West Virginia v. EPA

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Àtụ:Infobox SCOTUS case West Virginia v. Ụlọ Ọrụ Naahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), bụ mkpebi dị ịrịba ama nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States metụtara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, na ókè Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) nwere ike ịchịkwa ikuku carbon dioxide metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ikpe ahụ naelekwasị anya na Atụmatụ Ike Dị Ọcha (CPP) nke EPA chepụtara na 2015 site na gọọmentị Obama. Netiti ndokwa ndị ahụ, CPP gụnyere iwu na ụlọ ọrụ ike dị ugbu a nokpuru Nkebi 7411 (d) nke Isiokwu 42 nke United States Code iji mejuputa "nime eriri mgbidi" teknụzụ mbelata ikuku na "nèzí eriri mgbidi " mmepụta naagagharị na isi mmalite ike dị ọcha dị ka anyanwụ na ike ifufe. Ọtụtụ steeti na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta coal naama akụkụ mgbanwe nke CPP aka, ụlọ ikpe wee nọgide na CPP ma ọ bataghị nime mmanye. EPA nke gọọmentị Trump wepụtara iwu Affordable Clean Power na 2019 nke yiri ya ma nọrọ n'ụlọ ikpe. Ọtụtụ steeti na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta coal mara nnọkọ ahụ aka, naachọ ịjụ ikike EPA nwere ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị nokpuru 7411 (d) dịka atụmatụ ya na CPP. A sụgharịghị ikpe ahụ mgbe gọọmentị Biden weghaara ọchịchị na 2020, dịka EPA nopuru gọọmentịiden kwupụtara ọchịchọ ha itinye njikwa "nèzí akara mgbidi", naeme ka ikpe ahụ ka dị mkpa maka ikike EPA nwere n'ịkọwa akwụkwọ ikike ha.

Na mkpebi 6-3 nke e nyere na June 30, 2022, Ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri na iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ike dị ugbu a na ngalaba 7411 (d) dabara nokpuru nkuzi ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa, na nime nke ahụ, Congress enyeghị ikike EPA iji chịkwaa ikuku sitere na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a dabere na usoro mgbanwe ọgbọ, nke gaeme ka atụmatụ ike dị ọcha ghara ịdị irè. EPA ka nwere ike ịga nihu naachịkwa ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a site na teknụzụ mbelata ikuku

Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka akụkụ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha (CAA) gbanwere, nokpuru § 7411 (d) (ma ọ bụ Nkebi 111 na iwu ahụ a tụrụ aro ya), Congress nyere Ngalaba Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA) ikike ịchọpụta "usoro kachasị mma nke mbelata ikuku" site na ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta ike ma ọ bụ nnukwu isi mmalite ndị ọzọ, ma soro steeti rụọ ọrụ iji mezue atụmatụ mmejuputa iji tinye usoro ndị ahụ. E kewara ikike a netiti iwu abụọ, otu naekpuchi njikwa ikuku maka ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke edepụtara na § 7411 (b), na nke ọzọ naachịkwa ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a, na § 7411. Nime oke nke § 7411 (d), ọ bụ ezie na EPA nonwe ya enweghị ike ịtọ ụtụ isi ma ọ bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị naemezughị ụkpụrụ mmepụta, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na steeti na atụmatụ mmejuputa ha iji manye ụlọ ọrụ naemepụta ihe ịwụnye teknụzụ nchịkwa ikuku ma ọ bụ sonye na mmemme azụmaahịa ikuku, ma ọ bụ kwe ka steeti tinye ụtụ isi nke ha na ụlọ ọrụ naụzọ naemebi.[1] E jiri ya tụnyere ojiji EPA naeji § 7411 (b) nilekọta ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, EPA ekwughi § 7411 "d) na iwu ọ bụla, ya mere § 7411[1]

