Zora Neale Hurston

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Zora Neale Hurston

Zora Neale Hurston (Januari 7, 1891[1] [2] – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.[3] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị Zora Neale Hurston (Januari 7, 1891[1] [2] – Januari 28, 1960) onye odee Amerika, onye ọkachamara n'agumagu maka ndụ mmadụ, nakwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gosipụtara mgba agbụrụ na ndịda Amerika emeputara na mmalite 1900 wee bipụta nnyocha na hoodoo.[4] Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kacha ewu ewu nime akwụkwọ o bipụtara bụ Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, nke e bipụtara na 1937. O dekwara akụkọ mkpirisi, egwuregwu, na edemede karịrị iri ise.

A mụrụ Hurston na Notasulga, Alabama, o wee soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga Eatonville, Florida na 1894. O mechara jiri Eatonville dị ka ntọala maka ọtụtụ akụkọ ya. N'oge ọrụ mbụ ya, Hurston mere nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ na agbụrụ mmadụ mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Barnard College na Columbia University.[5] O nwere mmasị na akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa, American na Caribbean, nakwa ka ndị a si enye aka na njirimara obodo.

O dekwara akụkọ ifo gbasara ihe ndị dị ugbu a na obodo ojii wee bụrụ onye isi na Harlem Renaissance. Satires ya dị mkpụmkpụ, na-esite na ahụmịhe ndị Africa-American na nkewa agbụrụ, ka ebipụtara n'akụkọ ọdịnala dị ka The New Negro na Fire!!![6] Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Florida, Hurston dere ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmagụ ya na akụkọ ọdịnala Africa-American na North Florida, Mules and Men (1935), na akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ mbụ ya: Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Anya Ha Na-ele Chineke (1937); na Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939).[7] Ebipụtakwara n'oge a Gwa Ịnyịnya m: Voodoo na Ndụ na Haiti na Jamaica (1938), na-edekọ nyocha ya gbasara emume na Jamaica na Haiti.

Ọrụ Hurston metụtara ma ahụmahụ Africa-American na mgba ya dị ka nwanyị Africa-American. Ụwa agụmagụ amachaghị akwụkwọ ya ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ. Enweghachiri mmasị na 1975 mgbe onye edemede Alice Walker bipụtara otu akụkọ a kpọrọ, "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", na mbipụta March nke magazin Ms. nke afọ ahụ. Ihe odide Hurston nke ọ kpọrọ Every Tongue Got to Confess, nchịkọta akụkọ ifo gbakọtara na 1920, ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2001 mgbe achọpụtara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke a kpọrọ Barracoon: Akụkọ nke ikpeazụ "Black Cargo", gbasara ndụ Cudjoe Lewis (Kossola), ka ebipụtara n'afọ 2018 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.

Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmalite ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hurston bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ asatọ nke John Hurston na Lucy Ann Hurston (née Potts) mụrụ. A mụrụ nne na nna ochie ya dika ndị ohu ohu. Nna ya bụ onye nkwusa Baptist na onye na-akọ ihe ubi, bụ onye mechara ghọọ ọkwá nkà, nne ya bụkwa onye nkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A mụrụ ya na Notasulga, Alabama, na Jenụarị 7, 1891, ebe nna ya tolitere na nna nna ya bụ onye nkwusa nke ụka Baptist.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Eatonville, Florida . N'afọ 1887, ọ bụ otu n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii ewebara na United States.[8] Hurston kwuru na Eatonville bụụrụ ya “ụlọ” ebe ọ ka bụ nwata mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ebe a mụrụ ya. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi obodo ahụ na 1897. N’afọ 1902, a kpọrọ ya ije ozi dị ka onye ozi nke ụka ya kacha ukwuu, Macedonia Missionary Baptist.

Dị ka okenye toro eto, Hurston na-ejikarị Eatonville mee ihe dị ka ntọala na akụkọ ya-ọ bụ ebe ndị Africa America nwere ike ibi dị ka ha chọrọ, na-adabereghi n'obodo ndị ọcha. Na 1901, ụfọdụ ndị nkụzi n’ebe ugwu gara Eatonville ma nye Hurston ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị meghere uche ya n’akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. O mechara kọwaa edemede a nke onwe ya dị ka ụdị “ọmụmụ". [9]  Hurston biri ndụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na Eatonville wee kọwaa ahụmahụ nke itolite ebe ahụ na edemede 1928 ya nke a kpọrọ, " How it feels to be coloured Me ". Eatonville na-enwezi “ Ememe Zora" maka nsọpụrụ ya.[10]

Nne Hurston nwụrụ na 1904, nna ya mechara lụọ Mattie Moge na 1905.[11] E weere nke a ka ọ bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya n’ihi na a na-anụ kepu kepu na ya na Moge nwere mmekọahụ tupu nwunye mbụ ya anwụọ. Nna Hurston na nwunye nna ya zigara ya ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nke Baptist na Jacksonville, Florida . Ha mechara kwụsị ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ ya, e mechara chụọ ya n'ụlọakwụkwọ n'ihi ụgwọ akwụkwọ.


Ọrụ na ọmụmụ Ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1916, onye na-agụ egwú Gilbert & Sullivan weere Hurston n'ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi. [12][13]

N'afọ 1917, ọ maliteghachiri agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ gara Morgan College, ngalaba ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University, kọleji ndị ịsị ojii na Baltimore, Maryland . N'oge a, o doro anya na iji ruo eruo maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'efu, Hurston dị afọ 26 malitere ịzọrọ 1901 dị ka afọ ọmụmụ ya. [12][14] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Morgan State University na 1918.[15]

Kọleji na ntakịrị mgbe ọ gụsịrị kọleji[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, ewebatara ya ka ọ na-elele ndụ site na enyo ndị na-agu maka ndu mmadụ n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ site na Eatonville. Otu n'ime ebumnuche ya bụ igosi myirịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ.[16] Na 1918, Hurston malitere ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Howard, kọleji ndị isi ojii na Washington, DC. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị e weere na mmalite nke Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., nke a tọrọ ntọala ya maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii, ma burukwa The Hilltop soro wee tọọ ntọala ya, the Hilltop a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum.[17] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Spanish, Bekee, Grik, na ikwu okwu ọha wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na 1920. N'afọ 1921, o dere obere akụkọ, "John Redding Goes to Sea", nke mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye so na otu ndị edemede a kpọrọ Alain Locke, The Stylus.

Hurston hapụrụ Howard na 1924, na 1925, e nyere ya ohere igu akwụkwọ n'efu nke onye nlekọta Barnard aha ya bu Annie Nathan Meyer[18] nyere Barnard College of Columbia University, kọleji ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ isi ojii.[19] Mgbe ọ nọ na Barnard, o mere nchọpụta gbasara agbụrụ ya na ọkà mmụta gbasara agụmagụ ndụ mmadụ aha ya bu Franz Boas nke Mahadum Columbia, ma mesịa soro ya mụọ akwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ya na Ruth Benedict rụkwara ọrụ nakwa nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya bụ Margaret Mead.[20] Hurston nwetara BA na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na 1928, mgbe ọ dị afọ 37.

Hurston zutere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, bụ onye nwere mmasị na na ọrụ ya. Ọ kwadoro ndị odee Africa-American ndị ọzọ, dị ka Langston Hughes na Alain Locke, ndị gwara ya maka Hurston. Ma ọ gbalịkwara iduzi ọrụ ha. Mason kwadoro njem Hurston na ndịda maka nyocha site na 1927 ruo 1932, site n'inye ya nkwado nke $200 kwa ọnwa. Ya onwe ya chọrọ ka Hurston nye ya ihe niile ọ na-anakọta gbasara egwu Negro, akụkọ ọdịnala, akwụkwọ, hoodoo, na ụdị omenala ndị ọzọ. N'otu oge ahụ, Hurston aghaghị ịgbalị ime ka obi di Boas mma dị ka onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, onye bụ onye na-akwado omenala ma chọọ ịkwatu echiche dị elu nke omenala na ọkwa nke ụkpụrụ.[21]

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard, Hurston gụrụ akwụkwọ afọ abụọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Columbia, soro Boas na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oge a. Mgbe ọ bi na Harlem na 1920s, Hurston nwere ezi mmekọrịta ya na ndị na-ede uri Langston Hughes na Countee Cullen, nakwa ọtụtụ ndị edemede ọzọ. Ụlọ ya, dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, bụ ebe na-ewu ewu maka nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. N'ihe dị ka oge a, Hurston nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'oge mbụ, gụnyere itinye n'ime obere akụkọ na asọmpi edemede nke Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life , nke National Urban League bipụtara.

