Omume nchedo ọhịa tupu oge a na Southern Nigeria

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Omume nchedo ọhịa tupu oge a na Southern Nigeria
Ọnụ ụzọ nke oké ọhịa dị nsọ oge ochie: Achi Umuola na Enugu State.

Ogologo oge tupu mgbukpọ ọhịa aghọọ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya, omenala na omenala dị iche iche nke ụwa ejirila ụzọ ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri chebe ọdịdị. [1]Nke a anaghị ewepu obodo ndị dị na Naịjirịa ebe ọdịnala ndị a na-agafe site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ arụwo ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ichekwa ụfọdụ ọhịa ruo taa.   [citation needed]

Naịjirịa nwere nnukwu obosara nke ọhịa, ala ahịhịa dị n'akụkụ akụkụ ndịda nke mba ahụ, oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na South-western pivot na savannah mara mma n'etiti belt. Naịjirịa nọ n'etiti mba ndị nwere ọtụtụ akụ ọhịa. [2]Mpaghara ọhịa na Naịjirịa kpuchiri ihe dị ka 110,890 km2 nke ala niile nke mba ahụ, nke bụ ihe dị ka 910,770 km2, Nke a pụtara na ọhịa kpuchiri ihe dịka 12.18% nke ahịhịa kpuchiri mba ahụ.[3]

Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa bụ omume na-ezighị ezi nke igbutu osisi ma ọ bụ iwepụ oké ọhịa n'enweghị ịgha mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ dochie ha (ịghachite oké ọhịa). A maara na mgbukpọ ọhịa nwere njikọ na mmetụta na-adịghị mma karịa nke dị mma ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-abụkarị nke mmadụ.

Mkpa Ọhịa Mkpa Maka Obodo Naịjirịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ọtụtụ dị ka obodo na ọdịbendị dị na mpaghara dị iche iche nke ụwa, otú ahụ ka ụkpụrụ na ọrụ ihe atụ nke ọhịa ahụ dịkwa. [4]Ha na-agụnye ọdịbendị, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba dị mkpa n'ụzọ a ga-anọchite anya ya ma n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, gụnyere asụsụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nka, okpukpe, ọgwụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze. [5]Ndị obodo dị n'ebe ndịda Naịjirịa kwenyere na a na-eli mmụọ nke ndị nna nna mgbe ụfọdụ n'osisi ọhịa yana nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. [6]Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ịghọta ọhịa site na ihe dị mma na ihe na-adịghị mma, dị ka isi iyi nke uru mmesapụ aka na mmerụ ahụ nwere ike ime. a pụkwara ile ya anya dị ka isi iyi nke mmepe yana ihe mgbochi N'ahịrị ndị bu ụzọ, isiokwu a ga-ekpughe ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị oké ọhịa si nwee ọdịbendị, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na akụ na ụba.

Osisi Iroko dị nsọ na Emudo Nenwe

Mmetụta ọdịbendị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Àkwà mmiri dị n'etiti ụwa nkịtị na ala mmụọ: Ọtụtụ ọdịbendị na nkwenkwe na-ejikọta osisi ahụ na ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa. Ọ na-ezo aka ugboro ugboro na njikọ dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na ala ime mmụọ nke ndị nna nna ha. Osisi ahụ bụ ihe nchebe, akara nne, na ebe ndị mmadụ nwere ike ijikọ na chi ha na ndị nna nna ha. Ndị Mmụọ ọjọọ nwekwara ike iji osisi ahụ mee ihe maka uru ha. Osisi ahụ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke njikọ nke ihe niile, ọ na-ejikọkwa eluigwe na ụwa, ndị dị ndụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, na ihe onwunwe na ndị mmụọ. A na-egosipụta ihe nnọchianya nke osisi ahụ n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ifo, a na-ejikwa ya akpọrọ ihe dị ka ihe oyiyi ọdịbendị dị oké ọnụ ahịa nke na-ejikọta ndị mmadụ na oge gara aga ha.[7]
  • Ebe obibi nke chi ma ọ bụ ike dị elu, ọ na-adọta ofufe: A na-ekwere na osisi ụfọdụ bụ ebe obibi nke mmụọ. [8]Iroko (chlorophora excelsa ma ọ bụ milicia excelsa) bụ osisi dị nsọ n'ógbè ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ dum. [9]Dị ka nnyocha nke nyochara ihe dị mkpa n'okpukpe nke ọtụtụ ụdị ọhịa maka mmepeanya dị iche iche nke West Africa, a na-echekwa ya mgbe a na-achụ àjà na onyinye. E nwere ọtụtụ obodo gbara ya gburugburu, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akụkwa Iroko n'ebe ahụ. A na-ejikọta osisi ahụ na ime ime na ịmụ nwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị Ibo nke ndịda Naịjirịa na-ewere ya dị ka isi iyi nke mkpụrụ obi nke nwa ọhụrụ.[10]