Ikpe nke EPA gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke ikpe metụtara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2007 Massachusetts v. EPA, nke na mkpebi 5-4, chọpụtara na ndị Congress nyere iwu ka EPA chịkwaa ikuku naekpo ọkụ ma nwee ike ịgba ya akwụkwọ maka ịghara itinye iwu maka njedebe a nokpuru Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha.[2] Massachusetts v. EPA a naewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ikpe kachasị mkpa na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ọ na-enye ohere maka ọtụtụ ikpe ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịmanye ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ikuku ka ha belata ikuku ha.[3]

Akụkụ ikpe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2015 Michigan v. EPA, nke na mkpebi 5-4 kwenyere na EPA ga-atụle ụgwọ nakwa na ọ kọwara Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi mgbe o kpebiri na ọ dịghị mkpa ịtụle ụgwọ mgbe ọ wepụtara "ịchọpụta" na ọ bụ "dị mkpa ma kwesị ekwesị" iji chịkwaa ụlọ ọrụ ike mmanụ ala. Michigan v. EPA a na-ewere ya dị ka ikpe na-ese okwu na ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi ka a katọrọ ya maka ibelata mmetụta ahụike na igosi mbelata nke nkwanye ùgwù Chevron, ebe a na-enye nkọwa nke iwu ndị omeiwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi mere nkwanye ùgwù n'ụlọ ikpe e guzobere na Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., na iwu nchịkwa.[4]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Atụmatụ Ike Dị Ọcha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na June 2014, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tụrụ aro The Clean Power Plan (CPP) dị ka ọchịchị Obama. Iwu ndị ahụ bu n'uche ịnagide mgbanwe ihu igwe site n'ịchọ mbelata nke ikuku carbon dioxide sitere na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik site na 32% nke ọkwa 2005 edere site na 2030, na mmejuputa ga-edozi site na steeti, n'okpuru ikike enyere site na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, § 7411 (d). A ga-achọ ka steeti nyefee atụmatụ mmejuputa site na 2018 na mmanye ịmalite site na 2022.[5] Steeti nwere ike ịchọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a melite mmezi nke arụmọrụ, njikwa ikuku, ma ọ bụ tinye mmepụta ike na-agbanwe agbanwe; n'okpuru iwu ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ ndị nọ ugbu a na-agbakwunye ihe ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ndị EPA nyochara n'okpuru § 7411 (b), si otú a na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ ochie bụrụ ndị a tụrụ anya na ụlọ ọrụ ike ọhụrụ.[6] Nke a bụ akụkụ nke mkpebi nke United States maka nkwekọrịta Paris, na-eji mmezigharị ndị e webatara na 1990 na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke gosipụtara carbon dioxide dị ka ihe na-emetọ.[7] Ọ bụ ezie na CPP emeghị ka ọ rụọ ọrụ, e mezuru ebumnuche ya na 2019 n'ihi arụmọrụ ike, iwu nke ifufe na ike anyanwụ, na ọnụahịa ahịa ike nke na-akpata mgbanwe nke ọgbọ site na coal gaa na gas.[8][9]

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2015, ndị na-emegide CPP, nke gụnyere steeti 28 na ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ, gbara ikike EPA aka n'ime iwu ya nke CPP, na-etinye akwụkwọ na United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (D.C. Circuit) mgbe e bipụtara iwu ahụ na Federal Register. Ikpe ha mara CPP aka nụzọ bụ isi nihe atọ. Nke mbụ metụtara nlekọta noge ime udo nke Clean Air Act na 1990 nke mere ka nsụgharị House na Senate nke § 7411 (d) ghara ime udo, a naedekwa nsụgharị abụọ ahụ nime iwu a bịanyere aka. Nkọwa ụlọ ahụ kwuru na nihi na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha kpuchiri iwu nke carbon dioxide, EPA enweghị ike iji § 7411 (d) kpuchie ikuku carbon dioxide sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ugbu a, ebe mbipụta Senate nyere ohere maka § 7411 "d) iji kpuchie ikuku ikuku carbon dioxide.[7] EPA kwubiri na ha nwere nkwanye ùgwù ikpe iji kọwaa iwu ahụ, naesote mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 2015 na King v. Burwell, ma jiri asụsụ Senate mepụta CPP, ebe ndị naemegide ya kwenyere na nsụgharị ụlọ ahụ bụ asụsụ a chọrọ iji kwekọọ nakụkụ ndị ọzọ nke iwu ahụ.[7]

