Svan asụsụ
| Svan ლუშნუ ნინ Lušnu ninÀtụ:Infobox Language/pronunciation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Georgia | |
| Region: | Svaneti Abkhazia | |
| Total speakers: | 14,000 | |
| Language family: | Kartvelian SvanÀtụ:Infobox Language/script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | — | |
| ISO 639-3: | sva | |
| Kartvelian_languages.svg | ||
Svan (ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; Àtụ:Lang-ka) bụ asụsụ Kartvelian nke ndị Svan na-asụ na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Georgian nke Svaneti.[1] Ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu ya dị iche iche na-eche na ọ dị n'etiti 30,000 na 80,000, UNESCO na-akọwa Svan dị ka "asụsụ nwere nsogbu". Ọ bụ mmasị pụrụ iche n'ihi na ọ jigidewo ọtụtụ atụmatụ ndị furu efu n'asụsụ Kartvelian ndị ọzọ.
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ndị e ji mara ezinụlọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dị ka asụsụ niile nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Caucasian, Svan nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdaume. Ọ nwere nkwekọrịta n'etiti isiokwu na ihe, na usoro morphosyntactic nkewa. A na-eji ngwaa eme ihe maka akụkụ, ihe akaebe na "ụdị".
Ihe ndị pụrụ iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Svan na-ejigide ụda olu na-enweghị ụda, /qʰ/, na glides /w/ na /j/. O nwere ndepụta ụdaume buru ibu karịa Georgian; asụsụ Upper Bal nke Svan nwere ọtụtụ ụdaume nke asụsụ ọ bụla nke South-Caucasian, nwere ma ogologo na mkpirikpi nsụgharị nke /a ɛ i ɔ u æ ø y/ gbakwunyere /ə eː/, ngụkọta nke ụdaume 18 (Georgian, n'ụzọ dị iche, nwere naanị ise).
Ọdịdị ya adịghị mma karịa nke asụsụ ụmụnne atọ ndị ọzọ, enwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na Njikọ.
Nbudata[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Svan bụ asụsụ ala nke ihe na-erughị 30,000 Svans (15,000 n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Upper Svan na 12,000 bụ Lower Svan), bi n'ugwu Svaneti, ya bụ na mpaghara Mestia na Lentekhi nke Georgia, n'akụkụ osimiri Enguri, Tskhenistsqali na Kodori. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Svan bi na Ndagwurugwu Kodori nke mba Abkhazia nwere onwe ya. [2] bụ ezie na ọnọdụ dị n'ebe ahụ na-eme ka o sie ike ịkọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ha n'ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, enwere naanị atụmatụ na mmadụ 2,500 bi n'ebe wana.
A na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe na nkwurịta okwu ọha na eze. [3] nweghị ụkpụrụ edere ede ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ gọọmentị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụkwa asụsụ Georgian. A na-ewere asụsụ ahụ dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na nkà na ya n'etiti ndị na-eto eto pere mpe.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Svan bụ onye kachasị dị iche n'ime asụsụ anọ nke South-Caucasus ma kwenyere na ọ kewara na puku afọ nke abụọ BC ma ọ bụ tupu mgbe ahụ, ihe dị ka otu puku afọ tupu Georgian na Zan kewaa site na ibe ha.
[4] Soviet ethnologist Evdokia Kozhevnikova dere asụsụ Svan n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa na Svaneti na 1920s na 1930s.
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekewa asụsụ Svan n'ime asụsụ ndị a:
- Upper Svan (ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 15,000)
- Upper Bal: Ushguli, Kala, Ipar, Mulakh, Mestia, Lenzer, Latal.
- Lower Bal: Becho, Tskhumar, Etser, Par, Chubekh, Lakham.
- Lower Svan (ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 12,000)
- Lashkhian: Lashkh.