Hurston bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ a nabatara na otu ụmụ nwanyị a kpọrọ Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, ọ bụ ndi ụmụ nwanyị ịsị ojii tọrọ ntọala otu ọgbakọ a na 1920 maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi ojii. O kwere nkwa na ngalaba Alpha sorority dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard.

Alumdi ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1927, Hurston lụrụ Herbert Sheen, onye egwu jazz na onye bụbu onye nkuzi na Howard; o mesịrị ghọọ dibịa. Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na 1931. Na 1935, Hurston sonyeere Percy Punter, nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia. O kpaliri àgwà Tea Cake na anya ha na-ekiri Chineke.[22]

Na 1939, mgbe Hurston na-arụ ọrụ na WPA na Florida, ọ lụrụ Albert Price. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị mgbe ọnwa ole na ole gachara,  ma ha agbaghị alụkwaghịm ruo 1943. N'afọ sochirinụ, Hurston lụrụ James Howell Pitts nke Cleveland. Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ erughị otu afọ.  

Hurston biri n'otu ọnụ ụlọ dị na Eau Gallie, Florida ugboro abụọ: na 1929 nakwa na 1951.[23]


Nkwado nke ndi na-enye nkwado[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe onyinye ntọala dị iche iche kwụsịrị n'oge nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi, Hurston na enyi ya Langston Hughes abụọ dabere na nkwado nke onye ọrụ ebere Charlotte Osgood Mason, onye ọcha na-akwado edemede.[24][25][26] N'ime afọ ndị na-esote 1930, Hurston biri na Westfield, New Jersey, mpaghara New York, ebe enyi ya Hughes nọ n'etiti ndị agbata obi ya.[24][25]


Ụlọ Agụmakwụkwọ ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1934, Hurston guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ nke nka ememe "dabere na naanị nkwupụta Negro" na Mahadum Bethune-Cookman (n'oge ahụ, ọ ka bụ Bethune-Cookman College), kọleji nke ndi isi ojii na Daytona Beach, Florida.[27] Na 1956 Hurston nwetara ihe nrite kọleji Bethune-Cookman maka agụmakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na nkwado maka mmezu ya. Ngalaba Bekee na kọleji Bethune-Cookman ka raara onwe ya ụkọ ifonye maka ichekwa ihe nketa omenala ya.[28]

Mgbe e mesịrị na ndụ ya, na ịga n'ihu na ọrụ edemede ya, Hurston jere ozi na ngalaba nke North Carolina College for Negroes (ugbu a North Carolina Central University ) na Durham.

Ọrụ nke Antropọlọji nakwa akụkọ ifo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hurston gara njem nke ukwuu na Caribbean na South America wee tinye onwe ya na omume omenala obodo iji mee nchọpụta gbasara mmadụ. Site n'ọrụ ya na ndịda, nke Charlotte Osgood Mason onye ọgaranya na-enyere mmadụ aka kwadoro site na 1928 ruo 1932, Hurston dere Mules na Men na 1935. Ọ nọ na-eme nchọpụta n'ogige osisi dị n'ebe ugwu Florida ma kwuo okwu banyere ajọ omume nke ndị ikom ndị ọcha nọ n'ọchịchị ndi na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ịsị ojii dị ka ndị ha ga na na-akwasa iko, ma mekwa ka ha mụọ ụmụ. Akpọrọ omume a ka emechara dị ka " ikike paramour ", nke putara ikike ụmụ nwoke n'ihi oke agbụrụ nke metụtara omume n'oge ịgba ohu. Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyekwara ọtụtụ akụkọ ifo. Hurston si na ihe a nweta mmekọrịta akụkọ ifo o mepụtara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị ka Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934).

N'afọ 1935, Hurston mere njem gaa Georgia na Florida ya na Alan Lomax na Mary Elizabeth Barnicle maka nyocha banyere egwu ọdinala Afrika na America nakwa mmekọrịta ha na ịbụ ohu na egwu ochie nke Africa. Enyere ya ọrụ ịhọpụta mpaghara na isiokwu ndị a ga-enyocha.[29]

Hurston playing a hountar, or mama drum, 1937

N'afọ 1936 na 1937, Hurston gara Jamaica na Haiti maka ime nyocha, site na nkwado nke Guggenheim Foundation . O nwetara site na nyocha a maka ọrụ gbasara mmadụ, Tell my Horse (1938).

N'afọ 1938 na 1939, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ na Federal Writer's Project (FWP), akụkụ nke nchịkwa ọganihu ọrụ . Egoro ya maka ahụmahụ ya dị ka odee na onye akụkọ ọdịnala, ọ chịkọtakwara ozi iji gbakwunye na mkpokọta akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Florida.

Site n'Ọktoba 1947 ruo Februarị 1948, Hurston biri na Honduras, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Puerto Cortés . O nwere olile anya ịchọta mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Mayan ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmepeanya a na-achọpụtabeghị.  : Mgbe ọ nọ na Puerto Cortés, o dere ọtụtụ Seraph na Suwanee, nke e mere na Florida. Hurston gosipụtara mmasị na ọdịdị ọtụtụ agburu nke ndị bi na mpaghara ahụ (ọtụtụ, dị ka Miskito Zambu na Garifuna, bụ ndị sitere na Africa ma na-emepụta omenala criole ).

Hurston in Florida on an anthropological research trip, 1935

N'ime afọ iri nke ikpeazụ ya, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede nweere onwe ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1952, Sam Nunn, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Pittsburgh Courier , kpọtụrụ ya ka ọ gaa Florida iji wee leta ikpe igbu mmadụ nke Ruby McCollum . E boro McCollum ebubo igbu Dr. C. Leroy Adams, onye bụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. McCollum kwuru na ya manyere ya ka ha nwee mmekọahụ ka ọ wee mụọrọ ya nwa.[30] Hurston chetara ihe ọ hụrụ banyere ikike ụmụ nwoke ndị ọchana na-achị n'ogige osisi dị na North Florida, wee soro Nunn kparịta ụka màkà ya. Ha abụọ chere na ikpe ahụ nwere ike ịbụ maka "ikike paramour" dị otú ahụ, ma chọọ "ikpughe ya nye ndị niile na-ege ntị".

Mgbe ọ rutere Live Oak, ihe turu Hurston anya ya abụghị nanị iwu onye ọkà ikpe na-ekpe ikpe ahụ nyere kama site n'enweghị ike ime ka ndị bi n'ime obodo kwuo okwu banyere ikpe ahụ; ma ndị oji na ndị ọcha gbachiri nkịtị. O kwenyere na nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe metụtara ebubo eboro Dr. Adams' maka itinye aka na ịgba chaa chaa nke di Ruby, Sam McCollum. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge ikpe ahụ. A mara Ruby McCollum ikpe site n'aka ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ụmụ nwoke, ndị ọkà iwu bu naanị ndị ọcha, ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ. Hurston nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche ide ihe ndekọ n'usoro, The Life Story of Ruby McCollum, ihe karịrị ọnwa atọ na 1953 na akwụkwọ akụkọ uwa. Akụkụ ya kwụsịrị na mberede mgbe ya na Nunn nwere nghọtahie banyere ụgwọ ya, o wee pụọ.

Enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ onwe ya ịlaghachi maka mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, Hurston kpọtụụrụ onye nta akụkọ William Bradford Huie, onye ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ na The American Mercury, iji gbalịa ịmasị ya n'okwu ahụ. Ọ kpuchiri mkpesa na ikpe nke abụọ, ma mepụtakwa ihe sitere na nyocha ndabere. Hurston kesara ya ihe ya site na nnwale mbụ, mana ọ nabatara ya naanị obere oge n'akwụkwọ ya, Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Suwannee (1956), nke ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma.[31] Hurston ñuriri n'ihi na:

"Ihe akaebe McCollum n'ịgbachitere onwe ya bụ oge mbụ a na-ahapụ otu nwanyị sitere na Africa-America ka ọ gbaa akaebe maka nna nke nwa ya site n'aka onye ọcha. Hurston kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ akaebe nke Ruby McCollum malitere okwu ikwusi 'ikike paramour' na ndị nkewa nke ndida."

Hurston mechara rụọ ọrụ na Pan American World Airways Technical Library nakwa na Patrick Air Force Base na 1957. A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ n'ihi na ọ "gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma" karịa etu ọrụ ọ na-arụ si wee chọọ.[32]

Ọ kwagara Fort Pierce, Florida . N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ọ ga-achọta ha, Hurston rụrụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya onye nkụzi.. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii, Hurston lụrụ ọgụ "iji nweta ihe oriri" site n'enyemaka nke enyemaka ọha. N'otu oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odibo na Miami Beach's Rivo Alto Island.


Ọnwụ ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime oge nsogbu ego na ahụike, a manyere Hurston ịbanye na St. Lucie County Welfare Home, bụ ebe ọ nwere ọrịa mkpọnwu ahụ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa obi ọbara mgbali elu na Jenụarị 28, 1960, e wee lie ya n'ogige a kpọrọ Garden of Heavenly Rest na Fort Pierce, Florida. Ozu ya nọ n'ili ọtụtụ oge na-enweghị akara ruo 1973. Onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Alice Walker na onye otu ọkà mmụta Hurston Charlotte D. Hunt chọtara ili na-enweghị akara na mpaghara izugbe ebe e liri Hurston; ha kpebiri kaa ya akara dika a ga-asi na ọ bụ nke ya.[33] Walker commissioned a gray marker inscribed with "ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901–1960."[34] Walker nyere ihe nrịbama nke e dere "ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901-1960." Ahịrị "onye ọgụgụ isi nke ndịda" sitere na abụ Jean Toomer, Georgia Dusk, nke pụtara n'akwụkwọ ya Cane. A mụrụ Hurston na 1891, ọ bụghị 1901.

Mgbe Hurston nwụsịrị, e nyere iwu ka e suo akwụkwọ ya ọkụ. Otu onye ọrụ iwu na enyi ya, Patrick DuVal, mgbe ọ na-agafe n'ụlọ ebe o bi, kwụsịrị ma gbanyụọ ọkụ ahụ, e wee si otú a wee chekwa akwụkwọ edemede nke mechara baara ụmụ mmadụ uru. Enyere ohere nke mkpokọta a na ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Florida na 1961 site n'aka Oriakụ Marjorie Silver, enyi, na onye agbata obi Hurston. Enyere ihe ndị ọzọ na 1970 na 1971 site n'aka Frances Grover, ada EO Grover, onye prọfesọ College Rollins na enyi ogologo oge nke Hurston. Na 1979, Stetson Kennedy nke Jacksonville, onye maara Hurston site na ọrụ ya na Federal Writers Project, gbakwunyere akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ (Zora Neale Hurston Papers, University of Florida Smathers Libraries, August 2008).


Ọrụ edemede ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

1920s: The Harlem Renaissance[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe Hurston rutere obodo New York City na 1925, Harlem Renaissance nọ na ogogo dị elu ya, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị edemede na etiti ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu ya abanye Barnard, a họrọ akụkọ mkpirikpi Hurston a kpọrọ "Spunk" maka New Negro, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo, uri, na edemede na-elekwasị anya na nkà na akwụkwọ ndị Africa na African-American.[35] Na 1926, otu ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ ojii nke gụnyere Hurston, Langston Hughes, na Wallace Thurman, na-akpọ onwe ha Niggerati, wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede a na-akpọ Fire!! nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na ndị edemede nke Harlem Renaissance.

N'afọ 1927, Hurston gara na mpaghara ndịda nke di omimi iji nakọta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Africa na America. Ọ gbakwara Cudjoe Kazzola Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ, nke Africatown, Alabama, onye bụ onye ikpeazụ ama ama lanarịrị ndị Afrịka gbara ohu bu n'ụgbọ Clotilda, ụgbọ ohu iwu na-akwadoghị nke batara US na 1860, wee si otú a bụrụ onye ikpeazụ ama nke e e bufere n'ụgbọ mmiri maka Azụmahịa ohu transatlantic . N'afọ sochirinụ, o bipụtara isiokwu bụ "Cudjoe's Own Story of the last African slave" (1928). Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya bụ Robert E. Hemenway si kwuo, ibe a na-edepụta ọrụ nke Emma Langdon Roche,[36] onye edemede Alabama nke dere banyere Lewis n'ime akwụkwọ e dere na 1914. Hurston gbakwunyere ozi ọhụrụ gbasara ndụ kwa ụbọchị na obodo Lewis nke Bantè.

Hurston bu n’obi ibipụta mkpokọta ọtụtụ narị akụkọ ọdịnala sitere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na mpaghara ndịda. Ọ chọrọ ka ha nọrọ na nke mbụ dịka o kwere mee mana ọ gbalịsiri ike ime ka atụmanya nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, Franz Boas, na onye na-elekọta ya, Charlotte Osgood Mason. Ebipụtaghị ihe odide a n'oge ahụ. E mechara chọta otu n'ime ebe nchekwa Smithsonian n'etiti akwụkwọ nke ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ William Duncan Strong, enyi Boas. Hurston's Negro Folk-tales sitere na Gulf States ka ebipụtara n'ime afọ 2001 dika Every Tongue Got to confess.[37]

Na 1928, Hurston ji ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ laghachite na Alabama; ọ gbara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ karịa, ma sere foto ya na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime obodo ahu, wee dekọọ naanị ihe onyonyo a ma ama banyere ya - onye Afrịka eji ahia ohu gbagara United States. Dabere na ihe a, o dere ihe odide, Barracoon, na-emecha ya na 1931. Hemenway kọwara ya dị ka "akụkọ dị egwu nke ukwuu, nke a na-edepụta nke ọma maka onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ama ama."[38][39] A kọwakwara ya dị ka “edemede akaebe”, karịa n'ụdị ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ ndị ọzọ kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

Mgbe ajụjụ ọnụ ndi a gasịrị, onye na-akwado agụmagụ Hurston nakwa onye na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ, Charlotte Osgood Mason, matara banyere Lewis wee malite iziga ya ego maka nkwado ya. Ndị nta akụkọ gbakwara Lewis ajụjụ ọnụ maka mbipụta ya nke mpaghara na nke mba.[40] E mechara bipụta ihe odide Hurston nke a kpọrọ "Barracoon" na Mee 8, 2018.[41][42] "Barracoon", ma ọ bụ ogige n'asụsụ Spanish, bụ ebe a tụkpụrụ ndị Africa ejidere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nwa oge tupu ebuga ha mba ọzọ maka ịgba ohu.