Ihe nke abụọ ndị naemegide CPP welitere bụ na iwu EPA karịrị ikike ha site ninye steeti ikike ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ike gafee bọọdụ ahụ kama ịnọ notu ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị naemegide ya kwenyere na ọ bụ ezie na EPA ma ọ bụ steeti nwere ike ime ka ụlọ ọrụ mee ihe dịka itinye nọrụ njikwa ikuku dịka ndị ahụ dịn'ime njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ "n'ime fenceline", a naewere iwu ndị metụtara mmelite arụmọrụ na renewables dị ka "nèzí fenceline".[10] Ihe nke atọ metụtara arụmụka nke Ndezigharị nke Iri na EPA naenyefe ikike gọọmentị etiti na steeti nụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.[10] Na Jenụwarị 2016, D.C. Circuit kwetara ịnụ ikpe ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha enyeghị iwu nwa oge iji nọgide na-eme CPP.[11][12] Nọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2016, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere iwu ka a kwụsị mmejuputa CPP. Ọ bụ ezie na a bịaghị aka niwu ahụ, ndị ọka ikpe Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor na Elena Kagan kwuru na ha gaara ajụ arịrịọ ahụ.[5] D.C. Circuit nwere ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe na Septemba 2016.[11]

Mgbe ntuli aka onye isi ala nke afọ 2016 na ntinye nke ọchịchị Trump na mbido afọ 2017, EPA kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịkagbu atụmatụ ike dị ọcha site na Machị 2017 ma jiri iwu ọhụrụ dochie ya nke e bu nobi idebe ikike ya "nime fenceline", ma rịọ D.C. District ka ọ kwụsị ikpe ahụ.[13] Nọnwa Eprel 2017, ụlọ ikpe distrikti nke D.C. nyere arịrịọ ahụ ma nye ndọtị naaga nihu nafọ ahụ. Nọnwa Ọktoba 2017, EPA wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya iji kagbuo CPP, ma gaa nihu naarịọ D.C. Circuit ka ọ kwụsị ikpe ahụ ruo mgbe iwu ahụ gwụchara. Ndị naakwado CPP gbara ụlọ ikpe distrikti ume ka ha gaa nihu na mkpebi site na Septemba 2016, ebe ọ bụ na igbu oge ọ bụla gaenye EPA ohere izere ọrụ ya ịkwado Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha.[14] Ọ bụ ezie na D.C. Circuit gara nihu naenye oge ndị ọzọ ruo na June 2018, ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwuru nọnwa ahụ na ọ gaghịzi enye arịrịọ ọ bụla ọzọ iji gbuo oge ikpe ahụ, naachọ ka EPA wepụta iwu ikpeazụ ya naagbagha CPP ma na-ewebata iwu dochie anya, ma ọ bụ ikwe ka ụlọ ikpe gaa nihu nyocha ya.[15]