- Lentekhi: Lentekhi, Kheled, Khopur, Rtskhmelur, Cholur
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nkwekọrịta nkwenye nke Svan dị ma ọ bụ karịa ka nke Old Georgian. Ya bụ, tụnyere Modern Georgian, ọal nwekwara /j/, /q/ na /w/, mana fricative labiodental na-apụta naanị dị ka allophone nke /w/ n'olumba Ln. Ọzọkwa, uvula consonants /q/ na /q'/ a ghọtara dị ka ndị mmekọ, ya bụ [q͡χ] na[q͡χʼ].[5]
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | /m/ / m/ მ | n /n/ ნ | |||||
| Plosive | kwuru okwu | b /b/ ბ | d /d/ დ | g /ɡ/ გ | |||
| aspirated | p /pʰ/ ფ | t /tʰ/ თ | k /kʰ/ ქ | /qʰ/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] | |||
| ejective | Ihe omume /pʼ/ na-akpọ | ṭ /tʼ/ ტ | ḳ /kʼ/ კ | q̇ /qʼ/ ყ | ʔ /ʔ/ | ||
| Africate | kwuru okwu | ʒ /d͡z/ ძ | /d͡ʒ/ /d͡ʒ ჯ/ | ||||
| aspirated | c /t͡sʰ/ | č /t͡ʃʰ/ ჩ | |||||
| ejective | ċ /t͡sʼ/ წ | čʼ /t͡ʃʼ/ ჭ | |||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | kwuru okwu | (v [v] ვ) | z /z/ ზ | j /ʒ/ جار | ɣ /ʁ/ ღ | ||
| enweghị olu | s /s/ ს | š /ʃ/ შ | x /χ/ ხ | h /h/ Chịa | |||
| Ihe atụ | /w/ /w/უ̂ | l /l/ ლ | na /j/ way | ||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | r /r/ რ | ||||||
Mkpụrụedemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nchịkọta ụdaume nke Svan dịgasị iche n'etiti olumba dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdaume ogologo Proto-Svan na-apụta na asụsụ Upper Bal, Cholur na Lashkh, mana efunahụla ya na asụsụ Lentekh na Lower Bal. /œ/ jiri ya tụnyere Georgian, Svan nwekwara ụdaume dị elu /ə/ (nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [ɯ]~[ɨ]), ụdaume dị ala n'ihu /æ/ (ma e wezụga Lashkh) na ụdaume dị gburugburu n'ihu -œ/ na /y/ (ma ewezuga Lashkh). [5] na-ahụkarị ụdaume ndị gbara gburugburu n'ihu dị ka diphthongs [we] na [wi] ya mere mgbe ụfọdụ anaghị emeso ha dị ka ụdaume dị iche iche.
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | gbara gburugburu | |||||||
| dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | dị mkpirikpi | ogologo oge | |
| N'akụkụ | /i//i/იi |
/iː//iː/̄იī |
/y/, ngọrọ |
/yː/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
/u//u/უu |
/uː//uː/უ̄ū | ||
| N'etiti etiti | /e//e/e |
/eː/__hau____hau____hau__ |
/ə/[nke dị ala] |
/əː/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
||||
| N'etiti oghere | /œ/[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
/œː//œː/ო̄̈ō |
/ɔ//ɔ/ოo |
/ɔː//ɔː/ო̄ō | ||||
| Emeghe | /æ//æ/ა̈ä |
/æː//æː/ა̄̈ā̈ā |
/ɑ//ɑ/აa |
/ɑː//ɑː/ა̄ā | ||||
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ, nke e sere n'elu, yiri Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Mingrelian, yana mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ole na ole ndị ọzọ na-adịghịzi adị na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Georgian: [6]
- Ọdịdị [f]
- N'ịbụ onye na-ejikarị eme ihe
- Isi /ʔ/
- Ọdịdị /j/
- Nkwupụta /w/
- Ọdịda Anyanwụ
- /eː/'ihi ya, anyị na-aṅụrị ọṅụṅụ
A na-agbakwunye akara ngosi na ụdaume (umlaut maka ụdaume ihu na macron maka ogologo), ọ bụ ezie na anaghị ede nke ahụ. Ihe odide ndị ahụ
- Okpukpu ("wi") /y/
- Ihe a na-akpọ "anyị") /œ/
a na-eji n'asụsụ Lower Bal na Lentekh, na mgbe ụfọdụ na Upper Bal; ụda ndị a anaghị apụta na asụsụ Lashkh.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Tuite (1991–1996). "Svans", in Friedrich: Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall, 343. ISBN 0-8168-8840-X. OCLC 22492614.
- ↑ DoBeS (Dokumentation Bedrohter Sprachen, Documentation of Endangered Languages)
- ↑ Tuite (2017). "Language and emergent literacy in Svaneti", in Korkmaz: Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. Montréal: Brill, 226–243. ISBN 978-90-04-32564-7.
- ↑ Margiani (2023). "Texts in the Svan Language by Dina Kozhevnikova (Linguistic Analysis)", in Kvantidze: Dina Kozhevnikova: Ethnographical Records. Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum. ISBN 978-9941-9822-1-7.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tuite (2020). "The Svan language". Manuscript. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Svan alphabet, language and prounciation. www.omniglot.com. Retrieved on 2023-10-13.
Nkwupụta n'ozuzu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Palmaitis (1986). Upper Svan: Grammar and texts. Vilnius: Mokslas.
- Oniani (2005). Die swanische Sprache (Teil I: Phonologie, Morphonologie, Morphologie des Nomens; Teil II: Morphologie des Verbs, Verbal-nomen, Udeteroi). Jena: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität.
- Tuite (1997). Svan, Languages of the World, Materials, vol. 139. Munich: LINCOM-Europa. ISBN 978-3895861543.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Svan na nchekwa data TITUS
- ECLING - Svan (na-agụnye ihe nkiri / vidiyo).
- Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Svan na asụsụ na Omniglot
- Akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa Svan n'asụsụ Svan
- Svan DoReCo corpus nke Jost Gippert chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ, na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị na nsụgharị.
- Ihe ndekọ Svan (Lashkh Dialect) na ihe ngosi ọdịyo.
Àtụ:Kartvelian languagesÀtụ:Languages of Georgia (country)Àtụ:Languages of the CaucasusÀtụ:Georgia (country) topics
n'elu, yiri Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Mingrelian, yana mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ole na ole ndị ọzọ na-adịghịzi adị na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