Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States

 

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu (EPA) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nọọrọ onwe ya nke gọọmenti etiti United States na-ahụ maka ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi ala Richard Nixon tụrụ aro ka e guzobe EPA na Julaị 9, 1970; ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Disemba 2, 1970, mgbe Nixon bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ikike. Iwu nke guzobe EPA bụ nke kọmitii na-ege ntị na Ụlọ na Sineti kwadoro.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye nchịkwa ya, onye isi oche họpụtara ma kwadoro ya site na Senate. Onye nchịkwa ugbu a bụ Michael S. Regan. EPA abụghị ngalaba nke Cabinet, mana a na-enyekarị onye nchịkwa ọkwa ọkwa kabinet. EPA nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Washington, D.C., ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara maka mpaghara iri nke ọ bụla, yana ụlọ nyocha 27.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eduzi nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ nwere ọrụ ichekwa na ịmanye ụkpụrụ mba dị iche iche n'okpuru iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na ntụle aka na gọọmentị steeti, ebo na mpaghara. Ike mmanye EPA gụnyere nra, mmachi na usoro ndị ọzọ.

Ọ na-enyefe ụfọdụ ikike, nleba anya, na ọrụ mmanye n'aka steeti US na ebo gọọmenti etiti amatara. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọkwa ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ọkwa gọọmentị niile n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke mmemme mgbochi mmetọ afọ ofufo na mbọ nchekwa ike.

Ọkwa ndị ọrụ na-emefu ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2023 bụ 16,204.1 dakọtara oge niile (FTE). Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị ọrụ EPA bụ ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na ndị ọkachamara na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi; ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere iwu, ihe gbasara ọha, ego, na teknụzụ ozi.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

Akara na-ewepụta anwụrụ ọkụ site na ọkụ batrị ụgbọala a tụfuru atụfu, foto nke Marc St. Gil, onye na-ese foto nke EPA e guzobere na nso nso a, sere na Houston na 1972.

Otu anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ na 1975 mgbe emechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ịgba mbọ maka nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ka ukwuu

Malite na ngwụsị 1950s na site na 1960s, Congress mereghachi omume n'ịbawanye nchegbu ọha na eze banyere mmetụta ọrụ mmadụ nwere ike inwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Senator James E. Murray webatara akwụkwọ iwu, Resources and Conservation Act (RCA) nke 1959, na 86th Congress. Ụgwọ ahụ gaara ehiwe Council on Environmental Quality na Executive Office nke Onye isi ala, kwupụta ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba, ma chọọ nkwadebe nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi kwa afọ.

Mbipụta Silent Spring nke 1962 nke Rachel Carson mere mere ka ọha na eze mara banyere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke iji ọgwụ nje eme ihe n'enweghị isi.

N'ime afọ ndị na-esochi, ewebata akwụkwọ ụgwọ ndị yiri nke ahụ na emere ikpe iji kparịta ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nzaghachi ndị Congress nwere ike ime. N'afọ 1968, ndị isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate on Interior and Insular Affairs, Senator Henry M. Jackson, na Kọmitii Ụlọ na Sayensị na Astronautics, nnọchiteanya George P. Miller, kpọkọtara ọnụ ụlọ-Senate colloquium iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị. na ụzọ isi mejuputa atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba. Na mkpokọta, ụfọdụ ndị otu Congress kwupụtara nchegbu na-aga n'ihu maka omume ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.

Edebere iwu iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba nke 1969 (NEPA) na ụgwọ 1959 RCA. Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na NEPA n'ime iwu na Jenụwarị 1, 1970. Iwu ahụ mepụtara Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) na Office Executive nke Onye isi ala. NEPA chọrọ ka edozi nkọwa zuru ezu nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nnukwu mmemme gọọmenti etiti niile na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. "Nkwupụta zuru ezu" ga-emecha kpọọ ya dị ka nkwupụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIS).

Ntọala

Ruckelshaus ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA mbụ

Na Julaị 9, 1970, Nixon tụrụ aro nhazigharị onye isi nke jikọtara ọtụtụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị etiti n'okpuru otu ụlọ ọrụ, Agencylọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ. Atụmatụ a gụnyere ijikọ mmemme nchịkwa mmetọ site n'ọtụtụ ngalaba, dị ka nchikota mmemme pesticide sitere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States na Ngalaba Ime Obodo United States.: 5  Mgbe ha nwesịrị ikpe n'oge okpomọkụ ahụ, Ụlọ na Senate kwadoro. atụmatụ ahụ. Emepụtara EPA ụbọchị 90 tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ,: 11  wee meghee ọnụ ụzọ ya n'ihu ọha na Disemba 2, 1970. Onye nchịkwa mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, William Ruckelshaus, ṅụrụ iyi nke ọrụ na Disemba 4, 1970.

Onye bu ụzọ EPA bu ụzọ bụ ngalaba ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke US Public Health Service (PHS), na okike kpatara otu n'ime usoro nhazigharị PHS nke mere n'oge 1966-1973. Site na PHS, EPA weghaara nchịkwa nchịkwa mmetọ ikuku nke mba dum, yana ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-ahụ maka njikwa mkpofu siri ike, Bureau of Water Hygiene, na akụkụ nke Bureau of Radiological Health. Ọ na-etinyekwa uche na Federal Water Quality Administration, nke ebufegoro na PHS na Ngalaba ime obodo na 1966. A na-etinyekwa ọrụ ole na ole sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na EPA: Federal Radiation Council nke nwere onwe ya na mbụ jikọtara ya; E bufere mmemme ọgwụ pesticides site na ngalaba nke ime ime, nchịkwa nri na ọgwụ ọjọọ, na ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo; na ụfọdụ ọrụ e bufere site Council on Environmental Quality na Atomic Energy Commission.

Mgbe e kere ya, EPA ketara saịtị 84 gbasaa na steeti 26, nke saịtị 42 bụ ụlọ nyocha. EPA jikọtara ụlọ nyocha ndị a ka ọ bụrụ saịtị iri abụọ na abụọ.

Afọ ndị 1970

N'afọ mbụ ya, EPA nwere mmefu ego nke ijeri $1.4 na ndị ọrụ 5,800.: 5  Na mmalite ya, EPA bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka aka ọrụ nke setịpụrụ ebumnuche na ụkpụrụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, omume ọhụrụ na mmezigharị ndị Congress mere nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ikike nchịkwa ya.: 9  A kwadoro nnukwu mgbasawanye nke Iwu Ikuku Clean na December 1970.

Ndị ọrụ EPA na-echeta na n'oge mbụ e nwere "oke echiche nke nzube na obi ụtọ" na atụmanya na "enwere ụlọ ọrụ a nke ga-eme ihe banyere nsogbu nke doro anya na ọ dị n'uche ọtụtụ ndị na nke a. obodo," na-eduga na iri puku kwuru iri puku maliteghachi site n'aka ndị na-achọsi ike isonye na nnukwu mbọ a na-eme iji kpochapụ gburugburu America.

Mgbe EPA malitere ọrụ mbụ, ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmetụta siri ike na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe na-agafe agafe. Ruckelshaus kwuru na ọ na-enwe nrụgide igosi ọha na eze nke na-enwe obi abụọ banyere arụmọrụ gọọmentị, na EPA nwere ike ịzaghachi nke ọma maka nchegbu zuru ebe niile gbasara mmetọ.

Osimiri Cuyahoga na-ere ọkụ na 1969 ebutela mkpesa mba. Na Disemba 1970, nyocha ndị jury gọọmentị etiti nke onye ọka iwu US Robert W. Jones duziri malitere, nke mmetọ mmiri nke ebubo na ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ 12 na-akpata na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Ohio kpatara. Ọ bụ nyocha ndị juri mbụ gbasara mmetọ mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. Ọkàiwu izugbe nke United States, John N. Mitchell, nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ na December 18, 1970, na-ezo aka n'ịgba akwụkwọ gbasara nchịkwa mmetọ ọhụrụ, na-ekwu maka ịrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ, ma kwupụta ntinye akwụkwọ ikpe n'ụtụtụ ahụ. megide Jones na Laughlin Steel Corporation maka ịwụsa nnukwu cyanide n'ime Osimiri Cuyahoga dị nso na Cleveland. Jones gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe mpaghara, na-ebo ebubo imebi iwu Rivers na Harbors nke 1899.