Na 1929, Hurston kwagara Eau Gallie, Florida, ebe ọ nọ wee dee Mules na Men. E bipụtara ya na 1935.[43]

Afọ 1930s[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na-erute 1930 na afọ ndị ọzọ na-esote ya, Hurston ebipụtala ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirisi nke gụnyere Mules na Men (1935), ọrụ dị egwu nke "akwụkwọ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ" bu nke na-edepụta akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrika bi na America site na ogige osisi dị na North Florida. N'afọ 1930, ya na Langston Hughes jikọrọ aka wee dee Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu nke ha na-emetụbeghị. Mmekọrịta ha mere ka ọbụbụenyi ha daa. Emechara mee egwuregwu a na 1991.[44]


Hurston megharịrị ọrụ gbasara mmadụ maka nka. Ntụle akụkọ ọdịnala ya, The Great Day, gosipụtara abụ na egwu Africa bụ ezie, wee mee ihe ngosi ya nke mbu na John Golden Theatre na New York na Januari 1932.[45] N'agbanyeghị nyocha dị mma, ọ nwere naanị otu ngosi nke ọra. Mpụta mbụ nke Broadway hapụrụ Hurston na ụgwọ ruru dọla narị isii ($600). Ọ dịghị ndị na-emepụta ihe chọrọ ịga n'ihu na-eme ihe ngosi zuru ya

N'ime 1930s, Zora Neale Hurston weputara nyocha egwu abụọ ọzọ nke a kpọrọ From Sun to Sun, nke bụ mmegharị nke Great Day, na Singing Steel. Hurston nwere nkwenye siri ike na akụkọ ifo kwesịrị ịbụ ihe nkiri.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ nke Hurston na 1930 nke a kpọrọ Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934); Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke (1937), nke e dere n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Haiti ma leba anya n'ọrụ nkà ya n'akwụkwọ a kporo Moses, Nwoke nke Ugwu (1939).

N'afọ 1937, e nyere Hurston onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship iji mee nchọpụta agbụrụ na Jamaica na Haiti. Tell my horse (1938) dekọrọ akụkọ ya banyere ọrụ ya na ọmụmụ emume ime mmụọ na omenala na Jamaica na vodoun na Haiti.[46]

Afọ ndị 1940s na 1950s[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ ndị 1940, e bipụtara ọrụ Hurston n'akwụkwọ mbiputa ndị gụnyere American Mercury na Saturday Evening Post . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya e bipụtara, nke aha ya bu Seraph na Suwanee, nke ama ama maka itinye uche ya na mkpụrụedemede dị ọcha, bu nke ebipụtara na 1948. Ọ nyochara ihe oyiyi nke ụmụ nwanyị " ihe mkpofu ọcha ". Jackson (2000) na-arụ ụka na ntụgharị uche Hurston na mkpofu, na iwu klaasị na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha dara ogbenye na-egosipụta okwu eugenics nke 1920s.[47]

N'afọ 1952, ndị Pittsburgh Courier zigara Hurston ka ọ ga leta ikpe igbu ọchụ nke e boro Ruby McCollum, nwunye ojii bara ọgaranya, onye gburu onye ọcha na-akpa ókè agbụrụ. O nyekwara aka na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), akwụkwọ nke onye nta akụkọ na onye na-akwado ikike obodo William Bradford Huie.

Edemede ndị ebipụtara ka ọ nwuchara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide Hurston Every Tongue Got to Confess (2001), nke bu nchịkọta akụkọ ifo anakọtara na 1920s, ka ebipụtara ka Hurston nwuchara mgbe achọpụtachara ya na ebe nchekwa Smithsonian .

N'afọ 2008, Library nke America họọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime akụkọ sitere na Ruby McCollum: Nwanyị nọ na Jail Suwannee (1956), nke Hurston nke a nyere aka na nsonye na nlegharị anya nke narị afọ abụọ gara aga banyere ide akụkọ mpụ ndị America.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston a kpọrọ Barracoon na 2018. Barracoon bụ ụdị ụlọ mkpọrọ a tụrụ ndị ohu tupu a kpọga ha mba ofesi.


Echiche ime mmụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'Isi nke iri na ise nke Dust Tracks on a Road, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Okpukpe", Hurston kwupụtasiri ekweghị ekwe na nlelị maka theism na nkwenkwe okpukpe.[48] Ọ na-ekwu:

"Ekpere yiri m mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ekwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwara iwu ya isi."[49]

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ajụ n'ụzọ doro anya nkwenkwe Baptist nke nna onye nkwusa ya, ọnọdụ ime mmụọ ya dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya karịa ekweghị na Chineke. Ọ na-enyocha voodoo, ruo n'ókè nke ikere òkè n'ememe ndị dị otú ahụ, ọzọkwa na ihe odide mbụ ya a na-enyochabeghị maka akụkọ ndụ ya na-ekwu maka mmasị o nwere maka ndị a kọrọ akụkọ ha na Bible dị ka Eze Devid : "Ọ bụ onye na-eme dika obi Chineke si chọọ, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma n'inyere aka ka Chineke wee kpochapu ndi nādighi-agu n'ọlu ndi nākpasa ebe ahu.

Ozuzo n'anya ọha na eze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ Hurston dabara na nzuzo ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, n'ihi ma omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ojiji olumba nke Africa-American, dị ka e gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Hurston, bịara bụrụ nke na adịghị ewu ewu. Ndị na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ chere na ọ bụ ihe na-eweda ala iji ụdị olumba dị otú ahụ, n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụkọ ifo dị n'akwụkwọ America. Ọzọkwa, Hurston emewo nhọrọ dị mma na mkparịta ụka nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ. N'ịche echiche dị ka onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, Hurston gbalịsiri ike ịnọchite anya usoro okwu nke oge ahụ, nke o dekọtara site na nnyocha.[50]

Ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ Hurston katọrọ iji olumba ya, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-akatọ omenala ndị Africa na America na gbanye kwa mkpọrọgwụ na mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, omenala ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọcha. Ndị edemede a, ejiikọtara ha na Harlem Renaissance, katọrọ ọrụ Hurston dika nke na-adịghi akwalite mmegharị ahụ. Richard Wright, na ntụle ya nke Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, kwuru:

Ntụgharị uche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya enweghị isiokwu, enweghị ozi, enweghị echiche. Na isi, a na-agwa ndị Negro akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, kama ọ bụ ndị na-ege ntị na-acha ọcha bụ ndị ọ maara otú e si emeju ihe ụtọ ha, ọ na-erigbu oge nke ndụ Negro nke bụ "quaint," usoro nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọchị dị nro na egbugbere ọnụ. agbụrụ "karịrị".[51]

Mana kamgbe narị afọ nke iri abụọ, enweela mmụgharị na mmasị n'ọrụ Hurston. Kemgbe ahụ, ndị nkatọ etowo otú o si jiri nkà na-ekwu okwu akpaala.[52]

N'ime afọ 1930s na 1940s, mgbe e bipụtachara ọrụ ya, onye odee Africa-American mbụ bụ Richard Wright, onye bụbu onye Kọmunist.[53] Wright dere n'ụzọ doro anya n'okwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọchịchị Kọmunist enweghị ya, mana o jiri mgba nke ndị Africa bi na America maka nkwanye ugwu na ọganihu akụ na ụba dịka ntọala na mkpali maka ọrụ ya. Ndị ọzọ na-ede akwụkwọ Africa-American na-ewu ewu n'oge ahụ, dị ka Ralph Ellison, na-emeso otu nchegbu dị ka Wright.

Hurston, onye bụ onye nchekwa, nọ n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke esemokwu maka nkwa nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke aka ekpe maka ndị Africa-America.[54] Iji maa atụ, n'afọ 1951, Hurston rụrụ arumaru ụka na nkwado akụ̀ na ụba New Deal nkeá mere ka ndị Africa America nwee ntụkwasị obi na-emerụ ahụ na gọọmenti nakwa na ndabere a nyefere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ikike dị ukwuu.