Iwu Ike Dị Ọcha Dị Ọnụ Ahịa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site na ụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit jụrụ inye oge ọzọ, EPA wepụtara usoro ọhụrụ nke iwu ikuku, iwu Affordable Clean Energy (ACE), nọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018. Ndị a kagburu CPP, na EPA naarụ ụka na e mepụtara ihe ndị a nụzọ naezighi ezi nke nkọwa iwu nke § 7411 (d).[12] E mepụtara iwu ACE dabere na ọrụ EPA guzobere na Massachusetts v. EPA, mana naanị ịtọ obere nchebe na ihe achọrọ maka mbelata dị otú ahụ, naelekwasị anya naanị mbelata nke dị netiti 0.7% na 1.5% nke ikuku carbon dioxide site na ọkwa 2005 site na 2030, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 32% nke CPP setịpụrụ. Ọzọkwa, ACE debere iwu EPA naanị na nzọụkwụ "nime fenceline" nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ site na njikwa ikuku ma ghara ikikere ọ bụla maka mmelite arụmọrụ ma ọ bụ isi mmalite naagbanwe agbanwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ ike ndị naetinye nọrụ njikwa ikuku gaanọgide naenwe nyocha ọhụrụ, iwu ACE chọkwara ime ka ihe achọrọ nke nyocha a ghara ịdị ike ma nwee ike ka ụlọ ọrụ ochie gafee nenweghị ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ha.[16][6] Nnyocha EPA mere atụmatụ na iwu a gaabawanye mmetọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe a tụrụ aro ya nokpuru CPP, nke nwere ike iduga ọnwụ 1,500-3,600 kwa afọ site na 2030 na ihe ruru 15,000 ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu iku ume elu, netiti mmetụta ahụike mmadụ ndị ọzọ. EPA kwuru na iwu ndị a dabere na nkọwa dị nta nke § 7411 (d), nakwa na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nwere ike iji dozie mmetọ ndị ọzọ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a.[17] Site na ntọhapụ nke iwu ACE na ebumnuche iwepụ CPP, D.C. Circuit jụrụ ikpe ahụ na CPP dị ka ihe naenweghị isi, nke mechara kwụsị ịnọ na CPP nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere.[18]

A naahụ iwu ọhụrụ ahụ dị ka ihe bara uru nye steeti na ụlọ ọrụ ndị megidere CPP, ọkachasị site naka Onye isi ala Donald Trump onye hụrụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi kwado ụlọ ọrụ coal naada ada, mana ọtụtụ steeti ndị ọzọ na ndị otu ahụike ọha na eze katọrọ iwu ọhụrụ ahụ, naetinye uru nke ngalaba mmanụ ala karịa ahụike ọha.[17] Ndị naemegide ya kwukwara na e mezuru ihe mgbaru ọsọ 32% nke mbelata na CPP noge ewepụtara ACE ọhụrụ, ya mere ACE naanọchite anya mgbanwe nke mmeri ndị ahụ nibelata ikuku.[12] Mgbe e bipụtara iwu ikpeazụ na June 2019, American Lung Association na American Public Health Association gbara akwụkwọ nụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit iji maa iwu ahụ aka na July 2019.[19] Ihe karịrị otu narị na iri asaa ndị ọzọ sonyeere ndị gbara akwụkwọ, gụnyere steeti iri abụọ na atọ, ọtụtụ obodo, na ndị ọzọ naahụ maka ahụike ọha na eze ka oge naaga. Ikpe ahụ kwuru na site na iwu ACE, EPA naemezughị ọrụ ya iji belata ikuku na imeziwanye ahụike ọha na eze nokpuru Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, yana igbochi steeti iji usoro ndị ọzọ dị ogologo oge dị ka ịzụ ahịa ikuku dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mmejuputa ha. A nụrụ okwu ọnụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020.[12]

D.C. Circuit kpebiri 2-1 na Jenụwarị 19, 2021, site na ihe mberede nụbọchị tupu emeghe Joe Biden dị ka onye isi ala US naesote, naakwado ndị gbara akwụkwọ, na-ahapụ ACE na mwepụ ya nke CPP. Echiche nke ọtụtụ ndịkpebiri na e mere iwu ACE nke EPA nụzọ naenweghị isi na nke naenweghị atụ nke e bu nuche "iji belata usoro maka mbelata ikuku", nakwa na mmejuputa ya "naemetụta mmejọ dị mkpa" nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha 7411 (d).[20][18] Nihi na ikpe mbụ megide CPP ka a sụgharịrị ma chụpụ ya, mkpebi a mere ka CPP banye nọrụ, ma ọ bụrụ na EPA họọrọ ịga nihu na ya, ma ọ bụ mepụta iwu ọhụrụ dịka ụlọ ikpe distrikti DC.[18] Otú ọ dị, ka ọ naerule netiti afọ 2021, gọọmentị Biden tụrụ aro na ọ gaabụ na ọ naachọ atụmatụ ọzọ karịa CPP maka ikuku carbon dioxide.[21]

Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Steeti iri na itoolu ndị ọzọ, nke West Virginia naedu, na ụlọ ọrụ ike naagbagha [mgbe?] mkpebi D.C. Circuit, naekwusi ike na mkpebi ahụ naenye EPA ike dị ukwuu nịchịkwa ikuku. Steeti ndị sonyeere West Virginia bụ Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, na Wyoming.[22]

Nọnwa Ọktoba 2021, e tinyere akwụkwọ mkpesa anọ dị iche iche (gụnyere abụọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ coal na otu sitere na North Dakota), naarịọ Ụlọikpe ka ọ nyochaa ọbụghị naanị mkpebi D.C. Circuit kamakwa nkọwa nke ike ndị Congress nyere EPA site na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha iji tinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a n'okpuru § 7411 (d). Nihe banyere arịrịọ West Virginia, enwere nchegbu na site na nkọwa nke § 7411 (d) nke ụlọ ikpe D.C. Circuit mere, EPA "nwere ike ịtọ ụkpụrụ na mpaghara ma ọ bụ ọbụna mba, naamanye mgbanwe dị egwu notú e si emepụta ọkụ eletrik, yana ịgbanwe ngalaba ọ bụla ọzọ nke akụ na ụba ebe isi mmalite naewepụta gas naekpo ọkụ".[23] N'ikwekọ na nchọpụta sitere na Michigan v. EPA, ndị naarịọ arịrịọ gosipụtara nchegbu na nokpuru nkọwa a nke § 7411 (d) "gaetinye ego anyị enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ihi na E.P.A., steeti, na ndị ọzọ gaamanye ha itinye ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ na ihe onwunwe nime ụlọ ọrụ nke - nụzọ kachasị mma - naejighị naka. Ụlọikpe kwesịrị itinye aka ugbu a. "[24]

Gọọmentị Biden gbara Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ume ka ọ ghara itinye aka, naenye EPA ohere ịnye iwu ọhụrụ ya "naeburu nuche ihe niile dị mkpa, gụnyere mgbanwe na ngalaba ọkụ eletrik nke mere nime afọ ole na ole gara aga", ma nye ohere ka a nyochaa ya, kama ikpebi iwu EPA naakọ nkọ.[23][24] Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro arịrịọ anọ ahụ na Ọktoba 29, 2021, naejikọta ikpe ndị ahụ nokpuru West Virginia v. EPA. Nihi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nyere ikpe ahụ maka nyocha, EPA gosipụtara na ọ gaechere ruo mgbe mkpebi Ụlọikpe ahụ tupu ọ gaa nihu na ide iwu ọhụrụ ọ bụla iji dochie CPP ma ọ bụ ACE.[25]

Na Febụwarị 28, 2022, a nụrụ arụmụka ọnụ ma ụlọ ikpe ahụ tụlere ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ nke ikpe ahụ adaba nime nkuzi ajụjụ ya, nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ejirila chọọ ka ndị ọka ikpe debe ya na Congress karịa ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ihe ọ naahụ na ọ bụ mmetụta na nsonaazụ dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụhaala na o kwenyere na Congress enyeghị ikike ahụ nụzọ doro anya.[26]

Echiche nke Ụlọikpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na June 30, 2022, e nyere mkpebi 6-3 nke Ụlọikpe ahụ na Chief Justice John Roberts na-ede echiche nke ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe ndị ọzọ naagbaso omenala sonyeere. Roberts bu ụzọ jụ arụmụka EPA na ikpe ahụ bụ ihe naenweghị isi ebe ọ bụ na a gbahapụrụ CPP. Roberts kwuru na ikpe ahụ ka dị ndụ "ọ gwụla ma 'ọ doro anya na a pụghị ịtụ anya na omume a naekwu na ọ bụghị eziokwu ka ọ laghachi".[27] Roberts gara n'ihu kwuo na ebe ọ bụ na Onye isi ala Biden ekwupụtala ebumnuche ya "ịgbachitere" otu usoro ahụ dị ka CPP, na e nwere ihe kpatara ịtụle iwu CPP.[27]

Ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri na EPA enweghị ikike nke ndị omeiwu iji belata ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị ugbu a site na ọgbọ na-agafe na isi iyi dị ọcha (karịa eriri mgbidi), mana ha ka nwere ike ịchịkwa ikuku na ụlọ ahịa site na teknụzụ mbelata ikuku dị ka ha mere n'oge gara aga.[28] N'ịchọpụta na atụmatụ CPP dabara n'okpuru "ozizi ajụjụ kachasị", Ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri na ọ chọrọ nkwado ndị ọzọ nke ndị omeiwu iji mezuo. Roberts dere na "ụfọdụ ikpe pụrụ iche, ma nkewa nke ụkpụrụ ike na nghọta bara uru nke ebumnuche iwu naeme ka anyị 'naala azụ ịgụ nime ederede iwu naedoghị anya' ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ kwuru na ha zoro ebe ahụ. Iji mee ka anyị kwenye nụzọ ọzọ, ihe karịrị naanị ihe ederede doro anya maka ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị mkpa. Kama nke ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaezo aka na ikike doro anya nke ndị omeiwu' maka ike ọ naazọrọ.[29]

Justice Neil Gorsuch dere echiche kwekọrọ ekwekọ nke Justice Samuel Alito sonyeere. Gorsuch dere banyere mkpa ozizi ajụjụ ndị bụ isi, naekwu na "naachọ ichebe megide 'ihe naenweghị isi, ihe naadịghị mma, ma ọ bụ ihe naagaghị ekwe omume' intrusions" na mpaghara nke "gọọmentị onwe onye, ịha nhata, ọkwa ziri ezi, federalism, na nkewa nke ike".[27]

Justice Elena Kagan dere nkwenye ahụ, nke ndị Justice Stephen Breyer na Sonia Sotomayor sonyeere, naekwu maka nchegbu banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na itinye aka nụlọ ikpe iji wepụ nka nke EPA. Kagan dere, sị: "Ihe gbasara iwu ebe a naeme ka ntinye aka nke Ụlọikpe ahụ naenye nsogbu. Ihe ọ bụla ọzọ ụlọ ikpe a nwere ike ịmara, ọ nweghị ihe ọmụma banyere otu esi edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ka anyị kwuo ihe doro anya: Ihe ndị a dị ebe a dị elu. Ma ụlọ ikpe taa naegbochi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nyere ikike ime ihe iji gbochie ikuku carbon dioxide nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Ụlọikpe ahụ naahọpụta onwe ya - kama Congress ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkachamara - onye na-eme mkpebi na iwu ihu igwe. Enweghị m ike iche ehiche banyere ọtụtụ ihe naatụ egwu. Nụzọ nkwanye ùgwù, ekwenyeghị m".[27]

Mmeụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara niwu ekwuola na mkpebi ikpe na West Virginia v. EPA nke naegbochi ike EPA nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ikike ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nọdịnihu iji chịkwaa ikuku. Nọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Robert Percival, onye nduzi nke Usoro Iwu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum Maryland, kwuru "Nke a nwere ike ịkpata otu nime mkpebi ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị mkpa ụlọ ikpe ahụ nwetụrụla".[25] Ọzọkwa, nihi na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu echeghị ruo mgbe EPA wepụtara iwu ọhụrụ, ndị ọzọ chere na nke a gosipụtara na Ụlọikpe ahụ dị njikere nyochaa ikike ndị omeiwu ma tụlee ma ọ bụrụ na ikike ndị dị otú ahụ mebiri ozizi nkewa nke ike, nke gaeme ka ikike EPA ghara ịchịkwa ikuku.[25] Nọnwa Nọvemba 2021, ụfọdụ ndị nyocha iwu kwekwaara na itinye aka nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị mkpa iji dozie esemokwu ogologo oge na § 7411 (d) na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha.[30]

Mkpebi ahụ si na ya pụta agafeghị ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara chepụtara iwepụ nkwanye ùgwù Chevron ma ọ bụ belata ike EPA. Otú ọ dị, mkpebi ahụ tụrụ aro na iwu ndị dị mkpa nke EPA ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ naagafe nkọwa kpọmkwem nke iwu ndị omeiwu nwere ike nyochaa nokpuru ozizi ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa.[31] Iwu ahụ gbochikwara mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji weta isi mmalite ike dị ọcha site na iwu EPA nokpuru asụsụ CAA ugbu a.