N'otu aka dabere na ahụmịhe ịgba akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ, Congress weputara Ndezigharị Iwu Mmetọ Mmiri Federal nke 1972, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Iwu Clean Water Act (CWA). CWA hibere usoro mba maka ikwado ịdịmma mmiri, gụnyere ụkpụrụ njikwa mmetọ nke amanyere iwu, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-emejuputa atumatu ya na steeti. Congress mezikwara Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) na 1972, na-achọ EPA iji tụọ ihe egwu ọ bụla pesticide nwere megide uru ọ nwere.

Na 1973 Onye isi ala Nixon họpụtara Ruckelshaus ka ọ bụrụ osote Attorney General. A họpụtara Russell E. Train ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na-esote.

Ndị omebe iwu gafere Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ Nchekwa na 1974, na-achọ EPA ịzụlite ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti amanyere iwu maka sistemụ mmiri ọha na eze, nke na-eje ozi 90% nke ndị US. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka EPA manye ụkpụrụ ahụ site na nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ steeti.

N'October 1976, Congress gafere iwu nchịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu (TSCA) nke, dị ka FIFRA, metụtara mmepụta, ịde aha na ojiji nke ngwaahịa azụmahịa karịa mmetọ. Omume a nyere EPA ikike ịchịkọta ozi gbasara kemịkalụ ma chọọ ka ndị na-emepụta ihe nwalee ha, nye ya ikike ịhazi mmepụta na iji kemịkalụ (na-ekwu kpọmkwem banyere PCB), ma chọọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụta ndepụta kemịkalụ nke mba.

Congress mekwara iwu nchekwa nchekwa na mgbake (RCRA) na 1976, na-emezigharị nke ukwuu iwu mkpofu mkpofu siri ike nke 1965. O nyere EPA ọrụ ka o wepụta ebumnuche mba maka mkpofu mkpofu, ichekwa ike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, ibelata mkpofu, na ịhụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma. njikwa ihe mkpofu. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụtara ụkpụrụ maka mkpofu siri ike na nke dị ize ndụ nke a ga-emejuputa na mmekorita ya na steeti.

Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter họpụtara Douglas M. Costle ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 1977. Iji jikwaa ọrụ iwu na ibu ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-agbasawanye, ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1979, mmefu ego ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka ijeri $5.4 na nha ndị ọrụ mụbara ruo ihe dị ka 13,000.

Afọ ndị 1980

N'afọ 1980, n'esochi nchọpụta nke ọtụtụ saịtị mkpofu dị ize ndụ a gbahapụrụ ma ọ bụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa dị ka Love Canal, Congress gafere Nzaghachi Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, nkwụghachi ụgwọ, na ụgwọ ọrụ, nke akpọrọ "Superfund." Iwu ọhụrụ ahụ nyere EPA ikike ịwụsa ụgbụ ka ukwuu maka ndị na-ahụ maka saịtị ndị mkpofu ihe dị egwu gara aga meruru ma guzobe usoro ego maka ntule na nhichapụ.

Onye isi ala Ronald Reagan họpụtara Anne Gorsuch onye nchịkwa EPA na 1981. Gorsuch gbadoro ụkwụ na nchịkwa ya nke EPA na usoro New Federalism nke ibelata ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti site n'inyefe ọrụ na ọrụ ha na steeti ndị ọ bụla. O kwenyere na EPA na-achịkwa azụmahịa nke ukwuu yana ụlọ ọrụ ahụ buru ibu na ọ bụghị ọnụ ahịa. N'ime ọnwa 22 ya dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, o belatara mmefu ego nke EPA site na 22%, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gbara akwụkwọ megide ndị na-emetọ ihe, mee ka ọ dị mfe ịgbasa ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu. O wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, wee were ndị ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ha kwesịrị ịna-ahazi. Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi kwuru na atumatu ya e mere iji metọọ ndị na-emetọ ihe, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-agbalị ịkwatu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

N'ịgbaso mmechi ya nke mmemme Superfund, Reagan chụrụ onye enyemaka Rita Lavelle n'ọrụ na February 1983. E mechara mara Lavelle ikpe maka ịgba ụgha. Gorsuch nwere esemokwu na-abawanye ụba na Congress maka Superfund na mmemme ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ inyefe akwụkwọ ikike. A kpọtụrụ Gorsuch maka nlelị nke Congress na White House gwara EPA ka o nyefee akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na Congress. Gorsuch (onye lụgharịrị n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ghọrọ Anne Gorsuch Burford) gbara arụkwaghịm na Maachị 1983, na-esochi arụkwaghịm nke osote onye nchịkwa ya na ọtụtụ ndị enyemaka ya. Reagan họpụtara William Ruckelshaus ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA maka okwu nke abụọ. Lee M. Thomas nọchiri Ruckelshaus dịka onye nchịkwa na 1985.

N’April 1986, mgbe ọdachi Chernobyl mere na Ukraine, e nyere EPA ọrụ ịchọpụta ihe ọ bụla metụtara United States na ime ka ọha na eze mara. Onye nchịkwa Lee Thomas kpọkọtara ndị otu interagency, gụnyere ndị ọrụ sitere na Commission Regulatory Commission, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, na Ngalaba Energy iji nyochaa ọnọdụ ahụ. Ha nwere ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ maka ụbọchị iri.: 9  N'otu afọ ahụ, ndị omeiwu wefere iwu atụmatụ mberede na ikike ịma obodo, nke nyere EPA ikike ikpokọta data na kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu ma kesaa ozi a na ọha.

EPA nyochakwara ihe mbelata ozone stratospheric pụtara. N'okpuru onye nchịkwa Thomas, EPA sonyeere ọtụtụ òtù mba ụwa iji mee nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke stratospheric ozone, bụ nke nyere aka n'ịkwalite ụkpụrụ Montreal Protocol, nke ekwenyere na August 1987.: 14

N'afọ 1988, n'oge mgbasa ozi onye isi ala mbụ ya, George H.W. Bush kwuru okwu banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe mmeri ntuli aka ya gasịrị, ọ họpụtara William K. Reilly, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 1989. N'okpuru nduzi nke Reilly, EPA mejuputa mmemme afọ ofufo ma malite ịmepụta "ọchịchị ụyọkọ" maka ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi nke pulp na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. N'oge ahụ, a na-amatawanye gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe gbasara mpaghara, nke gosipụtara na 1990 mmezi nke Iwu Clean Air na ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Afọ ndị 1990

Na 1992 EPA na Ngalaba Energy weputara mmemme Energy Star, mmemme afọ ofufo nke na-akwalite nrụpụta ike.

Onye isi ala Bill Clinton họpụtara Carol Browner onye nchịkwa EPA wee jee ozi site na 1993 ruo 2001. Nnukwu ọrụ n'oge Browner gụnyere:

• Mmalite nke mmemme ụgbọelu Brownfields na 1995
• Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku dị ize ndụ maka ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ na 1995
• Iwu mbụ nke mbelata ágbá n'okpuru TSCA na 1996
• Mmelite nke National Ambient Air Quality Standards maka particulate matter na ozone na 1997.

Site na ngafe nke iwu Superfund na 1980, a na-atụnye ụtụ mpụ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na mmanụ ala, iji kwado ego ntụkwasị obi mkpocha. Ikike Congressional maka ụtụ isi ahụ ga-agwụ na 1995. Ọ bụ ezie na Browner na nchịkwa Clinton kwadoro ịga n'ihu na ụtụ isi, Congress jụrụ inyeghachi ya ikike. N'ikpeazụ, a kwadoro mmemme Superfund naanị site na ntinye ego kwa afọ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ebe mkpofu na-emezigharị n'ime otu afọ. (Na 2021 Congress nyere ikike ịtụ ụtụ isi na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal.)

Nnukwu mmelite ndị omebe iwu n'oge nchịkwa Clinton bụ Iwu Nchedo Ogo Nri yana mmezi nke 1996 na Iwu Ịṅụ Ọgwụ Nchekwa.

Afọ 2000

Onye isi ala George W. Bush họpụtara Christine Todd Whitman ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2001. Mike Leavitt nọchiri Whitman na 2003 na Stephen L. Johnson na 2005.

