Paternal rights and abortion

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Paternal rights and abortion

Ikike ndị nna na okwu ite ime bụ mmụba nke arụmụka ite ime na mmegharị ikike ndị nna. Ime ime na-aghọ ihe na-akpata nghọtahie na ikpe n'etiti ndị mmekọ.

 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu ndị Rom nyere ohere ime ime ma na-achịkwa ya n'ịtụle nna mụrụ ya. Eze Ukwu Septimius Severus chịrị n'ihe dị ka afọ 211 AD na nwanyị nke turu ime n'enweghị nkwenye site n'aka di ya kwesịrị ihu n'ala ọzọ maka na ọ nwụnahụrụ di ya.[1][2]

N'okwu ya Pro Cluentio, nke e nyere na 66 BC, Cicero na-ezo aka n'okwu ọ nụrụ banyere ya ebe a mara otu nwanyị si Miletus ikpe ọnwụ maka ime ime ya, mgbe ọ natara aka azụ site n'aka ndị guzoro iketa ala di ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ mụtaghị onye nketa. Cicero kwuru na n'ime nke a, ọ "bibiriwo olileanya nke nna, ncheta aha ya, ọkọnọ nke agbụrụ ya, onye nketa nke ezinụlọ ya, nwa amaala ezubere maka iji mba ahụ".

Onye edemede Gris nke narị afọ nke anọ BC si Alexandria, Egypt, Sopater, hotara onye ọka iwu Lysias, onye zoro aka na ikpe na Atens nke otu nwoke aha ya bụ Antigene boro nwunye ya ebubo na ọ napụrụ ya nwa nwoke site na ite ime.[1]

Ụmụnwoke na ite ime n'iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ma nwoke nwere ikike iwu kwadoro iji kwalite ọdịmma onwe ya, ma ọ bụ maka ite ime, ịbụ nna, ma ọ bụ nkuchi, karịa nke nwanyị, dị iche site na mpaghara.

N'afọ 2011, a kọrọ na Indonesia, Malawi, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Equatorial Guinea, Kuwait, Maldives, Morocco, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Taiwan na Turkey niile nwere iwu nke chọrọ ka di nwanyị ahụ buru ụzọ nye ikike ite ime. Otú ọ dị, na mba ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịgafe ma ọ bụ merie iwu a ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ezi nchegbu maka ahụike nne.[3]

Kemgbe Roe v. Wade, ụfọdụ steeti na United States anwaala ịme iwu chọrọ nkwenye di na nwunye. Iwu ndị a niile akwadoghị iwu, nkwenye di na nwunye na mkpebi 1976 Planned Parenthood v. Danforth na mmata di na nwunye na mkpebi 1992 Planned Parenthood v. Casey[4]

Ikpe ikpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na China, di nke nwanyị nke turu ime gbara akwụkwọ megide ya n'afọ 2002 n'okpuru iwu ezubere inye nha nhata mmekọahụ n'ihe gbasara ịmụ nwa na mkpebi mgbochi. Iwu ahụ kwuru na nwanyị enweghị ihe kachasị mkpa karịa di ya ma ọ bụ nwunye ya n'ikpebi ma ọ ga-amụ nwa.[5]

Ọtụtụ ikpe ikpe bilitere na mba ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụmụ nwoke gbalịrị igbochi ụmụ nwanyị ha na ha na-enwe mmekọahụ ime ime, ha niile kụrụ afọ n'ala:

  • 1978: William Paton nke Liverpool, United Kingdom nwara igbochi nwunye ya kewara, Joan, ime ime na ikpe 1978 Paton v. Ndị nlekọta nke British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees. Otu onye ọka ikpe kpebiri na nwunye ya kwadoro ya na arịrịọ Maazị Paton mechara rịọ maka ịnụrụ ya n'ihu Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ruuru Mmadụ na Yurop.[6]
  • 1987: Robert Carver nke United Kingdom gbalịrị igbochi ite ime na ikpe 1987 C v. S. O kwuru na Iwu Ndụ Nwa (Nchekwa) metụtara nwa ebu n'afọ, ebe ọ bụ na, n'oge ahụ, enyi ya nwanyị nọ izu iri abụọ na otu. Mgbe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị kagburu ikpe ahụ, e wetara ya n'ihu Ụlọ Ndị Omeiwu, ebe ndị isi iwu atọ kwadoro mkpebi ndị mbụ. Usoro iwu ahụ dum were awa iri atọ na isii, ebe ndị isi ahụike jụrụ ikwe ka ite ime tupu e nwee mkpebi, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ikpe kachasị ngwa ngwa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu Britain. Ka o sina dị, nwanyị ahụ metụtara họọrọ ime ime ahụ ruo oge ma nye Carver nwa ahụ.[6][7]
  • 1989: Jean-Guy Tremblay nke Quebec, gbara akwụkwọ iwu megide enyi ya nwanyị, Chantal Daigle, iji gbochie ya ime ime ime na ikpe Canada nke 1989 Tremblay v. Daigle. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada mechara kpebie na ọ dịghị ihe atụ maka ikike nwoke iji chebe "ụmụ ya nwere ike", ebe ọ bụ na achọtaghị nwa ebu n'afọ nwere ikike ibi ndụ n'okpuru Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms .
  • 2001: Stephen Hone nke Coventry, United Kingdom, gbalịrị igbochi enyi ya nwanyị mbụ bụ Claire Hansell ite ime.[8]

Banyere ụmụnwoke na-ekpebi ịjụ ịbụ nne na nna ma ọ bụrụ na ha dị ime n'atụghị anya ya ma rịọ maka ite ime ego:

  • 2006: Matt Dubay ikpe nkwado ụmụaka bụ ikpe ikpe n'etiti Matt Dubay na enyi ya nwanyị mbụ, ha abụọ nke Saginaw Township, Michigan. Dubay kwuru n'akwụkwọ ikpe na ọ gwara enyi ya nwanyị mbụ na ọ nweghị mmasị ịghọ nna. Dubay kwukwara n'akwụkwọ ikpe na na nzaghachi, o kwuru na ọ bụ onye na-amụ nwa nakwa na, dị ka ihe nchebe ọzọ, ọ na-eji ọgwụ mgbochi.[9] A kpọrọ ikpe ahụ "Roe v. Wade for Men" site na National Center for Men. Onye ọka ikpe kagburu ikpe Dubay.
  • 2006: Na Uruguay, otu nwoke kwalitere nchebe megide ite ime nwunye ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Onye ọka ikpe Pura Book machibidoro ite ime ahụ.

Ụmụnwoke ndị gbalịrị ịmanye nwanyị ite ime:

  • 2009: otu nwoke Israel a na-akpọghị aha ya rịọrọ ụlọ ikpe ka o nye onye bụbu enyi ya nwanyị iwu ka ọ tụpụ ime, na-ekwu na ọ ghaara ụgha banyere mgbochi ime na ịbụ nna mbụ ga-emebi ndụ ya. Ụlọ ikpe ahụ jụrụ arụmụka ya, na-ekwu na nna enweghị ikike na mkpebi nkwụsị.[10]

Esemokwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-akwado ikike nwoke itinye aka na mkpebi ọmụmụ nke nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ihe ezi uche na-adịghị na ya na, mgbe ịmịchara ime, ụmụnwanyị nwere ọtụtụ ohere ịhapụ ime na ịbụ nne na nna n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro (dịka ụtụtụ mgbe ọgwụ, ite ime, nkuchi ma ọ bụ iwu nchekwa) ebe ụmụnwoke enweghị.[11] Armin Brott ekwuola banyere nke a, "Nwanyị nwere ike ịnapụ nwoke ikike ya ịghọ nne ma ọ bụ nna ma ọ bụ manye ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ụzọ megidere uche ya."[12] Nwoke ahụ nwere ike inwe ọrụ nke ịbụ nna, dị ka nkwado ụmụaka, nke a manyere ya megide ọchịchọ ya. Nke a na-emetụta ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ịtụrụ ime enweghị ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ nkwenye ya, dị ka imebi njikwa ọmụmụ, izu ohi sperm ma ọ bụ mwakpo mmekọahụ nke nwoke.[13][14]