N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nke bawanyere, Hurston nọgidere na nwere onwe ya na inwe nchekwube siri ike. O dere n'akwụkwọ ozi na 1957:

"Ma emeela m uto dị egwu dị ka onye na-ese ihe. . . . Achọghị m ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya . . Ọ bụrụgodi na m anwụọ n’enweghị ego, mmadụ ga-eli m, ma etu ọsila dị, achọghị m ka ọ dị otú ahụ."[55]


Nkwanye ùgwù akwanyeere ya mgbe ọ nwusiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Zora Neale Hurston, photo by Carl Van Vechten (1938)
  • Obodo Zora Neale Hurston nke Eatonville, Florida, na-eme ememe ndụ ya kwa afọ n'ememe akpọrọ Zora Neale Hurston Festival of Arts and Humanities.[56] Ọ bụ ebe Zora Neale Hurston Museum of Fine Arts dị, nakwa ọbá akwụkwọ e meghere na-aha ya na Jenụwarị 2004.
  • Ụlọ Zora Neale Hurston dị na Fort Pierce ka ahọpụtara ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi nke mba . Obodo a na-eme ememme Hurston kwa afọ site na mmemme dị iche iche dị ka ịkpọasị, oriri ụbọchị ọmụmụ, na mmemme ọtụtụ ụbọchị na njedebe nke Eprel nke a maara dị ka Ememme Zora.[10][57]
  • Onye edemede Alice Walker chọpụtara ili Hurston na-enweghị akara na 1973. Ọ rụnyere akara ili nke e dere "A Genius of the South".[58][59][60]
  • Alice Walker bipụtara "Ịchọpụta onye bu Zora Neale Hurston" na March 1975 na mbipụta nke magazin Ms., na-atụgharị mmasị na ọrụ Hurston.[61][62]
  • Na 1991, Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life, egwuregwu 1930 nke Langston Hughes na Hurston mere n'Ụlọ ihe nkiri Lincoln Center n'obodo New York
  • Na 1994, a kpọbatara Hurston na 'National Women's Hall of Game's.[63]
  • Na 2002, ọkà mmụta Molefi Kete Asante depụtara Zora Neale Hurston na ndepụta ya nke mmadụ narị ndị Afrika-Amerika Kasị Ukwuu.[64]
  • Ụlọ akwụkwọ Barnard nyefere ọgbakọ 2003 Virginia C. Gildersleeve na Hurston. 'Jumpin' na Sun': Ịtụle ndụ na ọrụ nke Zora Neale Hurston lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya na mmetụta ya.[65] Nkuzi Alice Walker's Gildersleeve kọwara ọrụ ya n'ịchọpụta na ịkpọsa ihe nketa Hurston.[66]
  • E hiwere ihe nrite Zora Neale Hurston na 2008; a na-enye ya onye otu American Library Association onye "gosipụtara idu ndú n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị America America".[67]
  • A kpọbatara Hurston dị ka onye otu New York Writers Hall of Fame na 2010.
  • Akwụkwọ akụkọ Harlem Mosaics (2012) nke Whit Frazier na-egosi ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti Langston Hughes na Hurston ma na-akọ akụkọ otú ọbụbụenyi ha siri daa n'oge mmekorita ha na egwuregwu nke 1930 ha, a kpọrọ Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life.
  • Na Jenụwarị 7, 2014, Google mere ncheta ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke Hurston.[68][69]
  • Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na abụọ anabatara na Alabama Writers Hall of Fame na June 8, 2015.[70]
  • Edere ihe sitere na akụkọ ndụ ya bụ "Dust Tracks on a Road" na ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ August 28: A Day in the Life of a People, nke Ava DuVernay duziri, bụ nke arụpụtara na mmeghe nke Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture na 2016.[71][72][73]
  • A sọpụrụ Hurston n'ime egwuregwu ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ dere ma mee na Indian River Charter High School na Ọktoba 2017, Jenụarị 2018, na Jenụarị 2019. Egwuregwu ahụ dabere na akwụkwọ ozi edere n'etiti Hurston na Vero Beach entrepreneur, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye ọsụ ụzọ, Waldo E. Sexton.[74][75]


Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hurston bụ onye Republican bụ onye nwere ọmịiko na amụma mba ọzọ nke na-etinyeghi aka na Old Right na onye na-akwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị enyemaka onwe onye Booker T. Washington . O kwenyeghị na nkà ihe ọmụma (gụnyere Kọmunist na New Deal ) nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Harlem Renaissance kwadoro, dị ka Langston Hughes, bụ onye nọ na 1930 bụ onye na-akwado Soviet Union ma too ya n'ọtụtụ abụ ya. John McWhorter akpọọla Hurston "Ndị nchekwa nchekwa ojii kacha amasị America"[76][77] ebe David T. Beito na Linda Royster Beito rụrụ ụka na ọ ga-aka mma iji mara ya dị ka onye nnwere onwe . N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Old Right na amụma ụlọ na nke mba ọzọ, Hurston abụghị onye nchekwa ọha . Ihe odide ya na-egosi njikọ nke feminism. N'akụkụ a, echiche ya yiri ndị edemede libertarian abụọ bụ ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ: Rose Wilder Lane na Isabel Paterson.[78] Ọ bụ ezie na nhota nke onwe ya na-egosi ekwenyeghị n'okpukpe, Hurston ewepụghị ihe ime mmụọ dị ka egosipụtara na akwụkwọ maka akụkọ ndụ ya nke e bipụtara na 1942, a kpọrọ ya, "Dust Tracks on a Road":

Ekpere yiri ka ọ bụ mkpu nke adịghị ike, na mgbalị iji zere, site n'aghụghọ, iwu egwuregwu dị ka e debere. Anaghị m ahọrọ ịnakwere adịghị ike. Ana m anabata ihe ịma aka nke ibu ọrụ. Ndụ, dị ka ọ dị, adịghị atụ m egwu, ebe ọ bụ na emewo m udo na eluigwe na ụwa dị ka m hụrụ ya, na-eruberekwa isi n'iwu ya. Oké osimiri na-adịghị ehi ụra mgbe nile n'ihe ndina ya, na-eti mkpu "ogologo oge?" ruo Oge; nde akpụ akpụ ọkụ na-enweghị isi; iche echiche nke akụkụ abụọ a naanị, na-enye m nri zuru oke maka nkeji iri nke ndụ m tụrụ anya ya. Ọ dị m ka nkwenye a haziri ahazi bụ mkpokọta okwu gburugburu ọchịchọ. Ọ dị m ka enweghị m mkpa maka nke ahụ. Agbanyeghị, agaghị m, site n'okwu ma ọ bụ omume, nwaa ịnapụ onye ọzọ nkasi obi ọ na-enye. Ọ bụghị naanị m. Onye ọzọ nwere ike na-ele m anya na ndị mmụọ ozi. Isi-iyi nke ahịrị edo edo nke ụtụtụ site n'alụlụ nke miri emi nke ụtụtụ ezuworo m. Amaara m na ọ dịghị ihe na-emebi emebi; ihe na-agbanwe naanị ụdị. Mgbe nsụhọ anyị maara dị ka ndụ kwụsịrị, ama m na m ka ga-abụ akụkụ na akụkụ nke ụwa. M bụ akụkụ tupu anyanwụ akpọrepu n'ime udi na-agbawa pụta na ebube mgbanwe. Abụ m mgbe e si n’ọnụ ọkụ ya chụpụ ụwa. M ga-eji ụwa laghachi na Nna Sun ma ka dị adị mgbe anyanwụ tufuru ọkụ ya wee gbarie n'ime enweghi ngwụcha ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke mkpọmkpọ ebe nke mbara igwe. Gịnị mere ụjọ ji? Ihe dị n'ime m bụ okwu, na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-emegharị mgbe niile, ma ọ dịghị efu; ya mere kedu ihe mkpa nke ụka na nkwenye ịgọnarị onwe m nkasi obi nke mmadụ ibe m nile? Akara sara mbara nke eluigwe na ala anaghị achọ mgbaaka mkpịsị aka. Abụ m otu onye nwere enweghị ngwụcha, ọ nweghịkwa mmesi obi ike ọzọ[79]

Na 1952, Hurston kwadoro mkpọsa onyeisi oche nke Senator Robert A. Taft . Dịka Taft, Hurston megidere amụma New Deal nke Franklin D. Roosevelt . Ọ kekọrịtakwara mmegide ya megide amụma mba ofesi itinye aka na Roosevelt na Truman . N'ime akwụkwọ mbụ o dere maka akụkọ ndụ ya, Dust Tracks on a Road, Hurston jiri ọchịchị United States tụnyere "ngere" na ngwongwo zuru ezu na Mafia - dị ka raket nchebe. Ọ na-akparị ndị na-achọ "nnwere onwe" maka ndị si mba ọzọ mana ọ gọnarị ya ndị mmadụ nọ na obodo ha: Roosevelt "nwere ike ịkpọ aha n'ofe oke osimiri" maka nnwere onwe anọ ya, mana o nweghị "obi ike ikwu okwu ọbụna nwayọọ na ụlọ." Mgbe Truman tụbara bọmbụ atọm na Japan ọ kpọrọ ya "onye na-egbu anụ nke Asia".