Na Maachị 2005 steeti itoolu (California, New York, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, Connecticut, New Mexico na Vermont) gbara ndị EPA akwụkwọ. Onye nleba anya n'ozuzu nke EPA ekpebiela na iwu EPA nke ikuku mercury agbasoghị Iwu Ikuku Clean Air, yana ndị isi nhọpụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emetụta ụkpụrụ ahụ. EPA akwụsịla ọmụmụ ihe Mahadum Harvard nyere ya nke megidere ọnọdụ ya na njikwa mercury. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ boro ebubo na iwu EPA na-ewepụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ site na "teknụzụ nchịkwa kachasị dị" bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị, ma na-ebo ebubo na usoro EPA nke okpu na-azụmaahịa iji belata ọkwa mercury dị ala ga-ekwe ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ kwụsị ibelata ikuku mercury. , nke ha jụrụ ga-eduga n'ebe dị ize ndụ nke mmetọ mercury n'ime mpaghara ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na nkezi ọkwa agbadala. Ọtụtụ steeti malitekwara iwepụta ụkpụrụ mkpochapụ mercury nke ha. Iwu Illinois tụrụ aro ga-ebelata mercury emission site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ site na nkezi nke 90% site na 2009. N'afọ 2008—site n'oge a ngụkọta nke steeti iri na anọ sonyeere uwe ahụ—Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia kpebiri na EPA iwu mebiri iwu ikuku dị ọcha. Na nzaghachi, EPA kwupụtara atụmatụ ịtụpụta ụkpụrụ ndị dị otú ahụ iji dochie Iwu Ọcha ikuku Mercury, ma mee ya na Maachị 16, 2011.

Na Julaị 2005 akụkọ EPA na-egosi na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala na-eji loopholes na-emepụta ụgbọ ala ndị na-adịchaghị mma mmanụ ọkụ egbuola oge. Ekwesịrị ka ewepụtara akụkọ ahụ ụbọchị tupu agafere ụgwọ ike na-arụrịta ụka na ọ ga-enye nkwado ndabere maka ndị na-emegide ya, mana EPA na-egbu oge ntọhapụ ya na nkeji ikpeazụ.

EPA butere mmemme WaterSense afọ ofufo ya na 2006 iji kwalite ịrụ ọrụ mmiri site na iji akara pụrụ iche na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa.

Na 2007 steeti California gbara EPA akwụkwọ maka ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ikwe ka California na steeti iri na isii ndị ọzọ bulie ụkpụrụ akụ na ụba mmanụ maka ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ. Onye nchịkwa EPA Stephen Johnson kwuru na EPA na-arụ ọrụ n'ụkpụrụ nke ya, mana a na-ahụta mmegharị ahụ dị ka mgbalị ichebe ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala site na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị ala na ọkwa gọọmenti etiti, nke ga-ebupụ iwu obodo. Gọvanọ California Arnold Schwarzenegger, yana ndị gọvanọ sitere na steeti 13 ndị ọzọ, kwuru na omume EPA leghaara iwu gọọmenti etiti anya, na ụkpụrụ California dị ugbu a (nke ọtụtụ steeti nakweere na mgbakwunye na California) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ka ọ dị irè dị ka ụkpụrụ gọọmenti etiti a tụrụ anya. A kọrọ na Johnson leghaara ndị ọrụ nke ya anya n'ime mkpebi a.

N'afọ 2007, a kọrọ na ndị njikwa ọrụ kwụsịrị nyocha EPA. Ndị nlekọta na EPA's National Centre for Environmental Assessment chọrọ ka ihichapụ ọtụtụ paragraf site na akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha nke ndị ọgbọ gbasara usoro ozi ihe ize ndụ jikọtara ọnụ nke EPA, nke mere ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ abụọ wepụrụ aha ha na mbipụta ahụ, yana onye dere ya kwekọrọ, Ching- Hung Hsu, ịhapụ EPA "n'ihi mmachi draconian etinyere na mbipụta". Akụkọ nke 2007 kwuru na EPA doro ndị ọrụ bụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ sayensị ka ha jide tupu oge eruo, ọ bụrụgodị na edere akwụkwọ ndị ahụ n'oge nkeonwe.

Na December 2007 EPA Administrator Johnson kwadoro idepụta akwụkwọ nke kwupụtara na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ọdịmma ọha na eze-mkpebi nke ga-akpalite iwu nke mbụ na-amanyere iwu ikpo ọkụ n'ụwa. Onye osote onye isi nchịkwa Jason Burnett zigaara akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na White House. Ndị na-enyere aka na White House—bụ ndị guzogidere iwu amanyere ogologo oge dị ka ụzọ isi lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya—maara isi ihe nchọta Johnson ga-abụ, Burnett kwuru. Ha makwaara na ozugbo ha meghere ihe mgbakwunye ahụ, ọ ga-abụ ihe ndekọ ọha na eze, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ arụmụka na siri ike iwepụ. Ya mere ha emegheghi ya; kama, ha kpọrọ Johnson ma gwa ya ka o weghachi akwụkwọ ahụ. Johnson kagburu akwụkwọ ahụ; na Julaị 2008, o wepụtara ụdị ọhụrụ nke na-akọwaghị na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ọdịmma ọha. Burnett gbara arụkwaghịm na ngagharị iwe.

N'April 2008, Union of Concerned Scientists kwuru na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,600 ndị ọrụ EPA ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị zara ajụjụ online na ajụjụ zuru ezu kọrọ na ha enwetala ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọrụ ha. Nnyocha ahụ gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ, ndị ọkà mmụta toxicologists, ndị injinia, ndị ọkà mmụta ala na ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba sayensị ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na nnyonye anya a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ ise gara aga karịa na afọ ndị gara aga.

Onye isi ala Barack Obama họpụtara Lisa P. Jackson ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2009.

Afọ 2010

N'afọ 2010, a kọrọ na nyocha nke maapụ $3 million na ịrị elu oke osimiri bụ njikwa EPA kwụsịrị n'oge ọchịchị Bush na Obama, na ndị njikwa gbanwere akụkọ mmekọrịta dị mkpa iji gosipụta mwepụ nke maapụ ahụ.

N'etiti 2011 na 2012, ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ EPA kọrọ na ọ siri ike na-eduzi na ịkọ akụkọ ihe ọmụmụ banyere hydraulic fracturing n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ na nrụgide gọọmentị, ma na-enwe nchegbu banyere nyocha nke akụkọ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Onye isi ala Obama họpụtara Gina McCarthy ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA na 2013.

N'afọ 2014, EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ "Tier 3" maka ụgbọ ala, gwongworo na ụgbọ ala ndị ọzọ, nke mere ka ihe ndị chọrọ ikuku na-emetọ ikuku sie ike ma wedata ọdịnaya sọlfọ na mmanụ ụgbọala.

Na 2015, EPA chọpụtara oke mmebi nke Volkswagen Group n'imepụta ụgbọ ala mmanụ dizel Volkswagen na Audi, maka afọ 2009 ruo 2016. N'ịgbaso ọkwa nke mmebi iwu na ntaramahụhụ mpụ nwere ike ime, Volkswagen mechara kwenye na nhazi iwu ma kwụọ ọtụtụ ijeri US dollar ntaramahụhụ mpụ, ma chọọ ka ọ malite usoro ịzụrụ ụgbọ ala ma gbanwee engine nke ụgbọ ala iji belata ikuku ikuku na-akwadoghị.

N'August 2015, 2015 Gold King Mine mwụfu mmiri na-ekpofu mere mgbe ndị ọrụ EPA nyochara ọkwa nke mmetọ dị ka lead na arsenic na ogbunigwe Colorado, na mberede tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị nde galọn atọ nke mmiri mkpofu n'ime Cement Creek na Osimiri Animas. Na 2015, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), ngalaba nke World Health Organisation, zoro aka nyocha na-ejikọta glyphosate, ihe na-eme ihe na-egbu ahihia Roundup nke ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ Monsanto mere, na lymphoma na-abụghị Hodgkin. Na March 2017, onye ọka ikpe na-ekpe ikpe nke ndị na-azọrọ na ha mepụtara glyphosate na-abụghị Hodgkin's lymphoma meghere ozi ịntanetị Monsanto na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ metụtara ikpe ahụ, gụnyere mgbanwe email n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmenti etiti. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times si kwuo, "ihe ndekọ ahụ na-atụ aro na Monsanto nwere nyocha nke mmụọ nke e mesịrị kwuo na ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-egosi na onye isi ọrụ na Environmental Protection Agency arụ ọrụ iji kwụsịtụ nyocha nke isi ihe nke Roundup, glyphosate, nke a ga-enwe. Ndị Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ United States duziri." Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-egosi na Monsanto nwere ike ịkwado "mwakpo mmekọrịta ọha na eze" na nchọpụta ahụ mgbe a mara ọkwa na mkpebi Jess Rowland, onye isi nke kọmitii nyochaa ọrịa cancer nke EPA n'oge ahụ, ọnwa ole na ole. Ozi ịntanetị gosikwara na Rowland "ekwela nkwa na ya ga-akụghasị mbọ nke Ngalaba Ahụike na Ọrụ Ndị Ọrụ na-eme iji duzie nyocha nke ya."