Mmetụta Ọha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Chi ọhịa na Osogbo Groove

Ihe onwunwe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nwere ike ịnwe akara ọdịbendị na-ejikọta ndị mmadụ na otu akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ụkpụrụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ na otu.[11]

  • Usoro ikpe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya: N'ime usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndịda Naịjirịa, mkpa oké ọhịa na-apụta dị ka ike nke mgbapụta omume. N'ime ọnọdụ a, omume rụrụ arụ na-esokarị ememe mkpuchi mmehie, ebe osisi na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa. Osisi a na-anọchi anya onye na-enye ndụ, ihe na-egosi ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ onye na-akwado ndụ onye dike. Ọ na-aghọ onye ogbugbo dị ike n'ọnọdụ ebe mkpebi mmadụ na-ada, ọkachasị na esemokwu sitere na mmebi nke ụkpụrụ na iwu ọdịnala. Osisi na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbo na ndị na-eme mkpebi na esemokwu ikpe n'ihi na ha na-egosipụta ihe oyiyi dị mkpa.[6][12]
  • Ebe nchekwa maka ihe omume: A na-ahụkarị ọhịa dị ka ebe mgbaba na nchebe, na-enye ebe mgbaba pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ na mmerụ ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, oké ọhịa na-enye ebe maka emume okpukpe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọgwụgwọ. A na-ahụkwa ya dị ka ebe jikọtara ya na okike na chi.[6][11]
  • Isi iyi nke ngwaahịa ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri maka ile ọbịa: Oké ọhịa ahụ na-enye ụdị ngwaahịa dị iche iche site na nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ ruo uwe na ngwá egwu maka ememe ọdịnala. [13]Ọ bụ ezie na a naghị eji ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị a eme ihe kwa ụbọchị, ha ka na-emepụta akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnukwu ọdịnala ọdịnala. A na-akpachara anya na-egosi nri ọhịa n'ọtụtụ emume ọdịnala dị ka Alụmdi na nwunye, olili ozu, mmalite, ntinye nke ndị isi, na ememe ọmụmụ. Mmanya nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi cola bụ nri ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa n'ebe niile dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka. Na Naijiria, mmanya nkwụ dị oke mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-eji ya eme ihe omume ndị dị ka ịwụsa mmanya, ikpe ekpere, na ihe omume ịkpọsa. A na-ewere mkpụrụ osisi Cola dị ka ihe nnọchianya dị mkpa nke nnabata na ile ọbịa. Maka ndị Alakụba nke mpaghara ahụ, mkpụrụ osisi cola dị nsọ n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe onye amụma nyere ha. Ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọbụbụenyi na ihe ngosi n'oge ememe niile. N'etiti ndị Igbo nke Southern Nigeria, mkparịta ụka niile, ekpere, na ememe na-amalite site na ịpị mkpụrụ osisi cola (Orji). Enweghị cola, a naghị ele oge ndị a anya dị ka ihe siri ike (Okigbo 1980).[14]
Ngwaahịa Ọhịa

