Okpukpe Mandae

 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta nke Abatur nke narị afọ nke 18 na Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Dị ka ederede Mandaean si kwuo Haran Gawaita, ndị Mandaeans nke Nasora, ndị bụ ndị na-eso ụzọ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, hapụrụ Judaea wee kwaga Midia na narị afọ mbụ OA.: vi, ix Ihe kpatara nke a bụ mkpagbu ha na Jerusalem. Ndị mbịarambịa bu ụzọ gaa Haran (ma eleghị anya Harran na Turkey nke oge a), ma ọ bụ Hauran wee gaa n'ugwu ndị dị na Iran, tupu ha emechaa biri na mpaghara ndịda nke Mesopotemia (Iraq nke oge a). N'oge ọchịchị Parthian, ndị Mandaeans nwere ọganihu n'okpuru nchebe eze. Otú ọ dị, nchebe a adịteghị aka na eze ukwu Sasanian Bahram I na-arịgo n'ocheeze na nnukwu onye nchụàjà ya Kartir na-akpagbu okpukpe niile na-abụghị nke Zoroastrian: 4 

Na mbido mmeri ndị Alakụba meriri Mesopotemia na c. , a na-ekwu na onye ndú nke ndị Mandaeans, Anush Bar-Danqa, pụtara n'ihu ndị ọchịchị Alakụba, na-egosi ha akwụkwọ Ginza Rabba, akwụkwọ nsọ Mandaean, ma na-akpọsa onye amụma ukwu Mandaean ka ọ bụrụ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, onye a kpọtụrụ aha na kor'an dị ka Yahya ibn Zakariya. Nke a gosipụtara ndị Mandaeans dị ka otu n'ime ahl al-kitāb (Ndị nke Akwụkwọ). N'ihi ya, a ghọtara Mandaeism dị ka okpukpe dị nta n'ime Alaeze Ukwu ndị Alakụba.: 5 Otú ọ dị, akụkọ a nwere ike ịbụ apọkrịfa: ebe ọ na-ekwu na Anush Bar Danqa gara Baghdad, ọ ga-abụrịrị mgbe ntọala Baghdad na 762, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mere ma ọlị.

Ka o sina dị, n'oge ụfọdụ, a matara ndị Mandaeans dị ka ndị Sabians a kpọtụrụ aha tinyere ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst na ndị Zoroastrians na kor'an dị ka ndị nke Akwụkwọ. Ebe mbụ mere nke a n'ụzọ doro anya bụ Ḥasan bar Bahlul (fl. ) na-ezo aka na onye isi ala Abbasid ibn Muqla (c. 885-940), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ndị Mandaeans nke oge a amatalarị onwe ha dị ka ndị Sabians ma ọ bụ ma nkwupụta ahụ sitere na Ibn Muqla. A ka na-akpọ ndị Mandaeans ndị Sabians ruo taa.: 5 

N'ihe dị ka 1290, onye Dominican Katọlik si Tuscany, Riccoldo da Monte di Croce, ma ọ bụ Ricoldo Pennini, nọ na Mesopotemia ebe ọ zutere ndị Mandaean.  Ọ kọwara ha dị ka ndị kweere n’iwu nzuzo nke Chineke nke e dekọrọ n’akwụkwọ nsọ ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ, na-elelị ibi úgwù, na-asọpụrụ Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim karịsịa ma na-asa ahụ́ ugboro ugboro ka Chineke ghara ịma ya ikpe.

Ndị Mandaea na-akpọ “Ndị Kraịst nkeaint John” site n'aka ndị òtù Carmelite Discalced na Basra na narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17, dabere na akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ dị ka Ignatius nke Jizọs.[1]  Ụfọdụ ndị Jesuit Portuguese ezutewokwa ụfọdụ “Senti John Ndị Kraịst” n’akụkụ Osimiri Hormuz na 1559, mgbe ụgbọ mmiri Portuguese busoro ndị agha Ottoman agha na Bahrain 

Nkwenkwe Ndị E kweere

Okpukpe Mandae, dị ka okpukpere chi nke ndị Mandaean, gbadoro ụkwụ na usoro nke ụkpụrụ okpukpe na ozizi.  Akụkụ nke akwụkwọ Mandaean buru ibu nke ukwuu, na-ekpuchikwa isiokwu ndị dị ka eschatology, ihe ọmụma nke Chineke, na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị.

Dị ka Brikha Nasoraia si kwuo:  

Nkwenkwe ndị bụ́ isi

1. Nkwenye nke otu Chineke a maara dị ka Hayyi Rabbi, nke pụtara The Great Life or The Great Living (Chineke), nke akara ya bụ Mmiri Ndụ (Yardena).  Ya mere ọ dị mkpa ka ndị Mandae bi na nso osimiri.  Chineke n'onwe ya bụ ike nkwado na ike okike nke eluigwe na ala.
2. Ike nke Ìhè, nke Malka d-Nhura ('Eze nke Ìhè'), aha ọzọ maka Hayyi Rabbi, na uthras (ndị mmụọ ozi ma ọ bụ ndị nlekọta) nke na-enye ahụike, ike, omume ọma na ikpe ziri ezi. A na-ele Drabsha anya dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke Ìhè.
3. Anwụghị anwụ nke mkpụrụ obi; ọdịnihu nke mkpụrụ obi bụ isi nchegbu banyere ikwere na ndụ ọzọ, ebe enwere ụgwọ ọrụ na ntaramahụhụ. Enweghị ntaramahụhụ ebighi ebi ebe ọ bụ na Chineke nwere ebere.