Na February 17, 2017, Onye isi ala Donald Trump họpụtara Scott Pruitt ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa EPA. Ndị Democratic Party hụrụ nhọpụta ahụ dị ka ihe na-akpata arụmụka, ebe Pruitt nọrọla ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na-agbagha ụkpụrụ na amụma gburugburu ebe obibi. O nweghi ahụmịhe gara aga na ngalaba nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi wee nweta nkwado ego site n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ fossil. N'afọ 2017, ọchịchị Trump tụrụ aro mbelata 31% na mmefu ego EPA gaa na ijeri $5.7 site na ijeri $8.1  na iwepụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, ndị Congress anabataghị mbelata a. Pruitt gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwá ahụ na July 5, 2018, na-ekwu maka "mwakpo na-adịghị agwụ agwụ" n'ihi esemokwu ụkpụrụ omume na-aga n'ihu.

Onye isi ala Trump họpụtara Andrew R. Wheeler ka onye nchịkwa EPA na 2019.

Na Julaị 17, 2019, njikwa EPA machibidoro onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Sayensị ntụkwasị obi nke ụlọ ọrụ, Francesca Grifo, ịgba akaebe na ntị kọmitii Ụlọ. EPA nyere ikike iziga onye nnọchi anya dị iche n'ọnọdụ Grifo wee bo kọmitii ahụ ebubo na "na-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ onye ha kwenyere na ọ tozuru oke ikwu okwu." Ntị ahụ bụ iji kwurịta mkpa ọ dị ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gọọmenti etiti na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ mgbe na onye ha chọrọ maka nyocha ha na-enweghị nchegbu maka nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla.

Na Septemba 2019 ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku na California bụ ndị a na-awakpo ọzọ, ka gọọmentị Trump nwara ịkagbu nkwụghachi ụgwọ enyere steeti nke kwere ka ụkpụrụ siri ike maka ikuku ụgbọ ala na gwongworo karịa ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti.

Afọ 2020

Onye isi ala Joe Biden họpụtara Michael S. Regan ka ọ bụrụ onye nchịkwa na 2021. Regan malitere ije ozi na Maachị 11, 2021.

N'October 2021 EPA kwuputara "PFAS Strategic Roadmap." PFAS bụ ogige kemịkalụ organofluorine nke a na-akpọ "kemịkalụ ebighi ebi". Map ahụ bụ atụmatụ "n'ozuzu nke-EPA" na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-atụle usoro ndụ PFAS zuru oke, gụnyere igbochi PFAS ịbanye na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ejide ndị na-emetọ ihe na-aza ajụjụ, na nhazi nke saịtị ndị mmetọ. Ọ ga-agụnye nleba anya mmiri ọñụñụ na nleba anya ihe ize ndụ maka PFOA na PFOS na biosolids (sludge nsị mmiri a na-edozi na-eji dị ka fatịlaịza).

Na Disemba 2021 EPA weputara ụkpụrụ gas griin ọhụrụ maka ụgbọ ala ndị njem na gwongworo ọkụ. Ụkpụrụ ndị a, nke ga-ebelata mmetọ ihu igwe ma melite ahụike ọha, dị irè maka afọ 2023 ụgbọ ala.

Na Machị 2022, nchịkwa Biden kwere ka California ọzọ ịtọlite ​​ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku akpaaka siri ike.

N'August 2022 Enyere EPA ndenye aha ~ $ 53.216 ijeri ego dabere na Iwu Mbelata onu oriri (IRA). EPA depụtara mkpokọta atụmatụ 24, nke kacha mara amara n'etiti ha bụ mbelata na nleba anya gas griin haus, ụtụ mmanụ ala dị elu, jiri ụgbọ ala na-ekupụ efu dochie ụgbọ ala dị arọ ugbu a, yana mmemme mkpali methane.

Na February 3, 2023, ihe karịrị ụgbọ ala ụgbọ oloko 100 ka agbapụrụ na East Palestine, na ihe dị ka ọkara nke ụgbọ ala ndị ahụ nwere kemịkalụ dị ka butyl acrylate, vinyl chloride, na ethylhexyl acrylate. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, kemịkalụ ahụ gbabara n'ime ọkụ ka a na-ahụ site na ọtụtụ kilomita gburugburu, uzuoku jupụtara n'ikuku nke ndị bi na ya na-akọ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-arịa ọrịa na mmetụta na-ere ọkụ n'anya na imi ha. Ndị EPA na-enyocha ọnọdụ ahụ ma ndị ọkachamara na-atụ aro ka ndị bi n'ime obodo sonye na nyocha ikuku n'ụlọ EPA.

Na Eprel 12, 2023, EPA tụpụtara ụkpụrụ ikuku ikuku ụgbọ ala gọọmentị etiti ga-eme ka mgbanwe gaa na ụgbọ ala eletrik (EVs). Ụkpụrụ ndị a ga-achọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2/3 nke ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ niile a na-ere na United States ka ọ bụrụ EVs site na 2032. Iwu na-achọ iji belata mmetọ ikuku na mgbanwe ihu igwe. EPA na-achọ nkwupụta ọha site na Julaị 25, 2023. Ọ bụrụ na akwadoro iwu a ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ngalaba njem na ahụike ọha.

Nhazi

Isi ụlọ ọrụ EPA na William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building

Onye nchịkwa na-eduzi EPA, họpụtara na-esote nhọpụta nke onye isi oche na nkwenye sitere na Congress.

Ọfịs

• Ọfịs onye nchịkwa (OA). As of Ọktoba 2020 Ọktọba , ọfịs ahụ nwere ngalaba iri na abụọ:
  • Ọfịs nke Ọrụ Nchịkwa na Ndị Nchịkwa
  • Ọfịs Nchebe Ahụike Ụmụaka
    • Kọmitii ndụmọdụ maka nchekwa ahụike ụmụaka
  • Ọfịs nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ
  • Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ndị Omeiwu na Gọọmenti
  • Ọfịs nke Mmeziwanye Na-aga N'ihu
  • Ọfịs nke Executive Secretariat
  • Ọfịs nke Homeland Security
  • Ọfịs Iwu
  • Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ọha
  • Ọfịs nke Mmekọrịta Ọha na Mmụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
  • Ọfịs nke Obere na Ndị Nwere Ọghọm
  • Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Sayensị
• Ọfịs nke ikuku na radiation (OAR)
• Ọfịs nke Nchedo Chemical na Mgbochi Mmetọ (OCSPP)
• Ọfịs nke Chief Financial Officer (OCFO)
• Ọfịs nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ
• Ọfịs nke Mmanye na Nkwado (OECA)
• Ọfịs nke General Counsel (OGC)
• Ọfịs Inspector General (OIG)
• Ọfịs nke International na Tribal Affairs (OITA)
• Ọfịs nke Nkwado Ọrụ (OMS)
  • Ọfịs nke Resources na Business Operations (ORBO)
  • Kọmitii Mkpesa Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
  • Ọfịs nke Federal Sustainability
  • Ọfịs nke Ndị Ikpe Iwu Nchịkwa
  • Office of Acquisition Solutions (OAS)
  • Ọfịs Nchịkwa (OA)
  • Ọfịs nke Human Resources (OHR)
  • Ọfịs nke Onyinye na Nkwado (OGD)
  • Ọfịs nke Nkwado Ndị Ahịa, Iwu na Nchịkwa Akụrụngwa (OCAPPM)
  • Ọfịs nke Ọrụ Digital na Architecture Technical (ODSTA)
  • Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ozi (OIM) Ọfịs Nchebe Ozi na Nzuzo (OISP)
  • Ọfịs nke mmemme ozi ụlọ ọrụ (OEIP)
  • Ọfịs nke IT Operations (OITO)

Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center dị na Cincinnati bụ ụlọ ọrụ R&D nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na EPA.

