Usoro nhazi mbara ala

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usoro nhazi mbara ala''' (nke a na akpọkwa planetographic, planetodetic, ma ọ bụ planetocentric) [1][2] bụ nchịkọta nke usoro nhazi ala, geodetic, na geocentric maka mbara ala ndị ọzọ na-abụghị Ụwa.A na akọwa usoro nhazi yiri nke a maka ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike na mbara igwe, dịka na nhazi selenographic maka Ọnwa.Ọ bụ Merton E. Davies nke Rand Corporation guzobere usoro nhazi maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile siri ike dị na Solar System, gụnyere Mercury,[3][4] Venus,[5] Mars,[6] ọnwa anọ nke Galileo nke Jupiter,[7] na Triton, ọnwa kachasị ukwuu nke Neptune.[8]

Ogologo oge[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A kọwapụtara usoro longitude nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ahụ nwere elu siri ike a na ahụ anya site na ntụaka maka ihe dị n'elu dị ka crater. Ogwe ugwu bụ ogwe ntụgharị nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu nke mbara igwe na adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke usoro anyanwụ (n'akụkụ ecliptic). Ebe nke meridian kachasị elu yana ọnọdụ nke ebe ugwu nke ahụ na mbara igwe nwere ike ịdịgasị iche na oge n'ihi precession nke axis nke ntụgharị nke mbara ala (ma ọ bụ satellite). Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ ọnọdụ nke meridian mbụ nke ahụ na abawanye na oge, ahụ nwere ntụgharị ihu na ihu (ma ọ bụ na aga n'ihu); ma ọ bụghị ya, a na ekwu na ntụgharị ahụ bụ retrograde.

Na enweghị ozi ndị ọzọ, a na ewere axis nke ntụgharị dị ka ihe dị mma na mbara igwe na agba gburugburu; Mercury na ọtụtụ n'ime satellites nọ na ụdị a. Maka ọtụtụ n'ime satellites, a na eche na ọnụọgụ ntụgharị ya hà ka oge okirikiri. N'ihe banyere nnukwu mbara ala, ebe ọ bụ na ihe ndị dị n'elu ha na agbanwe mgbe niile ma na \agagharị na ọnụego dị iche iche, a na eji ntụgharị nke ala magnet ha dị ka ihe atụ kama. N'ihe banyere Anyanwụ, ọbụna ụkpụrụ a na ada (n'ihi na magnetosphere ya dị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ naghị agbagharị n'ụzọ kwụ chịm), a na ejikwa uru nkwekọrịta maka ntụgharị nke equator ya mee ihe.

Maka longitude planetographic, a na eji longitudes ọdịda anyanwụ (ya bụ, longitudes a tụrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ) mgbe ntụgharị ahụ na aga n'ihu, na longitudes ọwụwa anyanwụ (yabụ, longitudes ndị a tụrụ n"ụzọ ziri ezi gaa n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ) mgbe ntụrụndụ ahụ na ala azụ. N'okwu ndị dị mfe, chee na onye na ekiri ihe na adịghị na mbara igwe na ele mbara ala ka ọ na agbagharị. Were ya na onye na ekiri ihe a dị n'ime mbara ala nke mbara ala. Otu ebe dị na Equator nke na agafe kpọmkwem n'ihu onye na ekiri ihe a n'oge na adịghị anya nwere ogologo oge dị elu karịa ebe mere ya n'oge gara aga.

Otú ọ dị, a na atụle longitude planetocentric mgbe niile n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, n'agbanyeghị ụzọ mbara ala ahụ si agbagharị. A na akọwa ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka ntụziaka na emegide elekere gburugburu mbara ala, dịka a na ahụ ya site n'elu oghere ugwu ya, na oghere ugwu bụ oghere ọ bụla na ejikọta ya na oghere ala ugwu nke ụwa. A na ede ogologo oge site na iji "E" ma ọ bụ "W" kama "+" ma ọ dị "−" iji gosipụta polarity a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, -91°, 91°W, +269° na 269°E niile pụtara otu ihe ahụ.

Ụkpụrụ nke oge a maka map nke Mars (malite n'ihe dị ka 2002) bụ iji akara planetocentric. [9]'ịbụ onye ọrụ nke ndị na enyocha mbara igwe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme duziri, Merton E. Davies guzobere meridian nke Mars na crater Airy-0 . [10] Maka Mercury, naanị mbara ala ọzọ nwere elu siri ike a na ahụ site n'ụwa, a na eji nhazi thermocentric: meridian mbụ na agafe ebe etiti ụwa kacha ọkụ (n'ihi ntụgharị na orbit nke mbara ala, Anyanwụ na agbadata n'oge na adịghị anya n'etiti oge a n'oge perihelion, na enye ya ìhè anyanwụ). [11][12] [13] mgbakọ, a na akọwa meridian a dị ka ogo iri abụọ nke longitude n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hun Kal.

