Iwu Nchekwa na Nweghachi Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Great Seal of the United States
Other short titles Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
Long title An Act to provide technical and financial assistance for the development of management plans and facilities for the recovery of energy and other resources from discarded materials and for the safe disposal of discarded materials, and to regulate the management of hazardous waste.
Acronyms Page Àtụ:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(nkwurịta okwu) RCRA
Aha njirimara Iwu Ojiji nke Ihe Mpofu Dị Ike
Nke e mere site na Nzukọ nke 94 nke United States
Ọ bara uru Ọktoba 21, 1976
Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ
Iwu ọha na eze 94-580
<span class="wrap">Iwu N'Ozuzu</span> [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Nchịkọta koodu
Omume ndị e dezigharịrị Iwu Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1965
Utu aha ndị e dezigharịrị 42 U.S.C.: Ahụike ọha na eze na ọdịmma ọha na eze
Akụkụ U.S.C. mepụtara 42 U.S.C. ch. 82 § 6901 na ndị ọzọ.
Akụkọ iwu
  • Jennings Randolph (D-WV) webatara ya na Senate dị ka S. 2150 na July 21, 1975
  • Nnyocha kọmitii site na Kọmitii Ọrụ Ọha nke Senate; Kọmitii Ụlọ Interstate na Foreign Commerce
  • Ọ gafere Senate na June 30, 1976 (88-3)
  • Gafere ụlọ ahụ na Septemba 27, 1976 (367-8, n'ọnọdụ HR 14496) na mmezigharị
  • Senate kwetara na House amendment na Septemba 30, 1976 (kwetara)
  • Onye isi ala Gerald Ford bịanyere aka n'iwu n'October 21, 1976
Ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States
Page Àtụ:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), nke e tiri na 1976, bụ isi iwu gọọmentị etiti na United States naachịkwa ikpofu ihe mkpofu siri ike na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebumnuche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nzukọ omebe iwu wepụtara RCRA iji dozie nsogbu naarịwanye elu nke mba ahụ chere ihu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ naarị elu nke ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ. RCRA bụ mmezigharị nke Iwu Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1965. Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba maka:

  • Ichebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe ize ndụ nke mkpofu ihe.
  • Nchekwa ike na ihe ndị sitere n'okike.
  • Mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu a naemepụta, site na mbelata isi iyi na imegharị ihe
  • Idebe ụkpụrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.
  • Ịhụ na njikwa ihe mkpofu nụzọ dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.[1]

Usoro RCRA bụ njikọ aka nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti, na US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) naenye ihe ndị dị mkpa nke steeti naanabata, gbanwee, ma mee ka ọ dị irè.[2] A maara RCRA ugbu a nọtụtụ ebe maka iwu ndị e wepụtara nokpuru ya nke setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ikpofu ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na United States. Otú ọ dị, ọ naarụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa na njikwa ihe mkpofu obodo na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe yana tankị nchekwa n'okpuru ala.[2]

Mmejuputa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

EPA ebipụtala iwu nchịkwa ihe mkpofu, nke edepụtara na Isiokwu 40 nke Code of Federal Regulations na akụkụ 239 ruo 282.[3] Iwu gbasara njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ naamalite na akụkụ 260.[4] Steeti nwere ikike ịrụ ọrụ na mmemme mkpofu nke ha, nke gaabụrịrị ihe siri ike dịka ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti, a naenyekwa ya ọrụ ịmepụta atụmatụ mmejuputa steeti maka ijikwa mkpofu siri ike.[2]

Na California, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ihe Naegbu egbu (DTSC) bụ isi ikike naeme ka RCRA chọrọ, yana California Hazardous Waste Control Law (HWCL) nke 1972.

Ndokwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụdị ihe mkpofu siri ike

Isiokwu A: General Provisions[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Nchọpụta ndị omeiwu; Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na Iwu Mba
  • Nkọwa
  • Nkwado mba dị iche iche; itinye nọrụ Iwu na Njikọ na Ọrụ Ndị Ọzọ
  • Nkwupụta ego; Ozi na Ntuziaka Nchịkwa Ihe Mfu Dị Ike

Isiokwu B: Ọfịs nke Ihe Mfu Dị Ike; Ndị Nchịkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Kọmitii Nhazi Ụlọ Ọrụ Naahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ike na Ụlọ Ọrụ
  • Ndị isi nke EPA Administrator
  • Ngalaba Nweghachi na Nchekwa Ihe onwunwe; Onyinye
  • Akụkọ Kwa Afọ; Ọfịs Onye Nlekọta