• Office of Research and Development (ORD), nke dị As of Novemba 2021 Nọvemba 2021[update], nwere:
  • Ọfịs ozugbo nke Onye Nlekọta
  • Office of Science Advisor, Policy, and Engagement (OSAPE)
  • Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ozi Sayensị (OSIM)
  • Ọfịs nke Nchịkwa Ihe onwunwe
  • Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure (CCTE)
  • Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling (CEMM)
  • Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA)
  • Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response (CESER)
• Office of Land and Emergency Management (OLEM), nke dị As of Maachị 2017 nke March 2017[update], nwere:
  • Ọfịs nke Superfund Remediation na Technology Innovation
  • Ọfịs Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe onwunwe
  • Ọfịs nke Tanki Nchekwa n'okpuru ala
  • Ọfịs nke Brownfields na Land Revitalization
  • Ọfịs nke Nlekọta Mberede
  • Ụlọ Ọrụ Federal Restoration and Reuse Office
• Ọfịs Mmiri (OW) nke, dị As of Maachị 2017 nke Machị 2017[update], nwere:
  • Ọfịs nke Mmiri Ala na Mmiri Ọṅụ (OGWDW)
  • Ọfịs sayensị na teknụzụ (OST)
  • Ọfịs nke Wastewater Management (OWM)
  • Ọfịs nke Wetlands, Oceans na Watersheds (OWOW)

Mpaghara

Mpaghara nchịkwa nke United States Environmental Protection Agency

Ịmepụta mpaghara 10 EPA bụ atụmatụ sitere n'aka Onye isi ala Richard Nixon. Lee Standard Federal Region. Ọfịs mpaghara EPA ọ bụla bụ ọrụ na steeti ya maka imejuputa mmemme ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, belụsọ mmemme ndị enyerela aka na steeti.

• Mpaghara 1: na-ahụ maka steeti Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, na Vermont (New England).
• Mpaghara 2: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti New Jersey na New York. Ọ bụkwa ọrụ maka mpaghara US nke Puerto Rico, na US Virgin Islands.
• Mpaghara 3: na-ahụ maka steeti Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, na District of Columbia.
• Mpaghara 4: na-ahụ maka steeti Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, na Tennessee.
• Mpaghara 5: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, na Wisconsin.
• Mpaghara 6: na-ahụ maka ya na steeti Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, na Texas.
• Mpaghara 7: na-ahụ maka steeti Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, na Nebraska.
• Mpaghara 8: na-ahụ maka steeti Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, na Wyoming.
• Mpaghara 9: na-ahụ maka steeti Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, ókèala Guam na American Samoa, na Navajo Nation.
• Mpaghara 10: na-ahụ maka steeti Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, na Washington.

Ọfịs mpaghara ọ bụla na-emejuputa mmemme na ala ndị agbụrụ India, ewezuga mmemme ndị ahụ enyere ikike ebo

Ikike iwu

Ụlọ ọrụ na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ime naanị n'usoro iwu-iwu ndị Congress mere. Iwu nbinye ego na-enye ikike ego ole ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike imefu kwa afọ iji mezuo ụkpụrụ akwadoro. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike ịnye ụkpụrụ. Otu ụkpụrụ na-akọwa ụkpụrụ, na EPA na-etinye ụkpụrụ ya n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-akwado ihe ndị a chọrọ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-etinyerịrị nkọwa nke ihe kpatara achọrọ iwu. (Lee Iwu Usoro nchịkwa.) Enwere ike ịkatọ iwu n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ikpe mpaghara ma ọ bụ ụlọikpe mkpegharị, dabere na ndokwa nke iwu.

Iwu ndị metụtara ya

EPA nwere ikike mmejuputa iwu isi maka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi gọọmentị etiti ndị a

• Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
• Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
• Iwu Mmetụta zuru oke nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Nkwụghachi ụgwọ na Ibu ọrụ ("Superfund")
• Atụmatụ Mberede na Iwu Ikike Ịmara Obodo
• Iwu Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, na Rodenticide
• Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
• Iwu Mmiri Na-aba N'Otu
• Iwu Nchịkwa Ihe Na-egbu Mmanụ
• Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act

Enwere iwu ndị ọzọ ebe EPA nwere ọrụ inye aka ma ọ bụ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ aka. N'ime iwu ndị a bụ

• Iwu Ụdị Ndị Na-eyi Egwu Egwu
• Iwu Nnwere Onwe na Nchebe
• Iwu Iwu Ike
• Iwu Nri, Ọgwụ, na Ihe ntecha nke gọọmentị etiti
• Iwu Nchebe Nri
• Iwu Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba
• Iwu Mmetọ Mmanụ
• Iwu Mgbochi Mmetọ

Ihe omume

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị EPA na-eme nnyocha iyi na Osimiri Merrimack na Massachusetts

EPA hibere mmemme ya bụ isi dabere na ọrụ ndị mbụ akọwapụtara na iwu ndị Congress weputara. Ewepụtala mmemme ndị ọzọ iji kọwapụta ozi ndị mbụ. Ndị Congress nyere ikike ụfọdụ n'ime mmemme ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ahụ. Onye bụbu onye nchịkwa William Ruckelshaus kwuru na 2016 na ihe ize ndụ maka EPA bụ na ikuku, mmiri, mkpofu na mmemme ndị ọzọ agaghị ejikọta ya, tinye ya na "silos", nsogbu nke na-adịgide karịa afọ 50 ka e mesịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ntakịrị karịa na mmalite.

Ihe omume ndị bụ isi

Ọnọdụ ikuku na nchebe radiation

Officelọ ọrụ nke ikuku na Radiation (OAR) na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka "ịmepụta mmemme mba, atumatu na ụkpụrụ maka ịchịkwa mmetọ ikuku na ikpughe radieshon." Ndị OAR na-ahụ maka ịmanye Iwu Ikuku Dị Ọcha, Iwu Atọmic Energy Act, Iwu Mpụpụ Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Waste Isolation, na iwu ndị ọzọ dị. Ndị OAR na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nke atụmatụ atụmatụ ịdị mma ikuku na ụkpụrụ, nchekwa ikuku, ụgbọ njem na ogo ikuku, yana Office nke Radiation na Ikuku ime ụlọ.

Ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi

• National Environmental Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
• Atụmatụ mmejuputa steeti (SIPs)

Ụkpụrụ mmetọ ikuku kwụ otu ebe

• Ụkpụrụ Ọrụ Ọhụrụ
• National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs)
• Ikike maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na azụmahịa

Ụkpụrụ isi iyi mkpanaka

Nnyocha nke ikuku ụgbọala na ụlọ nyocha EPA na Ann Arbor, Michigan

• Iwu ụgbọ ala n'okporo ụzọ
• Nchịkwa ụgbọ ala na-abụghị nke okporo ụzọ (gụnyere ụgbọelu, locomotives, ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri, injin kwụ otu ebe)
• Nchịkwa mmanụ ụgbọ njem
• National Vehicle Fuel and Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL)

Ihe nchebe radiation

Ihe omume Nchedo Radiation nwere ìgwè ọrụ asaa.

1. Ihe Mgbukpọ Radioactive
2. Nkwadebe na Nzaghachi Mberede Nchebe Ọrụ Nchebe na Ntuziaka Atụmatụ maka Ihe Omume Radiological: EPA mepụtara ntuziaka dị ka ntuziaka maka gọọmentị mpaghara na steeti iji chebe ọha na eze pụọ na ihe mberede nuklia, mbipụta 2017 bụ mmelite afọ 15.
3. Ọrụ EPA na nzaghachi mberede - Ndị otu pụrụ iche
4. Ihe Omume Radioactive Na-eme ka Ọdịdị Ukwu (TENORM)
5. Ụkpụrụ Radiation maka Mmiri na Mmiri Ọṅụ
6. Ntuziaka Federal maka Nchebe Radiation

Sayensị na ụkpụrụ nchịkwa

• Usoro ikikere nke National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) na-ekwu maka mmetọ mmiri site na ịchịkwa isi iyi nke na-abanye na mmiri US. N'ịbụ nke e mepụtara na 1972 site na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, usoro ikikere NPDES na-enye gọọmentị steeti ikike ịrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ ikikere, nchịkwa, na mmanye ya. As of 2021, EPA kwadoro steeti 47 iji jikwaa usoro ikikere niile ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmemme ikikere ahụ. Ọfịs mpaghara EPA na-achịkwa mmemme ahụ na mpaghara ndị fọdụrụ na mba ahụ. Iwu Mmiri nke 1987 gbatịkwuru ikike NPDES maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na usoro mmiri ozuzo dị iche iche. N'afọ 2016, e nwere ikike NPDES isi isi ihe 6,700 n'ebe ahụ na 109,000 isi obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ikike n'ozuzu ma ọ bụ nke onwe.