Hurston guzogidere mkpebi nke ulọikpe Kasị Elu n'ikpe Brown v. Board of Education ikpe nke 1954. O chere na ọ bụrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche hà n'ezie (ma o kwenyere na ha na-aghọ ngwa ngwa), ịkụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na nso ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha agaghị eme ka agụmakwụkwọ ka mma. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-echegbu onwe ya maka mbibi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na ndị nkuzi isi ojii dị ka ụzọ isi nyefee ọdịnala ọdịnala nye ọgbọ ndị Africa America n'ọdịnihu. O kwuputara mmegide nke a n'akwụkwọ ozi, "Court Order Can't Make Races Mix", nke e bipụtara na Orlando Sentinel na August 1955. Hurston agbanwebeghị mmegide ya ogologo oge n'ihi nkewa. Kama, ọ tụrụ egwu na mkpebi ụlọikpe ahụ nwere ike bụrụ ihe atụ maka gọọmentị etiti imebi nnwere onwe onye ọ bụla n'ọtụtụ okwu n'ọdịnihu.[80] Hurston megidekwara ọgwụgwọ mmasị maka ndị Africa-America, Ọ na-ekwu si:

"Ọ bụrụ na m na-ekwu na usoro dum ga-ewe iwe ka m nwee mmeri, ana m ekwu na enweghị m ike ịnọdụ ala na egwuregwu ahụ nakwa na ekwesịrị ịme iwu dị nchebe iji nye m ohere. M jụrụ nke ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, nyefee m aka ka m hụ ihe m nwere ike ime, n'agbanyeghị na m maara na ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-emekọ ihe site na ala na ịghọ aghụghọ ule dị ka ọkụ n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ".


Nkatọ akatọro ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche maka ibiakọta ọnụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Darwin Turner, onye prọfesọ bekee, na ọkachamara n'ime akwụkwọ African-American kwujoro Hurston n'afọ 1971 maka imegide njikọta nakwa maka mmemme mmegide iji nye ndị ojii ikike ịrụ ọrụ.[81] N'agbanyeghị na a katọrọ ya, Hurston pụtara na ọ na-emegide mwekota dabere na mpako na echiche nke nnwere onwe. Ọ kweghị "ehulata ala ihu onye ọcha", ma kwuo na "ụlọ akwụkwọ Negro zuru oke" adịkarị kamgbe n'afọ 1955.[82] A kọwara Hurston dị ka “onye na-agba mbọ inye ụmụ nwanyị isi ojii ike” n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru n'otu n'otu yana nkwenye siri ike ya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ịbụ "onwe ha". Otú ọ dị, nkatọ a na-akatọkarị banyere ọrụ ya bụ na enweghị isi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ ya na ederede ya, karịsịa banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "onye bụ isi maka ikpere arụsị ndị ọcha."[83]

Nnyocha na Nnọchiteanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ode akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche katọkwara Hurston maka ihe ngosi ya na-akpali akpali nke voodoo.[84] Na magazin Crisis na 1943, Harold Preece katọrọ Hurston n'ihi ọbịbịa ya nke "Negro primitivism" iji kwalite ọrụ edemede ya.[85] Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Negro History mere mkpesa na ọrụ ya na voodoo bụ ebubo nke amaghị ama na nkwenkwe ụgha nke ndị Africa na America.[86]

Jeffrey Anderson kwuru na ụzọ nyocha Hurston bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo nakwa na ihe ọ na-ekwu maka ọrụ ya bu voodoo abuchaghi ihe mere eme. Ọ hụrụ na ọ kwetara ịmepụta mkparịta ụka maka akwụkwọ ya Mules na Men n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara Ruth Benedict ma kọwaa ịkọ akụkọ Mules na Men akụkọ nke ndị dọkịta voodoo na-asọ mpi mgbe ọ bụ nwata na akụkọ ndụ ya mesịrị. Anderson kwenyere na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ Hurston kwuru na akwụkwọ voodoo ya bu ihe a na-enyo enyo.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ekwuola na Hurston tinyere aka na ideghari ọrụ ndị ọzọ degoro nakwa na ọtụtụ ihe ndi o dere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya a kpọrọ "Akụkọ Cudjo banyere onye ohu Afrịka ikpeazụ" bụ ihe mmadụ ndị ọzọ degoro maka ya,[87] nakwa na ọ na-edekwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ọrụ ya na voodoo.


Akwụkwọ ndekọ aha ahọpụtara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • "Journey's End" (Negro World, 1922), poetry
  • "Night" (Negro World, 1922), poetry
  • "Passion" (Negro World, 1922), poetry

Color Struck (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life, 1925), play

  • Muttsy (Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life) 1926, short story.
  • "Sweat" (1926), short story
  • "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" (1928), essay
  • "Hoodoo in America" (1931) in The Journal of American Folklore
  • "The Gilded Six-Bits" (1933), short story
  • Jonah's Gourd Vine (1934), novel
  • Mules and Men (1935), non-fiction
  • Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), novel
  • Tell My Horse (1938), non-fiction
  • Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939), novel
  • Dust Tracks on a Road (1942), autobiography
  • Seraph on the Suwanee (1948), novel
  • "What White Publishers Won't Print" (Negro Digest, 1950)
  • I Love Myself When I Am Laughing… and Then Again When I Am Looking Mean and Impressive: A Zora Neale Hurston Reader (Alice Walker, ed.; 1979)
  • The Sanctified Church (1981)
  • Spunk: Selected Stories (1985)
  • Mule Bone: A Comedy of Negro Life (play, with Langston Hughes; edited with introductions by George Houston Bass and Henry Louis Gates Jr.; 1991)
  • The Complete Stories (introduction by Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Sieglinde Lemke; 1995)
  • Novels & Stories: Jonah's Gourd Vine, Their Eyes Were Watching God, Moses, Man of the Mountain, Seraph on the Suwanee, Selected Stories (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-83-7
  • Folklore, Memoirs, & Other Writings: Mules and Men, Tell My Horse, Dust Tracks on a Road, Selected Articles (Cheryl A. Wall, ed.; Library of America, 1995)  ISBN 978-0-940450-84-4
  • Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States (2001)
  • Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters, collected and edited by Carla Kaplan (2003)
  • Collected Plays (2008)
  • Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" (2018)
  • Hitting a Straight Lick with a Crooked Stick: Stories from the Harlem Renaissance (2020)