Isiokwu C: "Cradle to Grave" chọrọ maka ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

O doro anya na a gụnyere ndokwa kachasị ama nke iwu RCRA na Subtitle C, nke naeduzi EPA iji guzobe njikwa na njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ site na ọgbọ ha, site na njem na ọgwụgwọ ha, nchekwa na / ma ọ bụ mkpofu ha. Nihi na RCRA chọrọ njikwa na ndị naemepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ (ya bụ, ebe ndị naeme ihe mkpofu ndị dị ize ndụ), ndị naebugharị, na ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ebe a naekpofu ihe (ya bụ., ụlọ ọrụ naagwọ / tụfuo ma ọ bụ naemegharị ihe mkpofu ahụ dị ize ndụ). Steeti nwere ikike itinye usoro ihe mkpofu ha dị ize ndụ nọrụ.[2] Iwu ahụ naetinye ihe ndekọ siri ike na akụkọ na ndị naemepụta ihe, ndị naebugharị, na ndị naọrụ ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa na ebe a naekpofu ihe naejikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ.

Ihe osise EPA na-akọwa ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo

Isiokwu D: Ihe mkpofu siri ike naadịghị ize ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Subtitle D naenye ụkpụrụ maka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ebe ndị ọzọ a naewepụ ihe mkpofu, ma machibido ebe a naemeghe. EPA bipụtara ụkpụrụ mbụ ya na 1979 maka ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa "dị ọcha" nke naenweta ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo. Nkọwa "ihe mkpofu siri ike" gụnyere ihe mkpofu (dịka, akpa nri, ala kọfị), ihe eji eme ihe nụlọ, ihe mkpofu sitere na taya ụgbọala ọkụ, ihe mkpuchi dị ka ihe mkpofu ígwè, ihe owuwu, na apịtị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri ọṅụṅụ.[5] Subtitle D wepụkwara ụfọdụ ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ site na iwu Subtitle C, dị ka ihe mkpofu ndị dị ize ndụ sitere n'ụlọ na site na obere generators.

Ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nafọ 1980, Congress họpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka "ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche," nke a naewepụghị na Subtitle C, gụnyere nchọpụta mmanụ na gas na ihe mkpofu mmepụta (dị ka nkwụsịtụ, mmiri mepụtara, na mmiri naegwu egwu), ihe mkpofu ọkụ coal nke ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mepụtara, ihe mkpofu ala, na ájá ọkụ ciment.[6] Lee Solid Waste Disposal Amendments nke 1980.

Isiokwu E: Ọrụ nke Ngalaba Azụmaahịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mmepe nke nkọwa maka ihe ndị ọzọ; Mmepe nke ahịa maka ihe ndị e nwetara.
  • Nkwalite teknụzụ

Isiokwu F: Ọrụ gọọmentị etiti[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mmetụta nke Federal, State na Local Law na Federal Facilities
  • Nchịkọta gọọmentị etiti
  • Njikọ na EPA; Ntinye aka nke ntuziaka mkpofu siri ike na ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi

Isiokwu G: Ndokwa ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Nchebe onye na-eme mkpesa. Ndị ọrụ nọ na United States ndị kwenyere na a chụrụ ha nọrụ ma ọ bụ mee ihe ọzọ naadịghị mma metụtara itinye iwu a nọrụ nwere ụbọchị 30 iji tinye akwụkwọ mkpesa edere na Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
  • Uwe ụmụ amaala; Uwe ndị naemebi ihe naabịa
  • Arịrịọ maka iwu; itinye aka nihu ọha

Isiokwu H: Nnyocha, Mmepe, Ngosipụta na Ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Nnyocha, Ihe ngosi, Ọzụzụ; Ọmụmụ Pụrụ Iche
  • Nhazi, nchịkọta, mgbasa ozi

Isiokwu nke mbụ: Tanks Storage Underground[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga

Ọrụ nke tankị nchekwa nokpuru ala (USTs) ghọrọ ihe a naachịkwa na usoro nchịkwa RCRA site na itinye nọrụ nke Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments nke 1984 (HSWA). Noge ahụ, e nwere ihe dị ka nde tankị 2.1 nokpuru iwu gọọmentị etiti, na mmemme EPA dugara na mmechi na iwepụ ọtụtụ tankị ndị naadịghị mma.[7] Ka ọ naerule afọ 2009, e nwere ihe dịka 600,000 USTs naarụ ọrụ na 223,000 saịtị ndị nọ nokpuru iwu gọọmentị etiti.[8]

