Okpukpe Mandae

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Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta nke Abatur nke narị afọ nke 18 na Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Dị ka ederede Mandaean si kwuo Haran Gawaita, ndị Mandaeans nke Nasora, ndị bụ ndị na-eso ụzọ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, hapụrụ Judaea wee kwaga Midia na narị afọ mbụ OA.: vi, ix Ihe kpatara nke a bụ mkpagbu ha na Jerusalem.[1][2] Ndị mbịarambịa bu ụzọ gaa Haran (ma eleghị anya Harran na Turkey nke oge a), ma ọ bụ Hauran wee gaa n'ugwu ndị dị na Iran, tupu ha emechaa biri na mpaghara ndịda nke Mesopotemia (Iraq nke oge a).[3] N'oge ọchịchị Parthian, ndị Mandaeans nwere ọganihu n'okpuru nchebe eze. Otú ọ dị, nchebe a adịteghị aka na eze ukwu Sasanian Bahram I na-arịgo n'ocheeze na nnukwu onye nchụàjà ya Kartir na-akpagbu okpukpe niile na-abụghị nke Zoroastrian: 4[3] 

Na mbido mmeri ndị Alakụba meriri Mesopotemia na c. , a na-ekwu na onye ndú nke ndị Mandaeans, Anush Bar-Danqa, pụtara n'ihu ndị ọchịchị Alakụba, na-egosi ha akwụkwọ Ginza Rabba, akwụkwọ nsọ Mandaean, ma na-akpọsa onye amụma ukwu Mandaean ka ọ bụrụ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, onye a kpọtụrụ aha na kor'an dị ka Yahya ibn Zakariya. Nke a gosipụtara ndị Mandaeans dị ka otu n'ime ahl al-kitāb (Ndị nke Akwụkwọ). N'ihi ya, a ghọtara Mandaeism dị ka okpukpe dị nta n'ime Alaeze Ukwu ndị Alakụba.: 5 Otú ọ dị, akụkọ a nwere ike ịbụ apọkrịfa: ebe ọ na-ekwu na Anush Bar Danqa gara Baghdad, ọ ga-abụrịrị mgbe ntọala Baghdad na 762, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mere ma ọlị.

Ka o sina dị, n'oge ụfọdụ, a matara ndị Mandaeans dị ka ndị Sabians a kpọtụrụ aha tinyere ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst na ndị Zoroastrians na kor'an dị ka ndị nke Akwụkwọ. Ebe mbụ mere nke a n'ụzọ doro anya bụ Ḥasan bar Bahlul (fl. ) na-ezo aka na onye isi ala Abbasid ibn Muqla (c. 885-940), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ndị Mandaeans nke oge a amatalarị onwe ha dị ka ndị Sabians ma ọ bụ ma nkwupụta ahụ sitere na Ibn Muqla. A ka na-akpọ ndị Mandaeans ndị Sabians ruo taa.: 5 

[4]N'ihe dị ka 1290, onye Dominican Katọlik si Tuscany, Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, ma ọ bụ Ricoldo Pennini, nọ na Mesopotemia ebe ọ zutere ndị Mandaean.  Ọ kọwara ha dị ka ndị kweere n’iwu nzuzo nke Chineke nke e dekọrọ n’akwụkwọ nsọ ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ, na-elelị ibi úgwù, na-asọpụrụ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim karịsịa ma na-asa ahụ́ ugboro ugboro ka Chineke ghara ịma ya ikpe.