Ihe nkiri, ihe onyonyo na redio[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Na 1935 na 1936, Zora Neale Hurston mere ihe nkiri dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na Florida na Haiti. Gụnyere ihe akaebe agbụrụ dị ụkọ nke okpukpe Hoodoo na Vodou na US na Haiti.
  • Na 1989, PBS mere ihe nkiri dabere na ndụ Hurston nke isiokwu ya bụ Zora bụ Aha m!
  • Usoro ihe onyonyo ụmụaka nke 1992–95 PBS Ghostwriter, bụ nke mesiri ike n'ịgụ na nka, gosipụtara ndị isi na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo Zora Neale Hurston na mpaghara Fort Greene nke Brooklyn, New York.
  • Ihe nkiri 2004 a kpọrọ Brother to Brother, nke etinyere ụfọdụ n'ime ya n'oge Harlem Renaissance, gosipụtara Hurston (nke Aunjanue Ellis gosipụtara).
  • Anya ha nọ na-ekiri Chineke ka emegharịrị maka ihe nkiri 2005 nke otu aha ahụ site n'aka Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Productions, nke Suzan-Lori Parks na-eme teleplay. Ihe nkiri a gosiri Halle Berry dị ka Janie Starks.
  • Na Eprel 9, 2008, PBS gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ụwa nke were nkeji irí itoolu, Zora Neale Hurston: Jump at the Sun, nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Kristy Andersen dere ma mepụta ya, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro American Masters .
  • Na 2009, Hurston gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ 90 nkeji gbasara ọrụ WPA Writers' akpọrọ mkpụrụ obi nke ndị mmadụ: Writing America's Story, nke malitere na ọwa Smithsonian. Ọrụ ya na Florida n'oge 1930 ka e mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na akwụkwọ ibe, Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America .
  • Na 2017, Jackie Kay gosipụtara ihe nkiri 30 nkeji BBC Radio 4 gbasara Hurston akpọrọ Nwanyị Half na Shadow, nke izizi na Eprel 17, wee bụrụ nke dị ka pọdkastị.
  • Rozonda Thomas na-egwu Hurston na ihe nkiri 2017 Marshall


Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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Ebensidee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe ndetu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Boyd, Valerie (2003). Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-84230-1. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hurston, Lucy Anne (2004). Speak, so you can speak again : the life of Zora Neale Hurston, First. ISBN 0-385-49375-4. 
  3. ↑ Trefzer, Annette (2000). "Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse". African American Review 34 (2): 299–312. DOI:10.2307/2901255. 
  4. ↑ Trefzer, Annette (2000). "Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse". African American Review 34 (2): 299–312. DOI:10.2307/2901255. 
  5. ↑ The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston (en). Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  6. ↑ "The Newly Complicated Zora Neale Hurston", The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 2, 2011. (in en)
  7. ↑ Rae, Brianna (2016-02-19). Black History Profiles – Zora Neale Hurston (en-US).
  8. ↑ Cave, Damien. "In a Town Apart, the Pride and Trials of Black Life", September 28, 2008.
  9. ↑ name="jsl">Jones, Sharon L. (Sharon Lynette) (2009). Critical companion to Zora Neale Hurston: a literary reference to her life and work. ISBN 978-0-8160-6885-2. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ZORA! Festival Homepage (en).
  11. ↑ Chronology of Hurston's Life.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 About Zora Neale Hurston Àtụ:Webarchive, Zora Neale Hurston official website, maintained by the Zora Neale Hurston Estate and Harper Collins.
  13. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston. Archived from the original on May 14, 2015. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  14. ↑ Kettler, Sara (6 January 2016). Zora Neale Hurston: 7 Facts on Her 125th Birthday.
  15. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston, Women in History.
  16. ↑ Staple, J. (2006). "Zora Neale Hurston's Construction of Authenticity through Ethnographic Innovation" (in en). 
  17. ↑ Shivonne Foster, Following Footsteps: Zora Neale Hurston, The Hilltop, November 20, 2007.
  18. ↑ Meyer, Annie Nathan (1951). It's Been Fun: An Autobiography. New York: H. Schuman. 
  19. ↑ Cheryl A, Wall L (2001). The concise Oxford companion to African American literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803175-8. 
  20. ↑ A Century of Barnard Anthropology, The Early Period. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  21. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston (2009). Every Tongue Got to Confess: Negro Folk-tales from the Gulf States. HarperCollins e-books. ISBN 978-0-06-174180-7. 
  22. ↑ Lamar, Jake. "Folk Heroine", January 12, 2003.
  23. ↑ Scott, Megan K.. "Zora Neale Hurston's real home was in Brevard County — Famed author, folklorist spent many productive years in Brevard", March 6, 2011, p. 1D.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Taylor, Yuval (2019). Zora and Langston. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393243918. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Manuel, Carme (22 March 2001). "Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word". African American Review 35 (1): 77–92. DOI:10.2307/2903336. 
  26. ↑ Horner, Shirley. "About Books", The New York Times, February 16, 1986. Accessed March 5, 2011. "For many years, Hughes enjoyed the patronage of "an aged, well-preserved white dowager of enormous wealth and influence", Charlotte Mason..." and "Dr. [David Levering] Lewis said that his research 'points out that, thanks to Mrs. Mason's generosity, Hughes lived in the early 1930s in a one-family house in Westfield, where his neighbor was another of Harlem's luminaries, Zora Neale Hurston.'"
  27. ↑ Porter, A. P. (1992). Jump at de sun : the story of Zora Neale Hurston. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books, 66. ISBN 0-87614-667-1. 
  28. ↑ Hurston, The Estate of Zora Neale. Zora Neale Hurston. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  29. ↑ Hurston, Zora Neale (1995). Dust tracks on a road : an autobiography, Hemenway, Robert., 2nd, 209. ISBN 0-252-01149-X. OCLC 11091136. 
  30. ↑ Dr. C. Arthur Ellis, Jr. "New Florida-based Movie on Ruby McCollum Story Underscores Need for Black History Month", PR Web, January 5, 2011, accessed March 18, 2014,
  31. ↑ Elizabeth Boyd, "Disquiet", Review of Tammy Evans, The Silencing of Ruby McCollum: Race, Class, and Gender in the South, H-Net Review, July 2008, accessed March 18, 2014,
  32. ↑ Brotemarkle, Ben. "Zora Neale Hurston fond of writing in Eau Gallie cottage", February 4, 2014, pp. 9A.
  33. ↑ "Charlotte Hunt, renewed interest in author Hurston," Tallahassee Democrat, 25 March 25, 1997
  34. ↑ Deborah G. Plant (2007). Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit. Greenwood Publishing Group, 57. ISBN 978-0-275-98751-0. 
  35. ↑ Richard, A. Long (2001). The concise Oxford companion to African American literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803175-8. 
  36. ↑ Hemenway, Robert E. (1980). Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 96–99. ISBN 978-0252008078. 
  37. ↑ The Largesse of Zora Neale Hurston (April 16, 2002).
  38. ↑ Hemenway, Robert E. (1977). Zora Neale Hurston : a literary biography. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 100–101. ISBN 0-252-00652-6. 
  39. ↑ Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 225 Àtụ:Isbn
  40. ↑ Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna). (2007) Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilde and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 226 Àtụ:Isbn
  41. ↑ The Last Slave Ship Survivor Gave an Interview in the 1930s. It Just Surfaced. History.
  42. ↑ Halle Kiefer (December 18, 2017). New Zora Neale Hurston Book to Be Published in 2018. Vulture.com.
  43. ↑ Brotemarkle, Ben (Fall–Winter 2011). Indian River Journal, Brevard Historical Commission. 
  44. ↑ Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics. Publishers Weekly (April 28, 2018).
  45. ↑ Àtụ:Cite magazine
  46. ↑ Henderson, Kali. Zora Neale Hurston.
  47. ↑ Chuck Jackson, "Waste and Whiteness: Zora Neale Hurston and the Politics of Eugenics", African American Review, 2000, 34(4): 639–660.
  48. ↑ 'Religion' by Zora Neale Hurston (August 24, 2018).
  49. ↑ Freethought of the Day.
  50. ↑ (2001) "'Go there to know there': Zora Neale Hurston and the Chronotype of the Folk". American Literary History 13 (2): 265–294. DOI:10.1093/alh/13.2.265. 
  51. ↑ Richard Wright, "Between Laughter and Tears", The New Masses, October 5, 1937.
  52. ↑ Qashgari, Sawsan (2017). "Racism, Feminism, and Language in Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God". AWEJ for Translation and Literary Studies 1: 10. 
  53. ↑ Colville, Liz (September 4, 2010). Happy Birthday, Richard Wright, Groundbreaking Author of "Black Boy" and "Native Son". Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  54. ↑ (2008) The Richard Wright encyclopedia. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-35519-6. 
  55. ↑ Ottenberg, Eve (April 8, 2011). Zora Neale Hurston's Lost Decade.
  56. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston Festival – Festival of Arts and Humanities. Archived from the original on May 28, 2007. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Forgotten Florida, Through a Writer's Eyes", The New York Times, March 31, 2010.
  58. ↑ Ong, Geo (February 5, 2013). A Headstone for an Aunt: How Alice Walker Found Zora Neale Hurston.
  59. ↑ Zora Dust Tracks Heritage Marker 4. St. Lucie County Online. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  60. ↑ "Intersections: Crafting a Voice for Black Culture", National Public Radio, April 26, 2004.
  61. ↑ Archaeology of a Classic: Celebrating Zora Neale Hurston '28. Barnard College (December 12, 2012). Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  62. ↑ Anderson, Christa Smith. Power of Prose – Hurston.
  63. ↑ Zora Neale Hurston.
  64. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York. Prometheus Books. Àtụ:ISBN.
  65. ↑ Kadlecek, Jo. "Conference Celebrates Legacy of Zora Neale Hurston", Barnard News Center, Barnard College.
  66. ↑ Finding a World that I Thought Was Lost: Zora Neale Hurston and the People She Looked at Very Hard and Loved Very Much. Barnard College.
  67. ↑ The Zora Neale Hurston Award. American Library Association.
  68. ↑ Anika Myers Palm (January 7, 2014). "Google doodle honors Eatonville's Zora Neale Hurston" Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
  69. ↑ Google bestows author Zora Neale Hurston her own doodle (January 7, 2014).
  70. ↑ Cobb, Mark Hughes (May 25, 2015). Rick Bragg, Harper Lee will be among Alabama Writers' Forum's inductees (en).Àtụ:Dead link
  71. ↑ "Why Is August 28 So Special To Black People? Ava DuVernay Reveals All In New NMAAHC Film", Essence, September 22, 2016.
  72. ↑ Àtụ:Cite magazine
  73. ↑ Gooden, Tai. Ava Duvernay's 'August 28' Delves Into Just How Monumental That Date Is To Black History In America. Bustle.com.
  74. ↑ Unlikely friendship of Waldo Sexton, Zora Neale Hurston will come to life at Charter High (en).
  75. ↑ Krueger, Jessica (October 23, 2018). IRCHS Celebrates Vero Beach's 100th Year Anniversary (en-US). Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved on March 16, 2022.
  76. ↑ McWhorter, John, "Thus Spake Zora", Àtụ:Webarchive City Journal, Summer 2009.
  77. ↑ McWhorter, John (January 4, 2011) Why Zora Neale Hurston Was a Conservative The Root
  78. ↑ David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, "Isabel Paterson, Rose Wilder Lane, and Zora Neale Hurston on War, Race, the State, and Liberty", Independent Review 12, Spring 2008.
  79. ↑ Freedom From Religion Foundation "Zora Neale Hurston" Àtụ:Webarchive
  80. ↑ Court Order Can't Make the Races Mix by Zora Neale Hurston.
  81. ↑ Turner, Darwin T. (1971). In a Minor Chord: Three Afro-American Writers and Their Search for Identity. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0809304813. OCLC 909407023. 
  82. ↑ Eriksen, John M. Brevard County, Florida : A Short History to 1955 Chapter 13. "Negro Writer Opposes Court Ruling", Titusville Star Advocate, September 30, 1955, p. 2.
  83. ↑ Ikard, David (2009). "Ruthless Individuality and the Other(Ed) Black Women in Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes Were Watching God"". CLA Journal 53 (1): 1–22. ISSN 0007-8549. 
  84. ↑ Brock, H. i. "The Full, True Flavor of Life in a Negro Community; Mules and Men. By Zora Neale Hurston. With an Introduction by Franz Boas. Ten Illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. [Book review]", The New York Times, 1935-11-10. (in en-US)
  85. ↑ Preece, Harold, "The Negro Folk Cult", Crisis, v. 43, no. 12, December 1936.
  86. ↑ McNeill, B. C. (April 1936). "Zora Neale Hurston, with foreword by Franz Boas and illustrations by Miguel Covarrubias, Mules and Men" (in en). The Journal of Negro History 21 (2): 223–225. DOI:10.2307/2714574. ISSN 0022-2992. 
  87. ↑ Robert Hemenway, "Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Biography", pp. 73–78, pp. 96–99


Nkọwapụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • 28th Zora Neale Hurston Festival of the Arts and Humanities. ZORA! Festival. The Association to Preserve the Eatonville Community, 2017. Web. 10 April 2017.
  • Abcarian, Richard, and Marvin Klotz. "Zora Neale Hurston." In Literature: The Human Experience, 9th edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006, pp. 1562–63.
  • Anderson, Christa S. "African American Women." PBS. Public Broadcasting Service, 2005. Web. 9 April 2017.
  • Baym, Nina (ed.), "Zora Neale Hurston." In The Norton Anthology of American Literature, 6th edition, Vol. D. New York, W. W. Norton & Co., 2003, pp. 1506–07.
  • Boyd, Valerie (2003). Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Scribner. Àtụ:ISBN.
  • Ellis, C. Arthur. Zora Hurston And The Strange Case Of Ruby McCollum, 1st edition. Lutz, FL: Gadfly Publishing, 2009.
  • Estate of Zora Neale Hurston. "Zora Neale Hurston." The Official Website of Zora Neale Hurston. Zora Neale Hurston Trust, 2015. Web. 11 April 2017.
  • Flynn, Elisabeth, Caitlin Deasy, and Rachel Ruah. "The Upbringing and Education of Zora Neale Hurston." Project Mosaic: Hurston. Rollins College, 11 July 2011. Web. 11 April 2017.
  • Harrison, Beth. "Zora Neale Hurston and Mary Austin: A Case Study in Ethnography, Literary Modernism, and Contemporary Ethnic Fiction. MELUS. 21.2 (1996) 89–106. Àtụ:ISBN.
  • Hemenway, Robert E. "Zora Neale Hurston." In Paul Lauter and Richard Yarborough (eds.), The Heath Anthology of American Literature, 5th edition, Vol. D. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006, pp. 1577–78.
  • Jones, Sharon L. A Critical Companion to Zora Neale Hurston: A Literary Reference to Her Life and Work (New York: Facts on File, 2009).
  • Kaplan, Carla (ed.). Zora Neale Hurston: A Life in Letters. New York: Random House, 2003.
  • Kraut, Anthea, "Between Primitivism and Diaspora: The Dance Performances of Josephine Baker, Zora Neale Hurston, and Katherine Dunham", Theatre Journal 55 (2003), pp. 433–50.
  • Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt, "Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960)." In Hilda Ellis Davidson and Carmen Blacker (eds.), Women and Tradition: A Neglected Group of Folklorists, Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2000, pp. 157–72.
  • Trefler, Annette. "Possessing the Self: Caribbean Identities in Zora Neale Hurston's Tell My Horse." African American Review. 34.2 (2000): 299–312.
  • Tucker, Cynthia. "Zora! Celebrated Storyteller Would Have Laughed at Controversy Over Her Origins. She Was Born In Notasulga, Alabama but Eatonville Fla., Claims Her As Its Own"; article documents Kristy Andersen's research into Hurston's birthplace; Atlanta Journal and Constitution, January 22, 1995.
  • Walker, Alice. "In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", Ms. (March 1975), pp. 74–79, 84–89.

Ọgụgụ ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Lucy Anne Hurston (her niece), Speak So You Can Speak Again.
  • Moylan VL. Zora Neale Hurston’s Final Decade. University Press of Florida; 2011. Àtụ:ISBN
  • Plant, Deborah G. Zora Neale Hurston : A Biography of the Spirit. Praeger Publishers, 2007. Àtụ:ISBN
  • Norwood, Alisha. "Zora Hurston". National Women's History Museum. 2017

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