Mkpa akụ na ụba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Onye na-ekesa ihe onwunwe: A kwenyere na oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ime ka obodo ọ bụla dị na ndịda Naịjirịa pụrụ iche site n'inye ha ihe pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti njirimara ha ma na-akwado ụzọ ndụ ha. [15]Ihe onwunwe ndị a dị iche iche abụghị naanị na ha na-enye aka na akụ na ụba mpaghara kamakwa ha na-akpụzi ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke obodo ndị a. dịka ọmụmaatụ:
  1. A maara Ndị Urhobo nke Delta State maka nkà ha na-akpụ osisi. [16]Ha na-eji osisi siri ike dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere mahogany, ebony, na iroko, iji mepụta ihe osise mara mma ma dị mgbagwoju anya.
  2. A maara ndị Ibibio Ndị Annang nke Akwa Ibom State maka ngwaahịa nkwụ raffia ha. Nkwụ Raffia bụ ihe a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche nke enwere ike iji mee ihe ndina, nkata, okpu, na ihe ndị ọzọ.
  3. A maara Ndị Ijaw nke Bayelsa Steeti maka ịkụ azụ ha. Oké ọhịa nke Niger Delta na-enye ndị Ijaw ebe a na-enweta azụ, nke bụ isi ihe oriri na ego maka obodo ahụ.[17]
  4. A maara Ndị Efik nke Cross River State maka mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ ha. [18]Mmanụ nkwụ bụ mmanụ nri a ma ama na Naijiria, a na-ejikwa ya eme ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, dị ka ncha na ihe ntecha.
  • Isi iyi nke ihe ọgwụ: Ihe omimi nke ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe ọhịa na-arụkarị ọrụ dị mkpa n'omume ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala. [13][19]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, ekwere na ụfọdụ osisi na anụmanụ nwere ikike anwansi nke enwere ike iji gwọọ ndị ọrịa. [16]A pụkwara iwere ebe ụfọdụ n'ime ọhịa dị ka ihe dị nsọ, a kwekwaara na ịnọ oge n'ebe ndị a nwere ike ịkwalite ọgwụgwọ. A na-eche na ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, dị ka osisi, osimiri, na ugwu, nwere uru ọgwụgwọ. [20]A na-ahụ ọhịa dị ka ebe jikọtara ya na okike na nke chi. A na-ahụkwa ha dị ka isi iyi nke nri na ihe oriri maka ụmụ mmadụ na ihe ndị ọzọ.
  • Mmalite nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst: Mmetụta Iso Ụzọ Okpukpe na omume nchedo ọdịnala na Naịjirịa na-elekwasị anya n'oké ọhịa dị nsọ n'ihi nghọta dị n'ime Iso Ụzọ Ụzọ Kraịst na omume ụfọdụ nwere ike iwere dị ka Ikpe arụsị ma ọ bụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ. [21]N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, oké ọhịa ndị dị nsọ, nke nwere ihe dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ usoro nkwenkwe na okpukpe ndị obodo, nwere ike iwere ha dị ka ndị nwere njikọ ndị ọgọ mmụọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-efe arụsị site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị tọghatara gaa n'Iso Ụzọ Kraịst. N'ihi ya, nghọta a nwere ike ibute mbelata na nlekọta na nsọpụrụ nke ebe ndị a a na-asọpụrụ. [22]Dịka ọmụmaatụ:
  1. N'ógbè ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naijiria, ụfọdụ Ndị Kraịst akwadoghị omume nke oké ọhịa dị nsọ. Ha ekwuola na oké ọhịa ndị dị nsọ bụ ndị ọgọ mmụọ, a ga-ebibi ha. Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ oké ọhịa dị nsọ laa n'iyi na mpaghara a.[23]
  2. Na mpaghara Niger Delta, ụfọdụ obodo ndị Kraịst agbanweela ọhịa ha dị nsọ ka ala ugbo. Emere nke a iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka nri na iji nweta ego.[24]

Izute usoro mmepe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mpụta nke Industrialization: Uto nke ụlọ ọrụ emeela ka ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa osisi dịkwuo elu, nke a emeela ka ọrụ ịkụ osisi azụmahịa. [25]Ọrụ ndị a na-abụkarị uru ma nwee ike ọ gaghị agbaso usoro nchịkwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide. Usoro nchedo ọdịnala, nke na-ebute ụzọ ahụike ọhịa ogologo oge, nwere ike ileghara anya maka uru akụ na ụba dị mkpirikpi.
  • Mkpa Ahịa Ụwa: Southern Nigeria, dị ka ọtụtụ mpaghara, na-emetụta ọchịchọ ahịa ụwa. Mbupụ nke ngwaahịa ugbo, osisi, na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike nwere ike ime ka a kpochapụ ọhịa ka ndị na-emepụta ihe na-achọ izute ihe ahịa mba ụwa chọrọ, ọtụtụ oge na-efu omume nchedo ọdịnala.[26][27]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye ụba[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Mkpa maka ego ndị ọzọ: Ịchụ osisi na mmepụta azụmahịa bụ ohere akụ na ụba nke oge a nke dugara n'ịbawanye ịchụ osisi ma jiri ihe onwunwe ọhịa mee ihe maka uru. Ihe mkpali akụ na ụba a na-akarị ụkpụrụ ọdịnala nke nchekwa ọhịa. [25]Ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute uru akụ na ụba dị mkpirikpi ụzọ karịa nkwado ogologo oge.
  • Mgbasawanye nke akụrụngwa na ebe obibi: Ka ndịda Naịjirịa na-enwe mmepe akụrụngwa, dị ka iwu okporo ụzọ na ime obodo n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ọ na-achọkarị iwepụ ala, gụnyere ọhịa. Usoro a nwere ike iduga n'ịgbukpọ ọhịa na mbibi nke usoro okike nke e chebere na mbụ site na omume nchedo ọdịnala.[28]
  • Mgbasawanye Ọrụ Ugbo: Ịhụ ihe oriri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu emeela ka mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo. N'ebe ndịda Naịjirịa, nke a na-agụnyekarị iwepu ọhịa maka ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ na ịkpa anụ. [29]Enwere ike ịhapụ usoro ọdịnala nke iji ala eme ihe na ọrụ ugbo na-agbanwe agbanwe iji kwado omume siri ike na nke na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.[25]