Ihe ndị a chọrọ niwu

Iwu UST nke gọọmentị etiti naekpuchi tankị naechekwa mmanụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ edepụtara, ma kọwaa ụdị tankị enyere ikike. EPA guzobere usoro ọkwa tankị iji soro ọnọdụ UST. Usoro nchịkwa UST naachịkwa site na ụlọ ọrụ steeti na US.[9]

Iwu ndị ahụ setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka:

  • Nlekọta mmiri nokpuru ala
  • Mgbochi nke Abụọ
  • Nchọpụta ntọhapụ, mgbochi na idozi
  • Mgbochi nke nsị
  • Mgbochi mgbochi (maka ngwaahịa mmanụ)
  • Mmachibido iwu maka mkpofu ala nke ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ a naapụghị idozi edozi.

Iwu Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act nke 1986 (SARA) chọrọ ka ndị nwe na ndị naarụ ọrụ nke USTs hụ na emechara ọrụ mgbazi mgbe tankị chọrọ nrụzi, ma ọ bụ iwepụ, mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbanwe ndị ahụ guzobere ego ntụkwasị obi iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nhicha nke ebe UST naagbapụta ebe a naenweghị ike ịmata ndị naahụ maka ya.[10]

A naatụkwa aro na a naeji tankị nchekwa dị nelu ala mgbe ọ bụla o kwere omume.[11][12]

Isiokwu J: Ihe mkpofu ahụike (ọ gwụrụ)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

RCRA Subtitle J naachịkwa ihe mkpofu ahụike na steeti anọ (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island) na Puerto Rico, ma gwụ na Machị 22, 1991. (Lee Medical Waste Tracking Act.) Ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike naachịkwa ihe mkpofu ahụike, karịa EPA. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ ewepụtala iwu nchekwa naachịkwa njikwa ihe mkpofu ahụike, gụnyere Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, na Food and Drug Administration.[13]

Mgbanwe na iwu ndị metụtara ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbanwe nke Nchịkọta Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1980[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nzukọ omebe iwu wepụrụ ọtụtụ ụdị ihe mkpofu site na nhazi dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ n'okpuru Subtitle C na mmezigharị ya na 1980 na RCRA. The Solid Waste Disposal Amendments nke 1980 họpụtara ụdị ndị a dị ka "ihe mkpofu pụrụ iche" ma ghara ịdabere na ikike siri ike nke Subtitle C:

  • coal combustion residuals (CCR) nke ụlọ ọrụ eletrik na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mepụtara, gụnyere ntụ naefe efe, ntụ ala, ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu nke gas desulfurization
  • ihe mkpofu nke ebe a naegwupụta ihe na ebe a na -
  • ájá ciment
  • igwu mmiri, mepụta mmiri, na ihe mkpofu ndị ọzọ sitere na olulu mmanụ na gas.[6]

Iwu ndị a, nke a maara dị ka "Nkewapụ nke dị mkpa" na "Nkepụ nke Bentsen", bu nuche ka ọ bụrụ nke nwa oge, naechere nyocha nke EPA na mkpebi ndị ọzọ gbasara ma a gaekewapụta nke ọ bụla nime ụdị mkpofu ndị a dị ize ndụ. Na nyocha ya naesote mmezigharị 1980, EPA kpebiri na ọtụtụ nime ụdị mkpofu a naahapụ gaanọgide naahazi dị ka ndị naadịghị ize ndụ.

Iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

EPA bipụtara iwu CCR na 2015 nke gaegbochi iji ọdọ mmiri ntụ naenweghị ntụ (ihe ndị dị nelu) site na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik naeji coal eme ihe. Iwu a, nke gọọmentị Trump gbanwere na 2018, ka a mara aka na ikpe ma weghachite ya na EPA maka nyocha ọzọ site na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke United States maka District of Columbia Circuit.[14][15] Nịzaghachi mkpebi ụlọ ikpe ahụ, EPA bipụtara iwu a tụrụ aro na Disemba 2, 2019 nke gaeguzobe oge njedebe nke August 31, 2020 maka ụlọ ọrụ iji kwụsị itinye ntụ nime ihe ndị a na-ejighị naka. Atụmatụ ahụ ga-enyekwa oge ọzọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ - ruo afọ asatọ - iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ijikwa ihe mkpofu ntụ tupu imechi ihe mkpofu.[16]

Nnukwu ego[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), nke a makwaara dị ka "Superfund," ka e tiri nafọ 1980 iji dozie nsogbu nke idozi ebe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, site nịmepụta ụgwọ iwu, yana ego ntụkwasị obi maka ọrụ nhicha. Nozuzu, CERCLA naemetụta ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ, ebe RCRA naelekwasị anya na ịchịkwa ọgbọ naaga nihu na njikwa nke ụfọdụ iyi mkpofu. RCRA, dị ka CERCLA, nwere ndokwa iji chọọ nhicha nke ebe ndị e metọrọ emetọ nke mere n'oge gara aga.