Ndị Mandaea na-akpọ “Ndị Kraịst nkeaint John” site n'aka ndị òtù Carmelite Discalced na Basra na narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17, dabere na akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ dị ka Ignatius nke Jizọs.[1]  Ụfọdụ ndị Jesuit Portuguese ezutewokwa ụfọdụ “Senti John Ndị Kraịst” n’akụkụ Osimiri Hormuz na 1559, mgbe ụgbọ mmiri Portuguese busoro ndị agha Ottoman agha na Bahrain[4] 

Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Okpukpe Mandae, dị ka okpukpere chi nke ndị Mandaean, gbadoro ụkwụ na usoro nke ụkpụrụ okpukpe na ozizi.  Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ Mandaean buru ibu nke ukwuu, na-ekpuchikwa isiokwu ndị dị ka eschatology, ihe ọmụma nke Chineke, na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị.[5]

Dị ka Brikha Nasoraia si kwuo:  

Nkwenkwe ndị bụ́ isi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. [6]Nkwenye nke otu Chineke a maara dị ka Hayyi Rabbi, nke pụtara The Great Life or The Great Living (Chineke), nke akara ya bụ Mmiri Ndụ (Yardena).  Ya mere ọ dị mkpa ka ndị Mandae bi na nso osimiri.  Chineke n'onwe ya bụ ike nkwado na ike okike nke eluigwe na ala.
  2. Ike nke Ìhè, nke Malka d-Nhura ('Eze nke Ìhè'), aha ọzọ maka Hayyi Rabbi, na uthras (ndị mmụọ ozi ma ọ bụ ndị nlekọta) nke na-enye ahụike, ike, omume ọma na ikpe ziri ezi. A na-ele Drabsha anya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Ìhè.[6]
  3. Anwụghị anwụ nke mkpụrụ obi; ọdịnihu nke mkpụrụ obi bụ isi nchegbu banyere ikwere na ndụ ọzọ, ebe enwere ụgwọ ọrụ na ntaramahụhụ. Enweghị ntaramahụhụ ebighi ebi ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere ebere.[6]

Atụmatụ ndị bụ isi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka E. S. Drower si kwuo, e ji njirimara itoolu mara Mandaean Gnosis, nke pụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche na ngalaba gnostic ndị ọzọ.[7] 

  1. Onye kachasị elu na-enweghị ọdịdị, nke ngosipụta ya n'oge na oghere bụ ihe okike nke ụwa na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ na-enye onye okike ma ọ bụ ndị okike malitere ya mmepụta nke ndị a. Ọ bụ Archetypal Man kere cosmos, onye na-emepụta ya n'ụdị nke ya.
  2. Dualism: nne na nna dị na mbara igwe, Ìhè na Ọchịchịrị, Aka ekpe na Aka nri, syzygy n'ụdị mbara igwe na microcosmic.
  3. Dị ka akụkụ nke dualism a, ụdị counter-types (ndeta) nke dị n'ụwa nke echiche (Mshunia Kushta).
  4. A na-egosipụta mkpụrụ obi dị ka onye a chụgara n'ala ọzọ, onye a dọọrọ n'agha; ebe obibi ya na mmalite ya bụ Onye kachasị elu nke ọ mechara laghachi.
  5. Mbara ala na kpakpando na-emetụta akara aka na ụmụ mmadụ, ha bụkwa ebe a na-ejide ha mgbe ha nwụsịrị.
  6. Mmụọ onye nzọpụta ma ọ bụ mmụọ onye nzọpụta nke na-enyere mkpụrụ obi aka na njem ya site na ndụ na mgbe ọ gachara 'ụwa nke ìhè'.
  7. Asụsụ ofufe nke akara na ihe atụ. A na-egosipụta echiche na àgwà.
  8. 'Ihe omimi', ya bụ sakraments iji nyere aka ma mee ka mkpụrụ obi dị ọcha, iji hụ na a mụrụ ya ọzọ n'ime ahụ ime mmụọ, na ịrịgo ya site na ụwa nke ihe. Ndị a na-abụkarị mgbanwe nke oge na omenala ọdịnala dị ugbu a nke a na-agbakwunye nkọwa esoteric. N'ihe banyere ndị Naṣoraeans, nkọwa a dabere na akụkọ okike (lee 1 na 2), ọkachasị na Nwoke Chineke, Adam, dị ka Eze-onye nchụàjà e kpu okpueze ma tee ya mmanụ.
  9. A na-enye iwu ka e debe nnukwu ihe nzuzo na ndị na-amalite; nkọwa zuru ezu nke 1, 2, na 8 na-echekwa maka ndị a na-ewere na ha nwere ike ịghọta ma chekwaa gnosis.