N'afọ 2021, nyocha nzaghachi afọ ofufo sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ebere na-emegide ịtụrụ ime bụ Care Net nyochara otu puku ụmụnwoke na United States bụ ndị tụụrụ nwanyị ime ime. Ihe ngosi ahụ jiri ọnụọgụgụ ma mee ka nsonaazụ ya dị ntakịrị iji nweta ihe ngosi onye nnọchi anya mba. Ọ bụ naanị ụmụnwoke ndị mmekọ ha gwara ha banyere ite ime ahụ ka a nyochara. Otu ajụjụ jụrụ "Olee ọrụ ị kwenyere na ọtụtụ ndị ị maara na-atụ anya na ụmụnwanyị na ụmụnwoke ga-arụ na mkpebi ime ime?" 21% zara, "Ọ bụ nhọrọ nwanyị na nwoke enweghị ọrụ ọ ga-arụ." 46% zara, "Ọ bụ nhọrọ nwanyị, mana nwoke kwesịrị inwe ụfọdụ ntinye." 29% zara, "Ọ bụ nhọrọ nke nwanyị na nwoke kwesịrị ime ọnụ na ntinye aka nhata." 4% fọdụrụnụ hụrụ nwoke ahụ nwere ọrụ ka ukwuu ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọrụ pụrụ iche na ikpebi, ma ọ bụ amaghị.[15]

Ime vetoing[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụnwoke na ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ndị nna ekwuola na ụmụnwoke kwesịrị inwe ikike veto maka mkpebi ndị mmekọ ha ime.[16][17][18][19] N'otu aka ahụ, ọkà ihe ọmụma George W. Harris dere na, ọ bụrụ na nwoke amụọ nwanyị ime na ebumnuche doro anya nke ịmụ nwa, n'ụzọ nkwekọrịta, mgbe ahụ ọ ga-abụ omume na-adịghị mma maka nwanyị ahụ ka o mechara tụba ime.[20]

Ndị na-ajụ ka ụmụnwoke nwee ikike itinye aka kpọmkwem na-arụ ụka na n'ihi na ọ bụ ahụ nwanyị na-ebu nwa a na-amụbeghị amụ, mkpebi ya maka ma ọ bụ megide ite ime kwesịrị ịbụ naanị otu.[11] Marsha Garrison, onye prọfesọ na Brooklyn Law School, kwuru na ụlọ ikpe United States kwetara "na nwa ebu n'afọ dị n'ime ahụ nwanyị, ọ dị n'ime ya ma enweghị ikewapụ ya na ya, ya mere ọ bụghị naanị mkpebi ya banyere ma ọ ga-amụ nwa, ọ bụ banyere ahụ ya. "[21]

Nkwupụta ime ime[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Akụkọ pụrụ iche nke mba United States Gallup nke afọ 2002 kwuru na ọ bụ naanị 38% nke ndị bi na ya na-emegide ịgwa di nke nwanyị lụrụ di maka ite ime.[22] Na nyocha Gallup nke afọ 2003, 72% nke ndị zaghachirinụ kwadoro ọkwa nye di, na 26% megidere; n'ime ndị a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, 79% nke ụmụnwoke na 67% nke ụmụnwanyị zara maka ọkwa n'ime di na nwunye.[23]

Ime vetoing[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Bioethicist Jacob Appel ajụọla, "ọ bụrụ na mmadụ enye nwoke ikike veto n'elu nhọrọ nwanyị ime ime n'ọnọdụ ebe ọ dị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nwa ahụ, gịnị mere ị gaghị enye ya ikike ịchọ ite ime ebe ọ na-adịghị njikere inye nwa ahụ?"[24]

Ịhọrọ ịpụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'izo aka n'okwu ndị nne na-atụ anya na ụmụnwoke na-achọghị ịghọ nna ga-akwụ ụgwọ nkwado ụmụaka, Melanie McCulley, onye ọka iwu South Carolina, n'isiokwu ya nke afọ 1998, "The Male Abortion: The Putative Father's Right to Terminate His Interests in and Obligations to the Unborn Child," wepụtara echiche nke "nwoke abortion", nke ọ na-arụ ụka na ụmụnwoke kwesịrị inwe ike ịkwụsị ọrụ iwu ha nye ụmụ a na-achọghị.[11]

Ịhọrọ n'ime[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

O nwekwara ike ime, kama iwere ọnọdụ na ụmụnwoke kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe ịpụ na ibu ọrụ na ikike, iji were ọnọdụ na mmadụ ga-ahọrọ ịbanye ma kwenye ịrụ ọrụ ndị ahụ ka a manyere ya ịgbaso ha, na naanị site na ime nke a, nweta ikike ndị nne na nna. Nke a bụ ihe na-eme n'oge nkuchi.

Leekwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ime ime
  • Mkparịta ụka gbasara ite ime
  • Iwu ime ime
  • Dubay v. Wells
  • Ịha nhata ọha na eze
  • Mmegharị ikike nke nna
  • Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị
  • Nchedo iwu nke ịnweta ite ime
  • Masculism
  • Nnwere onwe ụmụ nwoke
  • Mmegharị ụmụ nwoke
  • Ikike ụmụ nwoke
  • Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke
  • Ndị na-eto eto na ite ime
  • Ime ime akwụkwọ
  • Aghụghọ nke nna
  • Planned Parenthood v. Casey
  • Ikike ịmụ nwa
  • Ohi mkpụrụ ndụ nwoke
  • Tremblay v. Daigle

Ebensidee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 John M. Riddle (1992). Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  2. ↑ "Timeline 3rd Century." (2003). The Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide. Retrieved June 9, 2006.
  3. ↑ Rahman, Anika (1998). "A Global Review of Laws on Induced Abortion, 1985–1997". International Family Planning Perspectives 24 (2): 56–64. DOI:10.2307/2991926. PMID 14627052. 
  4. ↑ Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved on October 2, 2018.
  5. ↑ Maximova, Vickie. "Chinese man sues wife over abortion." (March 20, 2002). BBC News. Retrieved May 26, 2006.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Woman in Hone case has abortion." (March 30, 2001). British Pregnancy Advisory Services: Press Release. Retrieved May 29, 2006.
  7. ↑ Brahams D (March 1987). "An action by putative father and unborn fetus to prevent termination". Lancet 1 (8532): 576–7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90226-1. PMID 2881128. 
  8. ↑ "Abortion for court fight woman." (March 26, 2001). BBC News. Retrieved May 26, 2006.
  9. ↑ MATTHEW DUBAY v. LAUREN WELLS, an Individual, SAGINAW COUNTY PROSECUTING ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, by and through Michael D. Thomas, Prosecutor. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT. 6 Nov. 2007. Us Courts. Web. <http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/07a0442p-06.pdf>
  10. ↑ Court: 'Sperm theft' doesn't warrant forced termination
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Young, Cathy. (April 2003). "Aborting Equality: Men's Odd Place in the Abortion Debate." Reason. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Abortion and the father." (n.d.). BBC: Religion & Ethics. Retrieved May 26, 2006.
  13. ↑ McCulley MG (1988). "The male abortion: the putative father's right to terminate his interests in and obligations to the unborn child". J Law Policy 7 (1): 1–55. PMID 12666677. 
  14. ↑ A CRITIQUE OF THE STRICT LIABILITY STANDARD FOR DETERMINING CHILD SUPPORT IN CASES OF MALE VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT AND STATUTORY RAPE
  15. ↑ Care Net Study of American Men whose Partner has had an Abortion, Care Net, 2021, page 24
  16. ↑ Cahill (2010). "Men's Movement", in Chapman: Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1761-3. 
  17. ↑ Baker (2006). Restructuring Family Policies: Convergences and Divergences. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8783-6. 
  18. ↑ Solinger (2013). Reproductive Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-981141-0. 
  19. ↑ Drakich (1989). "In search of the better parent: The social construction of ideologies of fatherhood". Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 3 (1): 69–87. 
  20. ↑ Harris GW (April 1986). "Fathers and fetuses". Ethics 96 (3): 594–603. DOI:10.1086/292777. PMID 11658724. 
  21. ↑ Pam Belluck. "The Right to Be a Father (or Not)." (November 6, 2005). The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Public Opinion About Abortion — An In-Depth Review." Lydia Saad. January 22, 2002.
  23. ↑ The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2005-11-02). "Public Opinion Supports Alito on Spousal Notification Even as It Favors Roe v. Wade." Pew Research Center Pollwatch. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  24. ↑ Appel, Jacob M. “Women’s Rights, Men’s Bodies,” New York Times, December 2, 2005

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ụmụnwoke na ite ime: ndụmọdụ tupu ite ime dabara maka ụmụnwoke.
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