Mgbanwe nke Ihe Ndị Dị Iche Ndụ na Ihe Ndị Dị Ike nke 1984[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nafọ 1984, Congress gbasaa RCRA site nịmepụta Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA). Mgbanwe ndị ahụ mere ka iwu ahụ sie ike site na ikpuchi obere ihe naemepụta ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na ịmepụta ihe achọrọ maka ihe mkpofu ihe dị ize ndụ, na mmechi nke ebe a na-ekpofu ihe.[1]

Iwu Mgbanwe nke Usoro Nchịkọta Ala nke 1996[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

The Land Disposal Program Flexibility Act of 1996 nyere ohere mgbanwe ụfọdụ na usoro maka ikpochapụ ala nke ihe mkpofu ụfọdụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mkpofu anaghị enwe ihe mgbochi mkpofu ala ma ọ bụrụ na e zigara ya nụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu mmiri, ma ọ bụ naedozi ya nebe a naeme ka ọ ghara ịpụ".

Ikike ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa, na ikpofu ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ebe ọgwụgwọ, nchekwa, na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa (TSDFs) naachịkwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ nokpuru RCRA Sbtitle C ma nozuzu ya gaenwerịrị ikike iji rụọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ikike RCRA, ụfọdụ naaga nihu naarụ ọrụ nokpuru ihe a na-akpọ "ọnọdụ nwa oge". Ihe achọrọ maka ọnọdụ nwa oge naapụta na 40 CFR Nkebi 265.

Ihe achọrọ maka TSDF naapụta na 40 CFR Parts 264 na 270. TSDFs na-achịkwa (naedozi, naechekwa, ma ọ bụ naatụfu) ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na nkeji ndị nwere ike ịgụnye: ebe nchekwa continer, tankị, ihe mkpofu, ngalaba nhazi ala, ebe a naekpofu ahịhịa, incinerators, ụlọ mgbochi, na / ma ọ bụ ihe naagbanye mmiri. A naakọwapụta ikike na ọrụ ndị a chọrọ nụzọ zuru ezu na 40 CFR Part 264, Subparts J site na DD.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha
  • Ebe Nchebe Ndị A Na-ejibu
  • Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na United States
  • Iwu mkpofu siri ike na United States
  • Iwu Nchịkwa Radiation
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 EPA History: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2018-08-08).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. “Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.” EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.
  3. ↑ Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) (1998). "40 CFR Subchapter I - SOLID WASTES ."
  4. ↑ EPA (2011). "Hazardous Waste Regulations."
  5. ↑ Municipal Solid Waste. EPA (2016-03-29).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Special Wastes. Hazardous Waste. EPA (2018-11-29).
  7. ↑ EPA (2011). "Overview Of The Federal UST Program."
  8. ↑ EPA (2010). "FY 2009 Annual Report On The Underground Storage Tank Program." Document no. EPA-510-R-10-001.
  9. ↑ Learn About Underground Storage Tanks. EPA (2017-04-11).
  10. ↑ Leaking Underground Storage Tank Trust Fund. EPA (2018-11-27).
  11. ↑ (1997) Supervisors' Safety Manual, 9th, Itasca, IL: National Safety Council. ISBN 978-0-87912-197-6. 
  12. ↑ (1991) "Chemicals Stored in USTs: Characteristics and Leak Detection". 
  13. ↑ Medical Waste. EPA (2017-11-07).
  14. ↑ Eilperin. "EPA eases rules on how coal ash waste is stored across U.S.", The Washington Post, 2018-07-17.
  15. ↑ DC Circuit Rules EPA Dropped Ball on Coal Ash Storage Rules. Courthouse News Service (2018-08-22).
  16. ↑ Smith-Schoenwalder. "EPA Moves to Rollback Coal Power Plant Waste Rules", U.S. News, 2019-11-04.
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