Ọdịdị mbara igwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Okpukpe a na-ebuli ihe mgbagwoju anya, ọtụtụ akụkụ, esoteric, akụkọ ifo, omenala na nkọwa nkọwa na ụdị emanation nke okike bụ nkọwa kachasị. 

Aha a na-ahụkarị maka Chineke na Mandaeism bụ Hayyi Rabbi ('The Great Life' ma ọ bụ 'The Great Living God'). Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mee ihe bụ Mare d'Rabuta ('Onyenwe Ukwu'), Mana Rabba ('Obi Ukwu'", Malka d-Nhura ('Eze nke Ìhè') na Hayyi Qadmaiyi ('Ndụ Mbụ').[39][8] Ndị Mandae na-amata Chineke dị ka onye ebighi ebi, onye okike nke ihe niile, onye na-achị naanị ya nke na-enweghị onye mmekọ.[9]

Ndị nna bụ́ ndị bụ isi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, nke Titian sere

Mandaeism anaghị atụle Abraham, Moses ma ọ bụ Jesus Mandaean ndị amụma, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-akụzi nkwenye na Abraham na Jizọs bụ ndị ụkọchukwu Mandaean na mbụ.: 116 Ha na-amata ndị amụma ndị ọzọ sitere na okpukpe Abraham, dị ka Adam, ụmụ ya Hibil (Abel) na Sheetil (Seth), na nwa ya Anush (Enosh), yana Noa (Noa), Sam (Shem), na Ram (Aram), ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nna nna ha.[2][3][4] Ndị Mandae na-ewere Adam, Set, Noa, Shem na Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim dị ka ndị amụma na Adam onye guzobere ya na Jọn onye amụma kachasị ukwuu na nke ikpeazụ.:[10][11] 

Akwụkwọ Nsọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ofufe na ememe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ụkọchukwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ganzibra Dakheel Edan (1881-1964), Nnukwu Onye Nchụàjà nke Mandaeans

Mmụta agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Aha ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Nasora[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Essen[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche okpukpe na okwu ndị Mandaean mbụ na-apụta na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na Yardena (Jordan) abụwo aha mmiri baptizim ọ bụla na Mandaeism. [1] Otu n'ime aha maka Chineke Mandaean Hayyi Rabbi, Mara d-Rabuta (Onyenwe Ukwu) dị na Jenesis Apocryphon II, 4.: 552-553 Otu aha mbụ nke Mandean bụ bhiriqa 'ahọrọ nke ezi omume' ma ọ bụ 'Mandae ndị isi ha họọrọ kpọmkwem site na Mandae ndị isi obodo Mandae nwere ụfọdụ Mandne' ha họọrọ, Mandae nwere isi ala site na Mandaes site na Mandaan site na Manda' Mandan site na Jenụlọn! Mendean site na Mendean! Mende[12][12][13][14][10][15][2][16][8][17][8][7][18][19] 

Bana'im[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ndị Na-eme Baptizim[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Maghāriya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndi Nasara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Ossaea[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kabbalah[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

R.J. Zwi Werblowsky na-atụ aro na Mandaeism nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na Kabbalah karịa na ihe omimi Merkabah dị ka cosmogony na ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ. Otu puku na iri na abụọ ajụjụ, Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta nke Eze Kasị Elu, na Alma Rišaia Rba jikọtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na okike nke ụwa, echiche a hụrụ na Sefer Yetzirah na Bahir.: 217 O yiri ka edere Abatur n'ime efere anwansi ndị Juu n'ụdị rụrụ arụ dị ka "Abiṭur". A na-ahụ Ptahil na Sefer HaRazim depụtara n'etiti ndị mmụọ ozi ndị ọzọ guzo na nzọụkwụ nke itoolu nke mbara igwe nke abụọ: 210-211[20] 