• Ntuziaka nsị (ụkpụrụ dabeere na teknụzụ) maka isi mmalite ụlọ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ mmiri (ụkpụrụ ndị dabeere n'ihe ize ndụ) maka mmiri, n'okpuru Isi nke Atọ nke CWA
• Ihe omume mmetọ na-abụghị isi iyi
• Usoro CWA nkewa 404 na-achịkwa nsị nke ihe ndị a gwupụtara ma ọ bụ jupụta na mmiri nke United States. Ndị U.S. Army Corps of Engineers na-enye ikikere ma EPA na-enyocha ya, ma enwere ike ịjụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-akpata mmebi na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụgodị na ihe ọzọ adịghị adị nke na-enweghị mmetụta ọjọọ na mmiri. A na-achọkarị ndị nwere ikike iji weghachite ma ọ bụ mepụta ala mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị ọzọ iji belata mfu nke a na-enweghị ike izere.
• EPA na-ahụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma maka ọha na eze, site na ịtọ ụkpụrụ maka ihe karịrị usoro mmiri ọha na eze 148,000 na mba ahụ dum. EPA na-elekọta steeti, gọọmentị ime obodo na ndị na-eweta mmiri iji mee ka ụkpụrụ dị n'okpuru Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụ Dị Mma. Ihe omume ahụ gụnyere ịchịkwa olulu mmiri iji chebe isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị n'okpuru ala.

Ala, ihe mkpofu na nhicha

• Nchịkwa nke ihe mkpofu siri ike (nke na-adịghị ize ndụ) na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ n'okpuru RCRA. Iji mezuo iwu nke afọ 1976, EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ na 1979 maka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa "dị ọcha" nke na-enweta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtara iwu mkpofu dị ize ndụ nke mba ma guzobe ikike na usoro nlekota zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ijikwa mkpofu dị egwu. Usoro a na-achịkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị n'okpuru ikike EPA. E wepụtara ụkpụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ mkpofu, ebe nchekwa na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa (TSDFs), ma machibido ịtụfu ihe mkpofu n'oké osimiri iwu: 2-4 N'afọ 1984, Congress wepụtara Ndezigharị Ihe Dị ize ndụ na Ihe Dị Ike (HSWA) nke gbasaa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke usoro RCRA:
  • Usoro mgbochi mkpofu ala na-esetịpụ ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ọgwụgwọ maka ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ tupu a tụfuo ya n'ala. EPA malitere ịnye usoro ọgwụgwọ na ọkwa nke ihe achọrọ na 1986 ma ndị a na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe na ihe mkpofu ọhụrụ dị ize ndụ na teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ. Ihe siri ike ọ na-etinye na nkwenye ya na omume ibelata ihe mkpofu na-agba ụlọ ọrụ ume ime atụmatụ ibelata mmepụta ihe mkpofu ma buru ụzọ jiri ya mee ihe na imegharị ihe. Site na mmalite nke mmemme ahụ na 1984 ruo 2004, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ a tụfuru n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa belatara pasent 94 na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Ihe mkpofu dị egwu a tụfutu site na injection n'okpuru ala belatara na pasent 70.
  • RCRA Corrective Action Program chọrọ ka TSDFs nyochaa ma kpochaa mbipụta dị ize ndụ na ego nke ha. N'afọ 1980, EPA mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke saịtị ndị chọrọ nhicha ji okpukpu atọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ebe ndị dị na ndepụta Superfund nke mba.: 6 A na-emejuputa usoro ihe omume ahụ site na ikikere na iwu. As of 2016 n'afọ 2016, mmemme ahụ emeela ka a kpochaa ala nde iri na asatọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ isi ihe na-akpata ego nhicha. Ebumnuche nke EPA na steeti bụ iji mezue ngwọta ikpeazụ site na 2020 na ụlọ ọrụ 3,779 kachasị mkpa n'ime 6,000 nke chọrọ ka a sachaa ya, dị ka EPA si kwuo.
  • Malite n'etiti afọ 1980, EPA mepụtara ụkpụrụ maka obere ihe na-emepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, dịka HSWA si kwuo.
  • E nyere EPA iwu ka ọ nyochaa ọnọdụ ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na mba ahụ dum. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kọrọ na 1988 na ịdị irè nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dịgasị iche na mba niile, nke nwere ike iduga na mmetọ siri ike nke mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmiri dị n"elu. EPA bipụtara atụmatụ mba na 1989 na-akpọ maka gọọmentị steeti na nke ime obodo ka ha jikọta usoro nchịkwa ihe mkpofu ha nke obodo na mmemme mbelata na imegharị ihe: 8 
  • Nchịkwa nke Tanki Nchekwa n'okpuru ala. A malitere usoro ihe omume Underground Storage Tank (UST) na 1985 ma kpuchie ihe dị ka USTs 553,000 na-arụ ọrụ nwere mmanụ na kemịkal dị ize ndụ. Kemgbe afọ 1984, emechiela nde USTs 1.8 n'ihi iwu. Steeti 38, District of Columbia na Puerto Rico na-achịkwa mmemme UST na ikike EPA. Mgbe mmemme ahụ malitere, EPA nwere naanị ndị ọrụ 90 iji mepụta usoro iji chịkwaa ihe karịrị nde tankị 2 ma soro ndị nwe ya na ndị ọrụ 750,000 rụọ ọrụ. Ihe omume ahụ na-adabere na ọrụ mpaghara na mmanye karịa mmemme EPA ndị ọzọ. Taa, mmemme ahụ na-akwado nyocha nke tankị niile gọọmentị etiti na-achịkwa, na-ehichapụ mmiri ochie na nke ọhụrụ, na-ebelata mmiri nwere ike ịgba, ma na-agba ume iji ụlọ ọrụ gas a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ.
• Ihichapụ ebe dị ize ndụ. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970, mkpa ọ dị ime ka ebe ndị dị ka Love Canal dị ọcha nke e metọrọ nke ukwuu site na mkpofu ihe dị ize ndụ n'oge gara aga bịara doo anya. Otú ọ dị, gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a dabere na ndị nwe ya ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ iji mee njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na EPA nwara iji ngalaba 7003 nke RCRA mee mkpo a, o doro anya na iwu ọhụrụ dị mkpa. N'afọ 1980, Congress weputara iwu Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), nke a maara dị ka "Superfund". Iwu a mere ka EPA nwee ike ịbawanye net maka ndị nwere ọrụ, gụnyere ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ebugharị ihe n'oge gara aga ma ọ bụ ugbu a yana ndị nwe saịtị ahụ ugbu a na n'oge ochie iji chọta ego. Iwu ahụ guzobekwara ụfọdụ ego na usoro ụtụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ iji nyere aka kwado nhicha dị otú ahụ. Nzukọ omebe iwu emegharịghị ụtụ isi Superfund n'afọ ndị 1990, ma mesịa, ego maka ọrụ nhicha kwadoro naanị site na ego zuru oke. Nzukọ omebe iwu weghachiri ụtụ isi na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na 2021, nke ga-emecha mụbaa mmefu ego dịnụ maka nhicha saịtị. Taa, n'ihi ego a kpaara ókè, ọtụtụ ọrụ nhicha na-eme site n'aka ndị nwere ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke EPA na steeti. As of 2016 n'afọ 2016, etinyela ihe karịrị saịtị 1,700 na ndepụta nhicha kemgbe e mepụtara mmemme ahụ. N'ime ndị a, e kpochapụrụ ebe 370 ma wepụ ya na ndepụta ahụ, a na-eme ka a dị ọcha na 535, e wuru ụlọ nhicha na 790 mana ọ dị mkpa ka a rụọ ọrụ n'ọdịnihu, na 54 ka na-emezi.
• Usoro mgbochi mgbochi nke EPA gụnyere mgbochi mgbawa, njikwa, na mgbochi (SPCC) na iwu atụmatụ nzaghachi ụlọ ọrụ (FRP). Iwu SPCC na-emetụta ụlọ ọrụ niile na-echekwa, na-ejikwa, na-arụ ọrụ, na-achịkọta, na-ebufe, na-edozi, na-ekesa, na-eji ma ọ bụ na-eri mmanụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa mmanụ. Ngwaahịa mmanụ gụnyere mmanụ na mmanụ ndị na-abụghị mmanụ yana: abụba anụmanụ, mmanụ na mmanụ; mmanụ azụ na mmanụ anụmanụ; na mmanụ akwụkwọ nri. Ọ na-enye iwu atụmatụ edere ede maka ụlọ ọrụ na-echekwa ihe karịrị 1,320 galọn mmanụ n'elu ala ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị 42,000 galọn n'okpuru ala, nke nwere ike ịba na mmiri na-agafe agafe (dị ka akọwapụtara na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha) ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ osimiri. A na-enye iwu ka a ghara ịwụfu mmiri nke abụọ n'ebe nchekwa mmanụ ma chọọ ka a ghara iwepụ mmanụ n'ebe mmepe mmanụ.