Omume Nchekwa Ọhịa Na-apụta na Southern Nigeria[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Omume nchedo ọhịa na-apụta na-adị mkpa na mpaghara ahụ n'ihi njedebe nke omume ọdịnala ochie na mkpa maka njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. [30]Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa bụ ebe obibi nke usoro okike dịgasị iche iche, chere nnukwu egwu ihu, dị ka mgbukpọ ọhịa, igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, na mmepe akụrụngwa. [31]N'ịzaghachi ihe ịma aka ndị a, omume nchedo ọdịnala agbanweela ma pụta na mpaghara ahụ.[32]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Hundera (2007). "Traditional Forest Management Practices in Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia" (in en). Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences 2 (2): 1–10. DOI:10.4314/ejesc.v2i2.41982. ISSN 1998-8907. 
  2. ↑ Ayeni (2013). "Forestry in Nigeria: A brief historical overview, phases of development and present challenges" (in en). 
  3. ↑ Ogundele (2016). Deforestation in Nigeria: The Needs for Urgent Mitigating Measures. www.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved on 2023-09-11.
  4. ↑ Odok (2019-05-04). "Commodification of forestlands and assault on indigenous knowledge within forest-dependent communities of Cross River State, Nigeria" (in en). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 74 (2): 126–131. DOI:10.1080/0035919X.2019.1600069. ISSN 0035-919X. 
  5. ↑ Henwood (2001-06-01). "Talk About Woods and Trees: Threat of Urbanization, Stability, and Biodiversity". Journal of Environmental Psychology 21 (2): 125–147. DOI:10.1006/jevp.2000.0196. ISSN 0272-4944. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 3. THE CULTURAL AND SYMBOLIC IMPORTANCE OF FOREST RESOURCES. www.fao.org. Retrieved on 2023-09-17. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Okeke (2023-07-21). "Contemporary appearances of indigenous holies in Igboland: a study of Uboma people" (in en). Culture and Religion: 1–24. DOI:10.1080/14755610.2023.2196082. ISSN 1475-5610. 
  8. ↑ Virtanen (2002). "The Role of Customary Institutions in the Conservation of Biodiversity: Sacred Forests in Mozambique". Environmental Values 11 (2): 227–241. DOI:10.1177/096327190201100208. ISSN 0963-2719. 
  9. ↑ Ouinsavi (2005-03-21). "Utilization and traditional strategies of in situ conservation of iroko (Milicia excelsa Welw. C.C. Berg) in Benin". Forest Ecology and Management 207 (3): 341–350. DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.069. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  10. ↑ Oliver-Bever (1986-01-23). Medicinal Plants in Tropical West Africa (in en). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26815-8. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Daniel (2016-09-16). "Socio- cultural importance of sacred forests conservation in south southern Nigeria" (in en). African Journal of Sustainable Development 6 (2): 251–268. ISSN 2315-6317.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Ellis (November 2008). "The Okija Shrine: Death and Life in Nigerian Politics" (in en). The Journal of African History 49 (3): 445–466. DOI:10.1017/S0021853708003940. ISSN 1469-5138. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nwosu (2002-09-01). "[0255:ESOSPO2.0.CO;2 Ethnobotanical studies on some pteridophytes of Southern Nigeria]" (in en). Economic Botany 56 (3): 255–259. DOI:[0255:ESOSPO2.0.CO;2 10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0255:ESOSPO]2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 1874-9364.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ Saico (2012). "AN EXAMINATION OF THE UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL WOODLANDS IN SWAZILAND – A CASE OF KA BHUDLA COMMUNITY". Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 14 (1): 18. 