Ndị Manichaean[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Okpukpe ndị Sameria BaptistDị ka Fihrist nke ibn al-Nadim si kwuo, onye amụma Mesopotamian Mani, onye guzobere Manichaeism, a zụlitere ya n'ime òtù Elkesaite (Elcesaite ma ọ bụ Elchasaite), nke Cologne Mani Codex kwadoro n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Manichaean ka dị n'ozuzu ya, o yikwara ka e jirila iberibe ndị fọdụrụnụ tụnyere Ginza Rabba. Mani mechara hapụ ndị Elkasaite iji guzobe okpukpe nke ya. N'ime nyocha ntụnyere, onye Swedish Egyptologist Torgny Säve-Söderbergh gosipụtara na Abụ Ọma nke Thomas nke Mani nwere njikọ chiri anya na ederede Mandaean.[21] Dị ka E. S. Drower si kwuo, "ụfọdụ n'ime abụ ọma Manichaean kachasị ochie, Abụ Ọma Coptic nke Thomas, bụ nkọwa na ọbụna nsụgharị okwu-okwu nke Mandaic mbụ; prosody na ahịrịokwu na-enye ihe akaebe na Manichaean bụ onye gbazitere ma ọ bụghị vice versa. "[2]: nke itoolu 

Okpukpe ndị Sameria Baptist[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị Sethian[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Kurt Rudolph achọpụtala ọtụtụ ihe yiri n'etiti ederede Mandaean na ederede Sethian Gnostic site na ọbá akwụkwọ Nag Hammadi.[22] Birger A. Pearson na-ejikwa "Mkpịsị Aka Ise" nke Sethianism, nke o kwenyere na ọ na-ezo aka na imikpu mmiri ise, na Mandaean masbuta.[23] Dị ka Buckley si kwuo (2010), "Akwụkwọ Sethian Gnostic ... nwere njikọ, ikekwe dị ka nwanne ya nke nta, na echiche baptism Mandaean. "

Ndị Valentina[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Valentinian Gnostics nakweere usoro baptizim Mandaean na Rome na Aleksandria na narị afọ nke abụọ OA.[3] 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2011, Al Arabiya tinyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị zoro ezo na ndị a na-amaghị aha ha maka ndị Mandaeans Iran na Iran ruru 60,000.[24] Dị ka akụkọ 2009 dị na The Holland Sentinel si kwuo, obodo Mandaean dị na Iran anọwokwa na-ebelata, na-adị n'etiti 5,000 na ihe karịrị 10,000 mmadụ.

ZieỌtụtụ ndị Mandaeans guzobere obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpụga Middle East na Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, United States, Canada, New Zealand, UK na karịsịa Australia, ebe ihe dị ka 10,000 bi ugbu a, karịsịa gburugburu Sydney, na-anọchite anya 15% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Mandaean n'ụwa.[25]

Ihe dị ka 1,000 ndị Mandaeans Iran akwagala na United States, ebe ọ bụ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị US na 2002 nyere ha ọnọdụ nchebe nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, nke e mechara nye ndị Mandaeens Iraq na 2007.[26] Otu obodo e mere atụmatụ na mmadụ 2,500 bi na Worcester, Massachusetts, ebe ha malitere ibi na 2008. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha si Iraq kwapụ.[27]