Mmepụta kemịkal na ojiji

• EPA na-achịkwa ọgwụ ahụhụ n'okpuru Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) na Food Quality Protection Act. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enyocha, na-edekọ, na-achịkwa, ma na-enyochaghachi ọgwụ ahụhụ niile a na-ere na United States. Ihe ịma aka ole na ole usoro ihe omume a na-eche ihu na-agbanwe ule nsị, nyochaa ọgwụ ahụhụ maka ndị na-emebi endocrine, na ịchịkwa biotechnology na nanotechnology.
• TSCA chọrọ ka EPA mepụta ma debe ndepụta mba nke kemịkal niile dị na azụmahịa US. Mgbe e mere iwu ahụ na 1976, e nwere ihe karịrị 60,000 kemịkal n'ahịa nke a na-edebeghị aha ya. Iji mee nke a, EPA mepụtara ma tinye usoro ndị jere ozi dị ka ihe nlereanya maka Canada, Japan, na European Union. Maka ngwongwo ahụ, EPA guzobekwara ntọala maka kemịkal ọhụrụ nke a ga-agwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tupu emepụta ya n'ahịa. Taa, iwu a na-eme ka EPA dị ọhụrụ na mpịakọta, ojiji, na ikpughe ihe dị ka 7,000 nke kemịkal kachasị elu site na akụkọ ụlọ ọrụ.
• Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) bụ ihe enyemaka nke atụmatụ mberede na Iwu Ikike Ịmara Obodo guzobere kpọmkwem maka ọha na eze iji mụta banyere ntọhapụ kemịkal na-egbu egbu na ọrụ mgbochi mmetọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nke gọọmentị etiti kọrọ. Nkwado data TRI na-enye mkpebi site na obodo, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ, na ndị ọzọ. Kwa afọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-anakọta data sitere na ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 20,000. EPA emepụtala ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ iji kwado ojiji nke ngwongwo a, gụnyere map mmekọrịta na nchekwa data n'ịntanetị dịka ChemView.

Mmanye

• Mmanye iwu obodo na mmemme mmanye mpụ. EPA na-emepe ma na-ekpe ikpe nchịkwa na ikpe ma na-enye nkwado iwu maka ikpe na nyocha malitere na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ya. Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke US na-etinye akwụkwọ ikpe nke gọọmentị etiti (ikpe ikpe) n'aha EPA.
• Enyemaka n'ịgbaso iwu. EPA na-achọpụta, na-egbochi, ma na-ebelata enweghị nkwenye na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịmepụta atụmatụ mmanye na ijide nlekota na nyocha nke nkwenye.
• Mmanye ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti
• Usoro Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi

N'afọ 2019, Environmental Data & Governance Initiative, "network nke ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị mmepe, na ndị ọkachamara na-enweghị uru", bipụtara akụkọ nke jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ mmanye EPA tụnyere oge. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ikpe obodo nke EPA tinyere ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ belata, na 2018 ntaramahụhụ mpụ na nke obodo site na nkwupụta EPA dara karịa okpukpu anọ ha na 2013, 2016, na 2017. Na 2016 EPA nyere $ 6,307,833,117 na ntaramahụhụ n'ihi mmebi nke ihe ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ, na 2018 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere $ 184,768,000 na ntaramahụrụhụ. Nnyocha na nyocha nke EPA ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ belata site na 2015 ruo 2018. Ọrụ mmanye ebelatawo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ n'ihi mbelata mmefu ego n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Ihe omume ndị ọzọ

• The EPA Safer Choice label, previously known as the "Design for the Environment" (DfE) label, helps consumers and commercial buyers identify and select products with safer chemical ingredients, without sacrificing quality or performance. When a product has the Safer Choice label, it means that every intentionally-added ingredient in the product has been evaluated by EPA scientists. Only the safest possible functional ingredients are allowed in products with the Safer Choice label.Àtụ:Cn
• Through the Safer Detergents Stewardship Initiative (SDSI), EPA's Design for the Environment (DfE) recognizes environmental leaders who voluntarily commit to the use of safer surfactants. Safer surfactants are the ones that break down quickly to non-polluting compounds and help protect aquatic life in both fresh and salt water. Nonylphenol ethoxylates, commonly referred to as NPEs, are an example of a surfactant class that does not meet the definition of a safer surfactant. The Safer Choice program identified safer alternative surfactants through partnerships with industry and environmental advocates. These alternatives are comparable in cost and are readily available. The CleanGredients website is an information source about safer surfactants.
• The Energy Star program, initiated in 1992, motivated major companies to retrofit millions of square feet of building space with more efficient lighting. As of 2006, more than 40,000 Energy Star products were available including major appliances, office equipment, lighting, home electronics, and more. In addition, the label can also be found on new homes and commercial and industrial buildings. In 2006, about 12 percent of new housing in the US displayed an Energy Star label. EPA estimates that the program saved about $14 billion in energy costs in 2006 alone. The program has helped spread the use of LED traffic lights, efficient fluorescent lighting, power management systems for office equipment, and low standby energy use.
• EPA's Smart Growth Program began in 1998 and was created to help communities improve their land development practices and get the type of development they want. Together with local, state, and national experts, EPA encourages development strategies that protect human health and the environment, create economic opportunities, and provide attractive and affordable neighborhoods for people of all income levels.
• The Brownfields Program started as a pilot program in the 1990s and was authorized by law in 2002. The program provides grants and tools to local governments for the assessment, cleanup, and revitalization of brownfields. As of Sepụtemba 2015, the EPA estimates that program grants have resulted in 56,442 acres of land readied for reuse and leveraged 116,963 jobs and $24.2 billion to do so. Agency studies also found that property values around assessed or cleaned-up brownfields have increased 5.1 to 12.8 percent.
• EPA's Indoor air quality Tools for Schools Program helps schools to maintain a healthy environment and reduce exposures to indoor environmental contaminants. It helps school personnel identify, solve, and prevent indoor air quality problems in the school environment. Through the use of a multi-step management plan and checklists for the entire building, schools can lower their students' and staff's risk of exposure to asthma triggers.
• The National <b id="mwBGU">Environmental Education</b> Act of 1990 requires EPA to provide national leadership to increase environmental literacy. EPA established the Office of Environmental Education to implement this program.
• Clean School Bus USA is a national partnership to reduce children's exposure to diesel exhaust by eliminating unnecessary school bus idling, installing effective emission control systems on newer buses and replacing the oldest buses in the fleet with newer ones. Its goal is to reduce both children's exposure to diesel exhaust and the amount of air pollution created by diesel school buses.
• The Green Chemistry Program encourages the development of products and processes that follow green chemistry principles. It has recognized more than 100 winning technologies. These reduce the use or creation of hazardous chemicals, save water, and reduce greenhouse gas release.
• The Beaches Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health (BEACH) Act, was authorized in a 2000 amendment to the Clean Water Act. The program focus is on coastal recreational waters, and requires EPA to develop criteria to test and monitor waters and notify public users of any concerns. The program involves states, local beach resource managers, and the agency in assessing risks of stormwater and wastewater overflows and enables better sampling, analytical methods, and communication with the public.
• The EPA has also established specific geographic programs for particular water resources such as the Chesapeake Bay Program, the National Estuary Program, and the Gulf of Mexico Program.
• Advance identification, or ADID, is a planning process used by the EPA to identify wetlands and other bodies of water and their respective suitability for the discharge of dredged and fill material. The EPA conducts the process in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and local states or Native American Tribes. As of Febụwarị 1993, 38 ADID projects had been completed, and 33 were ongoing.
• EPA's "One Cleanup Program" initiative was designed to improve coordination across different agency programs that have a role in cleanup at a particular site. The coordination efforts apply to the brownfields, federal facilities, USTs, RCRA and Superfund programs.
• EPA reviews environmental impact statements prepared by other agencies and maintains a national EIS filing system.