Ikpe ahụ metụtakwara atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Biden, nke dabere na isi iyi ike dị ọcha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ laghachiri ozugbo na mgbalị US iji belata gas naekpo ọkụ dịka atụmatụ ya, EPA ka nwere ike ịnye iwu ka teknụzụ belata ikuku na ụlọ ọrụ ochie, dị ka ijide carbon na njide carbon, na ịgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ coal iji rụọ ọrụ na gas sitere n'okike, nke naere ọkụ karịa coal. Ọganihu ndị a nwere ike belata mmepụta carbon dioxide site na osisi site na 10% ruo 15%. Otú ọ dị, dị ka Michigan v. EPA, a gaetinye ego na nyocha nke EPA, nke nwere ike igbochi teknụzụ a gaeji mee ihe. Steeti nonwe ha nweere onwe ha ịtọ iwu ikuku, dị ka Iwu Ngwọta Okpomọkụ Ụwa dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na a naatụ anya na iwu na iwu ndị a gaabụ isiokwu nke ikpe.[32]

Onye nyocha iwu Ian Millhiser jụrụ otú CPP a tụrụ aro si daa nokpuru "ozizi ajụjụ kachasị" nke Ụlọikpe ma ọ bụrụ na iwu ahụ agaghị enwe mmetụta ọ bụla, na ngalaba ike ezute ebumnuche CPP ihe karịrị afọ iri noge ọbụna naenweghị ya.[33]