Hụkwa zie[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Notelist

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Mandaeanism Àtụ:Pipe religion. Britannica. Retrieved on 4 November 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Drower (1953). The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa. Biblioteca Apostolica Vatican. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Buckley (2010). "4. Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View", in Horsley: Christian Origins, A People's History of Christianity. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 94–111. ISBN 978-1-4514-1664-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lupieri (2001). The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802833501. 
  5. ↑ Segelberg (1958). Maşbūtā. Studies in the Ritual of the Mandæan Baptism. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala, Almqvist & Wiksells. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Mandaean Awareness and Guidance Board (28 May 2014). Mandaean Beliefs & Mandaean Practices. Mandaean Associations Union. Retrieved on 26 November 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Drower (1960). The secret Adam, a study of Nasoraean gnosis. London UK: Clarendon Press. Retrieved on 19 February 2014. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Drower (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press. 
  9. ↑ Shak (2018). "The Mandaeans in Iraq", in Rowe: Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-23378-7. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Brikhah S. Nasoraia (2012). Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion.
  11. ↑ mandaean الصابئة المندايين (21 November 2019). تعرف على دين المندايي في ثلاث دقائق. YouTube. Retrieved on 2 February 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rudolph (April 1964). "War Der Verfasser Der Oden Salomos Ein "Qumran-Christ"? Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Anfänge der Gnosis". Revue de Qumrân 4: 523–555. 
  13. ↑ Aldihisi (2013). The Story of Creation in the Mandaean Holy Book the Ginza Rba. ProQuest LLC. OCLC 1063456888. 
  14. ↑ Coughenour. "The Wisdom Stance of Enoch's Redactor". Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period Vol. 13, No. 1/2 (DECEMBER 1982), pp. 47–55
  15. ↑ The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness. Britannica. Retrieved on 4 March 2022.
  16. ↑ St. John the Baptist – Possible relationship with the Essenes | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 2022-04-12.
  17. ↑ Hachlili (1988). Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Land of Israel. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill. ISBN 9004081151. 
  18. ↑ Newman (2006). Proximity to Power and Jewish Sectarian Groups of the Ancient Period. Koninklijke Brill NV. ISBN 9789047408352. 
  19. ↑ Deutsch (6 October 2007). Save the Gnostics. The New York Times.
  20. ↑ Vinklat (January 2012). "Jewish Elements in the Mandaic Written Magic". Biernot, D. – Blažek, J. – Veverková, K. (Eds.), "Šalom: Pocta Bedřichu Noskovi K Sedmdesátým Narozeninám" (Deus et Gentes, Vol. 37), Chomutov: L. Marek, 2012. Isbn 978-80-87127-56-8. Retrieved on 10 February 2022. 
  21. ↑ Torgny Säve-Söderbergh, Studies in the Coptic Manichaean Psalm-book, Uppsala, 1949
  22. ↑ Kurt Rudolph, "Coptica-Mandaica, Zu einigen Übereinstimmungen zwischen Koptisch-Gnostischen und Mandäischen Texten," in Essays on the Nag Hammadi Texts in Honour of Pahor Labib, ed. M. Krause, Leiden: Brill, 1975 191–216. (re-published in Gnosis und Spätantike Religionsgeschichte: Gesämmelte Aufsätze, Leiden; Brill, 1996. [433–457]).
  23. ↑ Pearson (2011-07-14). "Baptism in Sethian Gnostic Texts", Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism. De Gruyter, 119–144. DOI:10.1515/9783110247534.119. ISBN 978-3-11-024751-0. 
  24. ↑ Al-Sheati (6 December 2011). Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution. Al Arabiya News. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved on 17 December 2011.
  25. ↑ Hegarty (21 July 2017). Meet the Mandaeans: Australian followers of John the Baptist celebrate new year. ABC News. Retrieved on 4 November 2021.
  26. ↑ Mandaean Faith Lives on in Iranian South. European Country of Origin Information Network – IWPR – Institute for War and Peace Reporting (30 July 2010). Retrieved on 4 November 2021.
  27. ↑ MacQuarrie. "Embraced by Worcester, Iraq's persecuted Mandaean refugees now seek 'anchor'—their own temple", The Boston Globe, 13 August 2016. Retrieved on 19 August 2016.

Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe ndị bụ isi e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ Nsọ Mandaean[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ Nsọ Mandaean[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akwụkwọ gbasara Mandaeism dị n'ịntanetị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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