• Ihe owuwu nke mbụ na-ekesa enyemaka gọọmentị etiti maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ nhazi mmiri mkpofu nke obodo site na 1972 ruo 1990. Ọ bụ ezie na enyemaka dị otú ahụ dị tupu 1972, CWA nke 1972 gbasaa onyinye ndị a nke ukwuu. E kesara ha ruo n'afọ 1990, mgbe a gbanwere mmemme na ego ahụ na State Revolving Loan Program.
• N'afọ 1991 n'okpuru onye nchịkwa William Reilly, EPA mere atụmatụ afọ ofufo 33/50. E mere nke a iji gbaa ume, mata, ma mee emume ụlọ ọrụ ndị ji aka ha chọta ụzọ iji gbochie ma belata mmetọ na ọrụ ha. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ na-ama ụlọ ọrụ aka iji belata nsị nsị nke kemịkal 17 dị mkpa site na 33% n'otu afọ na 50% n'ime afọ anọ. E nwetara nsonaazụ ndị a tupu oge nkwekọrịta.
• Emere na 2006, mmemme afọ ofufo 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ asatọ iji wepụ ikuku ha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị kemịkalụ ụfọdụ site na 95% site na 2010 ma wepụ ikuku ndị a site na 2015.

OSV <i id="mwBKk">Bold</i> docked at Port Canaveral, Florida

• N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2004, ndị agha mmiri US wegara USNS Bold (T-AGOS-12), ụgbọ mmiri nyocha oké osimiri <i id="mwBK8">Stalwart</i>, na EPA. E jiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mee ihe na ọrụ mgbochi ụgbọ mmiri n'oge Agha Nzuzo, e ji sonar, vidiyo n'okpuru mmiri, ihe nyocha mmiri na sediment eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ nke oké osimiri na ụsọ oké osimiri. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị dị mkpa nke Bold bụ ileba anya maka ebe mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ebe a tụfuru ihe site na ọrụ draging na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri US. N'afọ 2013, General Services Administration rere Bold na Seattle Central Community College (SCCC), nke gosipụtara na asọmpi na ha ga-etinye ya na ebumnuche kachasị elu na nke kachasị mma, na ọnụahịa aha nke $ 5,000.

Arụmụka

Mmetụta na mmezu nke ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ

Ndị omeiwu weputara iwu dị ka Iwu Ikuku Ọcha, Iwu Nchekwa akụrụngwa na Iweghachite, na CERCLA n'ebumnobi igbochi na imekọrịta mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Malite na 2018 n'okpuru onye nchịkwa Andrew Wheeler, EPA degharịrị ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ mmetọ nke butere obere ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu ya. Ọzọkwa, ngwa CAA nwere ezi uche ebutela itinye iwu dị iche iche n'etiti steeti. N'afọ 1970, Louisiana wepụrụ mmemme njikwa ikuku ikuku na-egbu egbu iji rube isi n'iwu gọọmentị etiti. Mmemme a anaghị achọ nleba anya nleba anya mmetọ nke dabara na mmemme na steeti ndị ọzọ.

Ikpe Ziri Ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi

A katọrọ EPA maka enweghị ọganihu ya maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. A katọrọ onye nchịkwa Christine Todd Whitman maka mgbanwe ya na President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 n'oge 2001, na-ewepụ ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti iji were ndị ogbenye na ndị pere mpe na nlebara anya pụrụ iche mgbe ha na-eme mgbanwe na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ya mere na-emeri mmụọ nke Executive. Nye iwu. N'ime akụkọ nke March 2004, onye na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwubiri na EPA "emebebeghị ọhụụ doro anya ma ọ bụ atụmatụ atụmatụ zuru oke, ma guzobeghị ụkpụrụ, ihe mgbaru ọsọ, atụmanya, na nha arụmọrụ" maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ ya kwa ụbọchị. . Akụkọ ọzọ na Septemba 2006 chọpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka na-enyocha ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmemme ya, atumatu ya na ihe omume ya maka ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi. Nnyocha achọpụtalakwa na mmemme Superfund nke EPA anabataghị ndị ogbenye na ndị pere mpe, na ọnọdụ a na-akawanye njọ. N'August 2022, e kenyere EPA ndenye aha ~ 42.8 ijeri ego sitere na Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) kwupụta ihe EPA na-ekewa dị ka "Ọganihu Environmental Justice", wee bipụta nkwupụta ahụ "Site na Iwu Mbelata Ọnụ ego, EPA ga-eme ka ndụ dịkwuo mma. nke ọtụtụ nde ndị America site n'ibelata mmetọ n'ógbè ebe ndị mmadụ bi, na-arụ ọrụ, na-egwu egwu na ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ; na-eme ka mbọ ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime obodo nke mmetọ juputara ogologo oge; na ịlụso nnukwu nsogbu ihu igwe anyị ọgụ mgbe anyị na-eke ọrụ ma na-ebuga nchekwa ike. " Na Septemba 2022 EPA kwuputara imepụta Office ọhụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike obodo mpụga nke na-akọ ozugbo nye onye nchịkwa EPA. Ọfịs ọhụrụ ahụ nwere nnukwu mmefu ego yana ndị ọrụ nwere oke ibu karịa n'okpuru nhazi nhazi gara aga.

Ọrụ nhazi nke Iwu Nnwere Onwe

Na nyocha ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti 15 kachasị ọhụrụ nke na-anata arịrịọ nnwere onwe nke ozi (FOIA), nke e bipụtara na 2015 (iji data 2012 na 2013, afọ ndị kacha ọhụrụ dị), EPA nwetara D site na akara 67. N'ime isi 100 enwere ike, ya bụ, enwetaghị akara mmụta zuru oke na-eju afọ.

Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe

Pebble Mine bụ ọrụ ngwuputa ọla kọpa na ọla edo dị na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alaska na mpaghara Bristol Bay nke Northern Dynasty Minerals haziri. N'afọ 2014, EPA wepụtara nkwupụta ya na mmetụta nke Ngwuputa ga-enwe na Bristol Bay na mpaghara ya. N'ime ọtụtụ ihe, nkwupụta ahụ na-enyocha geological, topographic, ecological, hydrological, na data akụ na ụba wee kpebie na Ngwuputa nwere ike imetụta ndị bi na salmon. N'ịhụ dị ka Bristol Bay na mmiri mmiri ya na-enye ihe dị ka 46% nke salmon sockeye ụwa, EPA achọghị itinye ihe ize ndụ nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Na Julaị 2014, tupu Northern Dynasty Minerals enyefeela EIS ya, ụlọ ọrụ EPA's Region 10 tụrụ aro mmachi dabere na ngalaba 404(c) nke Iwu mmiri dị ọcha, mmachi ga-amachibido ọrụ ahụ nke ọma. Northern Dynasty Minerals megidere mkpebi a na July 18, 2014, na nkwupụta e bipụtara, Pebble Partnership CEO Tom Collier kwuru na ọrụ ahụ ga-aga n'ihu na-agba akwụkwọ megide EPA; kwuru na a na-enyocha ihe omume EPA site n'aka onye nleba anya n'ozuzu EPA na Kọmitii Ụlọ maka nlekọta na mgbanwe ọchịchị; ma kwupụta na ụgwọ abụọ na-echere na Congress na-achọ ịkọwapụta na EPA enweghị ikike iji gbochie veto ma ọ bụ machibido ọrụ mmepe tupu mmalite nke gọọmenti etiti na steeti ikike. Nkwupụta Collier kwukwara na atụmatụ EPA gbadoro ụkwụ na ọnọdụ ngwuputa oge ochie nke na-esoghị na usoro ọrụ a. Ọtụtụ ndị nta akụkọ na òtù dị iche iche akọwo banyere esemokwu ahụ gụnyere Natural Resources Defense Council na-akwado ịkagbu ọrụ ahụ na John Stossel na-akwado mmepe nke ogbunigwe. Dịka nke 2023, ogbunigwe ahụ ka bụ isiokwu na-ese okwu. Na Jenụwarị 30, 2023, EPA wepụrụ ogbunigwe ahụ.

Ọdịdị mmiri na East Palestine, Ohio

Gọvanọ Ohio Mike DeWine na onye nchịkwa nke EPA Michael Regan ṅụrụ mmiri mgbata na East Palestine, Ohio, na February 3, 2023 mgbe ụgbọ oloko kwụsịrị iji gosi na mmiri ahụ adịghị mma. Ọkpụkpụ ahụ kpatara ọkụ na mwepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu n'ikuku na mmiri na-eme ka ndị obodo na ndị otu gburugburu na-eche maka ịdịmma mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ. N'agbanyeghị mmesi obi ike nke EPA na mmiri dị mma ụfọdụ ndị bi na-atụkwasịghị àgwà nke mmiri ahụ ma jụọ mmetụta ya ogologo oge.

Hụkwa

• Ụbọchị Ụwa
• Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọchịchị Donald Trump
• Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme mkpesa EPA

 

Njikọ mpụga

• Official website
• Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Federal Register
• Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na USAspending.gov