Omume iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Nzukọ nke 117 nke United States wepụtara Iwu Mbelata Ọnụ Ọhụrụ (IRA) naesote mkpebi West Virginia. N'etiti omume ndị ọzọ, e dere iwu ahụ maka ọtụtụ nime isi ihe ndị e welitere na mkpebi kachasị ma eleghị anya gbanwee ya. Asụsụ iwu ahụ naekwu maka ozizi ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa site ninye EPA ikike ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa gas naekpo ọkụ. Isiokwu nke isii nke IRA gbanwere Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha iji kọwaa carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon, na sulfur hexafluoride dị ka ihe naemetọ ikuku, naedepụta Massachusetts ma naenye ikike nke ndị omeiwu EPA iji chịkwaa gas naekpo ọkụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara niwu kwenyere na nke a gaenye EPA ohere ịtọ iwu "nèz mgbidi" na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị ugbu a iji kwalite ike dị ọcha.[34][35] Ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na iwu ahụ anaghị agbatị ikike EPA na isi mmalit ndị ọzọ; Prọfesọ Vermont Law School Patrick Parenteau kwuru na Iwu ahụ anaghị agụnye asụsụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka mgbanwe ọgbọ, naahapụ ya dị ka nsogbu nke nkuzi.[36]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Plumer. "Could the EPA push a carbon tax on its own? Maybe — here's how.", The Washington Post, November 15, 2013. Retrieved on October 30, 2021.
  2. ↑ Greenhouse (April 3, 2007). Justices Say E.P.A. Has Power to Act on Harmful Gases. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 30, 2021.
  3. ↑ Mineo (April 20, 2020). How and why the Supreme Court made climate-change history. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved on October 30, 2021.
  4. ↑ Grossmann. Does EPA's Supreme Court Loss Doom Obama's Climate Agenda?. cato.org. Cato Institute. Archived from the original on October 10, 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Plumer (February 9, 2016). The Supreme Court just put a crucial part of Obama's climate plan on hold. Vox. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Roberts (August 19, 2019). The 6 things you most need to know about Trump's new climate plan. Vox. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Davenport (September 26, 2016). Obama Climate Plan, Now in Court, May Hinge on Error in 1990 Law. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  8. ↑ How We Passed the Clean Power Plan Target a Decade Early (en-US). EPSA (2020-05-28). Archived from the original on 2022-10-22. Retrieved on 2022-07-01.
  9. ↑ Millhiser (2022-02-23). The absurd Supreme Court case that could gut the EPA (en). Vox. Retrieved on 2022-07-01.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Plumer (September 27, 2016). This court case will decide if Obama's signature climate policy goes down in flames. Vox. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Meyer (September 29, 2016). How Obama Could Lose His Big Climate Case. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mineiro (October 8, 2020). DC Circuit Unpacks Trump's Pollution Plan Supplanting Obama Rules. Courthouse News. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  13. ↑ Eilperin. "Trump acts to erase Obama's climate legacy", The Washington Post, March 28, 2017. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  14. ↑ Roberts (October 17, 2017). Scott Pruitt's quest to kill Obama's climate regulations is deeply shady — and legally vulnerable. Vox. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  15. ↑ Heikkinen (June 27, 2018). Court Becoming Impatient with EPA Over Clean Power Plan. E&E News. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  16. ↑ Irfan (August 21, 2018). EPA analysis of its own new climate proposal: thousands of people will die. Vox. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Freidman (August 21, 2018). Cost of New E.P.A. Coal Rules: Up to 1,400 More Deaths a Year. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 DC Circuit Vacates Affordable Clean Energy Rule, Revives Clean Power Plan. JD Supra (January 27, 2021). Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  19. ↑ Brady (June 19, 2019). Trump Administration Weakens Climate Plan To Help Coal Plants Stay Open. NPR. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  20. ↑ Muscon. "Federal circuit court scraps Trump administration's power plant rule", The Washington Post, January 19, 2021. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  21. ↑ Storrow (July 23, 2021). Will Biden's EPA regulate power plant CO2? It won't say. E&E News. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  22. ↑ Brief of petitioners West Virginia, et al. filed (in 20-1530).. Supreme Court.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Barnes. "Supreme Court will hear cases that could undercut Biden's goals on climate, immigration", The Washington Post, October 29, 2021. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Liptak (October 29, 2021). Supreme Court to Hear Case on E.P.A.'s Power to Limit Carbon Emissions. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 31, 2021.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Farah (November 1, 2021). What the Supreme Court's move means for EPA climate rules. E&E News. Retrieved on November 2, 2021.
  26. ↑ Supreme Court justices lean toward hobbling EPA's climate authority. Politico (February 28, 2022).
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Howe (June 30, 2022). Supreme Court curtails EPA's authority to fight climate change. SCOTUSBlog. Retrieved on June 30, 2022.
  28. ↑ Williams (June 30, 2022). Supreme Court curbs EPA's power to limit greenhouse gas emissions. NBC News. Retrieved on July 1, 2022.
  29. ↑ Totenberg (June 30, 2022). Supreme Court restricts the EPA's authority to mandate carbon emissions reductions. NPR. Retrieved on July 1, 2022.
  30. ↑ Hijazi (November 1, 2021). 'Blockbuster' Case Threatens EPA's Climate Action, Rule Delays. Bloomberg Law. Retrieved on November 2, 2021.
  31. ↑ Frazin (June 30, 2022). Supreme Court's EPA ruling could put other regs in danger. The Hill. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved on July 1, 2022.
  32. ↑ Clifford (June 30, 2022). The Supreme Court's EPA ruling is a big setback for fighting climate change, but not a death knell. CNBC. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved on July 1, 2022.
  33. ↑ Millhiser (2022-06-30). The Supreme Court's big EPA decision is a massive power grab by the justices (en). Vox. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved on 2022-07-01.
  34. ↑ Friedman. "Democrats Designed the Climate Law to Be a Game Changer. Here's How.", The New York Times, 2022-08-22. Retrieved on 2022-08-22.
  35. ↑ Climate Law Gives Clean Air Act a Legal Boost After Court Rebuke.
  36. ↑ The Inflation Reduction Act doesn't get around the Supreme Court's climate ruling in West Virginia v. EPA, but it does strengthen EPA's future abilities (August 24, 2022).
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_v._EPA&oldid=131695