụsị na steeti niile so na ya na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.[1]

Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States na-enye akwụkwọ nduzi ma na-akwado webinars banyere omume kachasị mma maka ngwa ikuku. [10]

N'afọ 2010, United States Forest Service chịkọtara nkọwa ọha na eze iji mee ihe n'ime Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS), nke e mepụtara n'ihi na Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Montana kpebiri na itinye ihe na-egbochi ọkụ n'oge ọkụ ọhịa mebiri Iwu Ụdị Dị n'Ebe Ọdịdị.[11]

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 EUR-Lex - 32009L0128 - EN - EUR-Lex. eur-lex.europa.eu.
  2. ↑ Ganesh. "A top-down approach", The Hindu, 2014-08-05. Retrieved on 2022-03-11. (in en-IN)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Johnson (2002). McCook Field 1917–1927. Dayton, Ohio: Landfall Press, 190–191. ISBN 0-913428-84-1. 
  4. ↑ Macon local news (subscription required)
  5. ↑ Taonga. Topdressing. teara.govt.nz. Retrieved on 2021-07-05.
  6. ↑ Evan Ackerman, Yamaha Demos Agricultural RoboCopter, But Humans Can't Unleash It Yet, IEEE Spectrum, Oct. 16th 2014.
  7. ↑ NIEHS Search:"aerial application" (en). seek.niehs.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  8. ↑ van (2014-12-01). "Aerial Application of Mancozeb and Urinary Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Concentrations among Pregnant Women in Costa Rica: The Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA)". Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (12): 1321–1328. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307679. PMID 25198283. 
  9. ↑ van Wendel de Joode (December 2014). "Aerial Application of Mancozeb and Urinary Ethylene Thiourea (ETU) Concentrations among Pregnant Women in Costa Rica: The Infants' Environmental Health Study (ISA)" (in en). Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (12): 1321–1328. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1307679. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 25198283. 
  10. ↑ US EPA. Results 1 through 10 of 273,030 for aerial+application (en). search.epa.gov. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  11. ↑ Dooley (2011-09-01). "The Beat". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (9): a384–a385. DOI:10.1289/ehp.119-a384b. 
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