Onye Nche nke Nwoke Ogbenye
| Oge/afọ mmalite | 1831  |
|---|---|
| aha | The Poor Man's Guardian |
| Ebe Mbipụta | London |
| asụsụ eji dee ọrụ | Bekee |
Onye Ogbenye The Guardian bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ penny kwa izu nke Henry Hetherington bipụtara na London, England site na Julaị 1831 ruo Disemba 1835.
Hetherington bipụtara ya Onye Ogbenye Onye Nchebe, onye nọchiri ya na mbụ (1830–31) penny kwa ụbọchị Penny Papers for the People, dị ka ihe ịma aka zuru oke nye ikike. Ebipụtara ya na ọnụ ala penny kwa izu kwa izu nwere isiokwu doro anya: Ebipụtara megidere 'iwu' iji nwalee ike 'ike' megide 'ziri ezi'. [1]
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nọchiri anya ọgụ megide nsonaazụ nke Ọrụ isii nke 1819, nke Tories nyere iwu. Ọrụ ndị ahụ bu n'obi ịlụso ndị nta akụkọ nweere onwe ha ọgụ, a na-ahụta dị ka onye nnọchianya nke oge radicalism site na 1816, nke gara n'ihu ruo 1820. Ha tinyere akwụkwọ nrịbama stampụ (ụtụ isi); akwụkwọ niile na-apụta na ihe na-erughị nkeji iri abụọ na isii ga-ebu stampụ gọọmentị na azụmaahịa na 7 d (3p) nke ọ bụla. Onye nlekọta nke ogbenye nwoke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mkpebi nke gọọmentị Whig nke Lord Melbourne iwetu ụtụ isi ruo n'ókè ebe akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ike ịzụ ahịa na 4d (1.5p).
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na stampụ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ ụtụ isi na ihe ọmụma ; o nwere isi okwu pụtara ' Ihe ọmụma bụ ike '. Akwụkwọ Hetherington nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma wee nweta ahịa nke mbipụta 15,000 kwa izu na mba ahụ niile n'agbanyeghị na ọ dabere na London. Bronterre O'Brien, mechara bụrụ onye na-enye aka mgbe niile na Northern Star, deziri onye nchekwa nke ogbenye nwoke site na 1832.
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]pụtara ' Ihe ọmụma bụ ike '. Akwụkwọ Hetherington nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma wee nweta ahịa nke mbipụta 15,000 kwa izu
- ↑ Asa Briggs,Chartist Studies (Macmillan, 1959)
Ọgụgụ ọzọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Wiener (1969). The war of the unstamped. New York: Cornell University. ISBN 9780801405228.
- (1984) in Baylen: Biographical dictionary of modern British radicals.. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester P.. ISBN 0-85527-494-8.
- Haywood (2004). The revolution in popular literature : print, politics, and the people, 1790-1860, 1. publ., New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83546-1.
- Harrison (1974). Poor men's guardians : a record of the struggles for a democratic newspaper press, 1763-1973. London: Lawrence and Wishart. ISBN 0-85315-301-9.
- (1972) in Simon: The Radical Tradition in Education in Britain. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
- (1970) Reynold's political instructor. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Reprint Corporation.