Atụmatụ ndị bụ isi

Dị ka E. S. Drower si kwuo, e ji njirimara itoolu mara Mandaean Gnosis, nke pụtara n'ụdị dị iche iche na ngalaba gnostic ndị ọzọ. 

1. Onye kachasị elu na-enweghị ọdịdị, nke ngosipụta ya n'oge na oghere bụ ihe okike nke ụwa na ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ na-enye onye okike ma ọ bụ ndị okike malitere ya mmepụta nke ndị a. Ọ bụ Archetypal Man kere cosmos, onye na-emepụta ya n'ụdị nke ya.
2. Dualism: nne na nna dị na mbara igwe, Ìhè na Ọchịchịrị, Aka ekpe na Aka nri, syzygy n'ụdị mbara igwe na microcosmic.
3. Dị ka akụkụ nke dualism a, ụdị counter-types (ndeta) nke dị n'ụwa nke echiche (Mshunia Kushta).
4. A na-egosipụta mkpụrụ obi dị ka onye a chụgara n'ala ọzọ, onye a dọọrọ n'agha; ebe obibi ya na mmalite ya bụ Onye kachasị elu nke ọ mechara laghachi.
5. Mbara ala na kpakpando na-emetụta akara aka na ụmụ mmadụ, ha bụkwa ebe a na-ejide ha mgbe ha nwụsịrị.
6. Mmụọ onye nzọpụta ma ọ bụ mmụọ onye nzọpụta nke na-enyere mkpụrụ obi aka na njem ya site na ndụ na mgbe ọ gachara 'ụwa nke ìhè'.
7. Asụsụ ofufe nke akara na ihe atụ. A na-egosipụta echiche na àgwà.
8. 'Ihe omimi', ya bụ sakraments iji nyere aka ma mee ka mkpụrụ obi dị ọcha, iji hụ na a mụrụ ya ọzọ n'ime ahụ ime mmụọ, na ịrịgo ya site na ụwa nke ihe. Ndị a na-abụkarị mgbanwe nke oge na omenala ọdịnala dị ugbu a nke a na-agbakwunye nkọwa esoteric. N'ihe banyere ndị Naṣoraeans, nkọwa a dabere na akụkọ okike (lee 1 na 2), ọkachasị na Nwoke Chineke, Adam, dị ka Eze-onye nchụàjà e kpu okpueze ma tee ya mmanụ.
9. A na-enye iwu ka e debe nnukwu ihe nzuzo na ndị na-amalite; nkọwa zuru ezu nke 1, 2, na 8 na-echekwa maka ndị a na-ewere na ha nwere ike ịghọta ma chekwaa gnosis.

Ọdịdị mbara igwe

Okpukpe a na-ebuli ihe mgbagwoju anya, ọtụtụ akụkụ, esoteric, akụkọ ifo, omenala na nkọwa nkọwa na ụdị emanation nke okike bụ nkọwa kachasị. 

Aha a na-ahụkarị maka Chineke na Mandaeism bụ Hayyi Rabbi ('The Great Life' ma ọ bụ 'The Great Living God'). Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mee ihe bụ Mare d'Rabuta ('Onyenwe Ukwu'), Mana Rabba ('Obi Ukwu'", Malka d-Nhura ('Eze nke Ìhè') na Hayyi Qadmaiyi ('Ndụ Mbụ').[39] Ndị Mandae na-amata Chineke dị ka onye ebighi ebi, onye okike nke ihe niile, onye na-achị naanị ya nke na-enweghị onye mmekọ.

Ndị nna bụ́ ndị bụ isi

Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, nke Titian sere

Mandaeism anaghị atụle Abraham, Moses ma ọ bụ Jesus Mandaean ndị amụma, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-akụzi nkwenye na Abraham na Jizọs bụ ndị ụkọchukwu Mandaean na mbụ.: 116 Ha na-amata ndị amụma ndị ọzọ sitere na okpukpe Abraham, dị ka Adam, ụmụ ya Hibil (Abel) na Sheetil (Seth), na nwa ya Anush (Enosh), yana Noa (Noa), Sam (Shem), na Ram (Aram), ndị ha weere dị ka ndị nna nna ha. Ndị Mandae na-ewere Adam, Set, Noa, Shem na Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim dị ka ndị amụma na Adam onye guzobere ya na Jọn onye amụma kachasị ukwuu na nke ikpeazụ.: 