Ih[14] ndị e mechiri emechi nwere ihe ndabere sitere n'okike na agafe n'ebe dị nso n'ahụ nne na nna ha: 0° etiti nke hemisphere na eche ihu, 90° etiti nke ihu ihu, 180° etiti nke anti-primary hemisphere, na 270° etiti nke na esote hemisphere. Otú ọ dị, libration n'ihi orbit ndị na abụghị okirikiri ma ọ bụ axial tilts na eme ka ebe a na agagharị gburugburu ebe ọ bụla a kwụsiri ike na mbara igwe dị ka analemma.

Satịlaịtị ejima GRAIL atụtala selenoid (geoid nke ọnwa) na gravimetrically.

Ellipsoid nke mgbanwe (spheroid)[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Reference ellipsoids bara uru maka ịkọwa nhazi geodetic na eserese mbara ala ndị ọzọ gụnyere mbara ala, satellites ha, asteroids na comet nuclei. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị a hụrụ nke ọma dị ka Ọnwa na Mars ugbu a nwere ellipsoids ziri ezi.

Maka ihe ndị siri ike na eru nso, nke gụnyere mbara ala nkume niile na ọtụtụ ọnwa, a na akọwa ellipsoids n'ihe gbasara axis nke ntụgharị na ịdị elu elu elu nke na ewepu ikuku ọ bụla. Mars bụ n'ezie Ọdịdị àkwá, ebe ugwu na ndịda ya dị iche site na ihe dịka kilomita 6 (4 miles), agbanyeghị, ọdịiche a dị obere nke na a na eji nkezi radius polar akọwa ellipsoid ya. Ọnwa nke ụwa bụ nke dị gburugburu n'ụzọ dị irè, na enweghị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na equator ya. N'ebe o kwere omume, a na eji ihe a na ahụ anya mgbe a na akọwa meridian.

Maka mbara ala gas dị ka Jupiter, a na ahọrọ elu dị irè maka ellipsoid dị ka ókèala nrụgide nhata nke otu mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na ha enweghị ihe ndị a na ahụ anya na adịgide adịgide, a na eme nhọrọ nke meridians dị iche iche dịka iwu mgbakọ na mwepụ si dị.

Ịdị larịị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Solar system bodies rotation animation.svgMaka WGS84 ellipsoid iji gosipụta Ụwa, ụkpụrụ ndị na nkọwa ya bụ [15]

a (equatorial radius): 6 378 137.0 m 
1 f {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{f}}\,\! } (n'ụzọ dị iche): 298,257 223 563

nke mmadụ si nweta

b (polar radius): 6 356 752,3142 m, 

nke mere na ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnukwu na obere ọkara bụ 21.385 km (13 mi). Nke a bụ naanị 0.335% nke isi axis, yabụ nnọchiteanya nke Ụwa na ihuenyo kọmputa ga adị ka 300 pixels site na 299 pixels. Nke a bụ ihe a na apụghị ịmatacha site na okirikiri egosiri dị ka 300 pix site na 300 pix.   N'ihi ya, ihe osise na emekarị ka ihe dị larịị dị larị iji mee ka echiche nke ịdị larịị nke mbara ala ọ bụla pụta ìhè.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ f ndị ọzọ dị na usoro anyanwụ bụ maka Jupiter, maka Saturn, na maka Ọnwa.    Ọ−6× dị larịị nke Anyanwụ bụ ihe dịka 9×10−6.

Mmalite nke ịdị larịị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1687, Isaac Newton bipụtara Principia nke o tinyere ihe akaebe na mmiri na agbagharị onwe ya na adọkpụ n'ọnọdụ nguzozi na ewere ọdịdị nke oblate ellipsoid nke mgbanwe (a spheroid). [16] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịdị larịị na adabere na njupụta na nguzozi nke ike ndọda na ike centrifugal.

Ọganihu nke Equatorial[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Nnukwu ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nke usoro anyanwụ
Ahụ Diameter (kilomita) Equatorialbulge (kilomita)
Nkwekọrịta Ịdị larịị
 Oge ntụgharị (h)
Mkpụrụ (kg/m3)
Mgbanwe site na


f


{\

Ebe etiti Ebe ndị dị n'ebe ndịda
Ụwa 0,756.2 0,713.6 00 0 .6 1 : 299.4   23.936 5515 1 : 232   −23%
Mars 00,792.4 00,752.4 00 040 1 : 170   24.632 3933 1 : 175   0+3%
Ceres 000  .3 000  .8 000.5 1 : 13.3   0.074 2162 1 : 13.1   0%
Jupiter 142,984 133,708 0,276 1 : 15.41   0.925 1326 1 : 9.59   −38%
Saturn 120,536 108,728 11,808 1 : 10.21   10.56 0687 1 : 5.62   −45%
Uranus 0,118 0,946 0,172 1 : 43.62   17.24 1270 1 : 27.71   −36%
Neptune 0,528 0,682 00 846 1 : 58.54   16.11 1638 1 : 31.22   −47%

N'ozuzu, ihe ọ bụla dị na mbara igwe nke na agbagharị (nke buru ibu iji dọrọ onwe ya n'ụdị okirikiri ma ọ bụ nke dị nso) ga enwe ọganihu nke kwekọrọ na ọnụego ntụgharị ya. Saturn bụ mbara ala nwere oke okirikiri kachasị na usoro anyanwụ anyị.