  15. ↑ Malleson (2014-06-01). "Non-timber forest products income from forest landscapes of Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria – an incidental or integral contribution to sustaining rural livelihoods?". International Forestry Review 16 (3): 261–277. DOI:10.1505/146554814812572449. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Odokuma (2013). "Urhobo Wood Sculpture of the Niger Delta: Its Structure and Its Therapeutic Tendencies". International Journal of Humanities and Social Science.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  17. ↑ Object. "The Ijo (Ijaw) People of Delta State: Their Early History and Aspects of Social and Cultural Practices". 
  18. ↑ Jones (April 1974). "From Slaves to Palm Oil - Old Calabar 1600—1891. The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society. By A. J. H. Latham. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. Pp. 150. Maps 6. Charts, graphs and tables 20. £5." (in en). The Journal of African History 15 (2): 328–330. DOI:10.1017/S0021853700000955. 
  19. ↑ Omokhua (2011-11-18). "Medicinal and Socio-Cultural Importance of Costus Afer (Ker Grawl) in Nigeria". African Research Review 5 (5). DOI:10.4314/afrrev.v5i5.22. ISSN 2070-0083. 
  20. ↑ Traditional medicine practices among the Yoruba people of Nigeria: a historical perspective. www.plantsjournal.com. Retrieved on 2023-10-10.
  21. ↑ Njoku (2017). "The Encounter with "Evil Forests" in Igbo-land: The Legacy of Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Missionaries' Interactions with African Culture" (in en). Journal of Social History 50 (3): 466–480. DOI:10.1093/jsh/shw040. ISSN 0022-4529. 
  22. ↑ Atindehou (2022-12-01). "Management and protection of large old tree species in farmlands: Case of Milicia excelsa in southern Benin (West Africa)". Trees, Forests and People 10: 100336. DOI:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100336. ISSN 2666-7193. 
  23. ↑ Choba (2011). "DISAPPEARING SACRED GROVES: CAUSES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN TWO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF ABIA STATE OF NIGERIA". 
  24. ↑ Ijaola (2016). "From colonialism to neo-colonialism, Christianity in cultural demythologization and ecological crises in the Niger Delta, Nigeria". AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities 5 (3): 161–178. DOI:10.4314/ijah.v5i3.14. ISSN 2227-5452. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Arokoyu (2010-01-01). "Mangrove forest depletion, biodiversity loss and traditional resources management practices in the Niger Delta, Nigeria". Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 
  26. ↑ Isikhuemen (2014-01-01). "Rainforest degradation in southern Nigeria: role of forestry institutions". 
  27. ↑ Oluduro (June 2012). "Oil exploration and ecological damage: the compensation policy in Nigeria" (in en). Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue canadienne d'études du développement 33 (2): 164–179. DOI:10.1080/02255189.2012.693049. ISSN 0225-5189. 
  28. ↑ Ewah (May 2012). "The Effects of Creating Access Roads on the Integrity of Conserved Areas: A Case Study of Okwangwo Rainforest in Cross River National Park, Nigeria" (in en). Journal of Human Ecology 38 (2): 105–115. DOI:10.1080/09709274.2012.11906479. ISSN 0970-9274. 
  29. ↑ Okafor (January 1976). "Development of forest tree crops for food supplies in Nigeria". Forest Ecology and Management 1: 235–247. DOI:10.1016/0378-1127(76)90028-1. ISSN 0378-1127. 
  30. ↑ The Need for a Legal Regime for Sustainable Forest Management in Nigeria | InforMEA. www.informea.org. Retrieved on 2023-10-12.
  31. ↑ Ite (1998-04-01). "New wine in an old skin: The reality of tropical moist forest conservation in Nigeria". Land Use Policy 15 (2): 135–147. DOI:10.1016/S0264-8377(98)80010-0. ISSN 0264-8377. 
  32. ↑ Bisong (2007-08-23). "Participatory land use planning for community based forest management in South-Eastern Nigeria". Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research 4 (1). DOI:10.4314/lwati.v4i1.36840. ISSN 1813-2227. 
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