Ndị ụkọchukwu

Ganzibra Dakheel Edan (1881-1964), Nnukwu Onye Nchụàjà nke Mandaeans

Mmekọrịta ya na ndị ọzọ

 

Essen

Echiche okpukpe na okwu ndị Mandaean mbụ na-apụta na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ, na Yardena (Jordan) abụwo aha mmiri baptizim ọ bụla na Mandaeism. [1] Otu n'ime aha maka Chineke Mandaean Hayyi Rabbi, Mara d-Rabuta (Onyenwe Ukwu) dị na Jenesis Apocryphon II, 4.: 552-553 Otu aha mbụ nke Mandean bụ bhiriqa 'ahọrọ nke ezi omume' ma ọ bụ 'Mandae ndị isi ha họọrọ kpọmkwem site na Mandae ndị isi obodo Mandae nwere ụfọdụ Mandne' ha họọrọ, Mandae nwere isi ala site na Mandaes site na Mandaan site na Manda' Mandan site na Jenụlọn! Mendean site na Mendean! Mende 

 

Kabbalah

R.J. Zwi Werblowsky na-atụ aro na Mandaeism nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na Kabbalah karịa na ihe omimi Merkabah dị ka cosmogony na ihe oyiyi mmekọahụ. Otu puku na iri na abụọ ajụjụ, Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta nke Eze Kasị Elu, na Alma Rišaia Rba jikọtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na okike nke ụwa, echiche a hụrụ na Sefer Yetzirah na Bahir.: 217 O yiri ka edere Abatur n'ime efere anwansi ndị Juu n'ụdị rụrụ arụ dị ka "Abiṭur". A na-ahụ Ptahil na Sefer HaRazim depụtara n'etiti ndị mmụọ ozi ndị ọzọ guzo na nzọụkwụ nke itoolu nke mbara igwe nke abụọ: 210-211 

Ndị Manichaean

Okpukpe ndị Sameria BaptistDị ka Fihrist nke ibn al-Nadim si kwuo, onye amụma Mesopotamian Mani, onye guzobere Manichaeism, a zụlitere ya n'ime òtù Elkesaite (Elcesaite ma ọ bụ Elchasaite), nke Cologne Mani Codex kwadoro n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Manichaean ka dị n'ozuzu ya, o yikwara ka e jirila iberibe ndị fọdụrụnụ tụnyere Ginza Rabba. Mani mechara hapụ ndị Elkasaite iji guzobe okpukpe nke ya. N'ime nyocha ntụnyere, onye Swedish Egyptologist Torgny Säve-Söderbergh gosipụtara na Abụ Ọma nke Thomas nke Mani nwere njikọ chiri anya na ederede Mandaean. Dị ka E. S. Drower si kwuo, "ụfọdụ n'ime abụ ọma Manichaean kachasị ochie, Abụ Ọma Coptic nke Thomas, bụ nkọwa na ọbụna nsụgharị okwu-okwu nke Mandaic mbụ; prosody na ahịrịokwu na-enye ihe akaebe na Manichaean bụ onye gbazitere ma ọ bụghị vice versa. ": nke itoolu 

Ndị Sethian

Kurt Rudolph achọpụtala ọtụtụ ihe yiri n'etiti ederede Mandaean na ederede Sethian Gnostic site na ọbá akwụkwọ Nag Hammadi. Birger A. Pearson na-ejikwa "Mkpịsị Aka Ise" nke Sethianism, nke o kwenyere na ọ na-ezo aka na imikpu mmiri ise, na Mandaean masbuta. Dị ka Buckley si kwuo (2010), "Akwụkwọ Sethian Gnostic ... nwere njikọ, ikekwe dị ka nwanne ya nke nta, na echiche baptism Mandaean. "

Ndị Valentina

Valentinian Gnostics nakweere usoro baptizim Mandaean na Rome na Aleksandria na narị afọ nke abụọ OA. 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ

N'afọ 2011, Al Arabiya tinyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị zoro ezo na ndị a na-amaghị aha ha maka ndị Mandaeans Iran na Iran ruru 60,000. Dị ka akụkọ 2009 dị na The Holland Sentinel si kwuo, obodo Mandaean dị na Iran anọwokwa na-ebelata, na-adị n'etiti 5,000 na ihe karịrị 10,000 mmadụ.

ZieỌtụtụ ndị Mandaeans guzobere obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpụga Middle East na Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, United States, Canada, New Zealand, UK na karịsịa Australia, ebe ihe dị ka 10,000 bi ugbu a, karịsịa gburugburu Sydney, na-anọchite anya 15% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Mandaean n'ụwa.

Ihe dị ka 1,000 ndị Mandaeans Iran akwagala na United States, ebe ọ bụ na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị US na 2002 nyere ha ọnọdụ nchebe nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, nke e mechara nye ndị Mandaeens Iraq na 2007. Otu obodo e mere atụmatụ na mmadụ 2,500 bi na Worcester, Massachusetts, ebe ha malitere ibi na 2008. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha si Iraq kwapụ.

Edensibia

Akwụkwọ

Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya

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