Ugwu ndị dị n'ebe etiti[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E kwesịghị ịgbagwoju mgbagwoju anya nke equatorial na ugwu nke equatorium. Ugwu equatorial bụ ihe dị na ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa anọ nke Saturn: nnukwu ọnwa Iapetus na obere ọnwa Atlas, Pan, na Daphnis. Ugwu ndị a na esochi equators nke ọnwa. Ugwu ndị ahụ yiri ka ha bụ ihe pụrụ iche na usoro Saturnian, mana ejighị n'aka ma ihe ndị ahụ nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta. A chọpụtara atọ mbụ site na Nnyocha <i id="mwAXM">Cassini</i> na 2005; a chọpụtara ugwu Daphnean na 2017. Ugwu dị na Iapetus fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 20 n'obosara, kilomita 13 n'ịdị elu na kilomita 1300 n'ogologo.    Ugwu dị na Atlas dị ọbụna ihe dị ịrịba ama karị n'ihi na ọnwa dị obere, na enye ya ọdịdị dị ka diski. Ihe oyiyi nke Pan na egosi usoro yiri nke Atlas, ebe nke dị na Daphnis anaghị apụta ìhè.

Triaxial ellipsoid[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Obere ọnwa, asteroids, na comet nuclei na enwekarị ọdịdị na adịghị mma. Maka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a, dị ka Jupiter's Io, scalene (triaxial) ellipsoid dị mma karịa oblate spheroid. Maka ihe ndị na adịghị mma, echiche nke ellipsoid nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe uru bara uru, yabụ mgbe ụfọdụ, a na eji ihe atụ gburugburu mee ihe kama ma na achọpụta site na latitude na longitude. Ọbụna nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu maka ihe ndị na abụghị convex, dị ka Eros, na latitude na longitude anaghị amata otu ebe dị n'elu.

Obere ihe (Io, Mimas, wdg) na ejikarị triaxial ellipsoids eme ihe; Otú ọ dị, triaxial Ellipsoids ga eme ka ọtụtụ ngụkọta dị mgbagwoju anya, ọkachasị ndị metụtara atụmatụ map. Ọtụtụ atụmatụ ga efunahụ ihe ndị mara mma na ndị a ma ama. N'ihi nke a, a na ejikarị ihe ndị dị gburugburu eme ihe na mmemme eserese.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Longitude doro anya
  • Areography (geography nke Mars)
  • Usoro nhazi mbara igwe
  • Ndepụta ugwu kachasị elu na usoro anyanwụ
  • Ihe osise mbara ala
  • Elu mbara ala
  • Ọdịdị ala nke Mars
  • Ọdịdị ala nke ọnwa

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ [1]
  2. ↑ Planetocentric and planetographic coordinates.
  3. ↑ Davies, M. E., "Surface Coordinates and Cartography of Mercury," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 80, No. 17, June 10, 1975.
  4. ↑ Davies, M. E., S. E. Dwornik, D. E. Gault, and R. G. Strom, NASA Atlas of Mercury, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1978.
  5. ↑ Davies, M. E., T. R. Colvin, P. G. Rogers, P. G. Chodas, W. L. Sjogren, W. L. Akim, E. L. Stepanyantz, Z. P. Vlasova, and A. I. Zakharov, "The Rotation Period, Direction of the North Pole, and Geodetic Control Network of Venus," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 97, £8, pp. 13,14 1-13,151, 1992.
  6. ↑ Davies, M. E., and R. A. Berg, "Preliminary Control Net of Mars,"Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 76, No. 2, pps. 373-393, January 10, 1971.
  7. ↑ Merton E. Davies, Thomas A. Hauge, et al.: Control Networks for the Galilean Satellites: November 1979 R-2532-JPL/NASA
  8. ↑ Davies, M. E., P. G. Rogers, and T. R. Colvin, "A Control Network of Triton," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 96, E l, pp. 15, 675-15, 681, 1991.
  9. ↑ Davies, M. E., and R. A. Berg, "Preliminary Control Net of Mars,"Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 76, No. 2, pps. 373-393, January 10, 1971.
  10. ↑ Where is zero degrees longitude on Mars? – Copyright 2000 – 2010 European Space Agency. All rights reserved.
  11. ↑ USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE). Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved on October 22, 2009.
  12. ↑ Archinal (2010). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 109 (2): 101–135. DOI:10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4. ISSN 0923-2958. 
  13. ↑ Davies, M. E., "Surface Coordinates and Cartography of Mercury," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 80, No. 17, June 10, 1975.
  14. ↑ First map of extraterrestrial planet – Center of Astrophysics.
  15. ↑ The WGS84 parameters are listed in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency publication TR8350.2 page 3-1.
  16. ↑ Isaac Newton:Principia Book III Proposition XIX Problem III, p. 407 in Andrew Motte translation
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