Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ

Ụdị ndị a na eyi egwu bụ ụdị ọ bụla (gụnyere anụmanụ, osisi na fungus) nke nwere ike ịla n'iyi n'ọdịnihu dị nso. Ụdị ndị a na eyi egwu na egosipụta mgbe ụfọdụ site na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke depensation dị oke egwu, ọnụọgụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nke biomass metụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ mmụba. Mmetụta ọnụọgụ a bụ otu ụzọ iji nyochaa ogo nke ihe ize ndụ.^[1]

Nkọwa IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) bụ ikike kachasị na ụdị ndị na-eyi egwu, ma na-emeso ụdị ndị na'eyi egwu ọ bụghị dị ka otu ụdị, kama dị ka otu nke ụdị atọ, dabere na ogo a na-eyi ha egwu.^[2]

Less-than-threatened categories are near threatened, least concern, and the no longer assigned category of conservation dependent. Species which have not been evaluated (NE), or do not have sufficient data (data deficient) also are not considered "threatened" by the IUCN.

Ụdị atọ nke ụdị ndị a na-eyi egwu na IUCN Red List.

Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji egwu na ndị na adịghị ike mee ihe mgbe a na atụle ụdị IUCN, a na ejikarị okwu a na eyi egwu na ezo aka na ụdị atọ ahụ (nke dị oke egwu, nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na nke na adịghị mma), ebe a na eji ndị na enweghị ike na ezo aha ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ihe egwu nke ụdị atọ ahụ. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, dịka ụdị niile na adịghị ike bụ ụdị ndị na eyi egwu (ndị na adịghị ize ndụ bụ ụdị ụdị nke ụdị ndị na'ihe ize ndụ); na, dịka ụdị ndị na - ndị na-achọsi ike (ya bụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize mmiri na ndị nọ n"ihe ize ndụ) ga-enwerịrị, site na nkọwa, iru eru dịka ụdị ndị dị ize ndụ, ụdị niile na'ihe egwu nwere ike iwere ha dị ka ndị na-adịghị mma.

A na akpọkwa ụdị ndị a na eyi egwu dị ka ụdị ndị na acha ọbara ọbara, dịka edepụtara ha na IUCN Ndepụta uhie nke ụdị egwu egwu.

A pụkwara ịhazi ụdị, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ngwaahịa dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

Site na mba

Australia

Federal

Commonwealth nke Australia (gọọmentị etiti) nwere iwu maka ịhazi na ichebe ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ, ya bụ, Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Iwu Nchekwa Ụdị dị iche iche 1999, nke a maara n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dị ka Iwu EPBC. Iwu a nwere ụdị isii: nke na adịghịzi adị, nke na-apụ n'anya n'ọhịa, nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, nke na'ihe ize ozi, nke na na adịghị ike, na nke na adabere na nchekwa, dịka akọwapụtara na Akụkụ 179 nke Iwu ahụ.^[3] Enwere ike ịchịkọta ihe ndị a dị ka:^[4]

"Ọ dịghịzi" "enweghị obi abụọ ezi uche dị na ya na onye ikpeazụ n'ụdị ahụ anwụọla";
"Ọ dịghịzi n'ọhịa" [[a maara naanị ka ọ dị ndụ n'ọrụ ugbo" na "n'agbanyeghị nyocha zuru oke" a hụghị ya n'ọzara;
"N'ihe ize ndụ dị egwu" ̊ "ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa n'ọdịnihu dị nso";
"N'ihe ize ndụ" "ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa n'ọdịnihu dị nso";
"Onye a na eche ihu" "ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke mkpochapụ n'ọhịa n'ọdịnihu dị n'etiti"; na
"Nchebe na adabere" "nchekwa nke usoro nchedo a kapịrị ọnụ" nke na-enweghị nke ụdị ahụ ga abanye n'otu n'ime ụdị ndị dị n'elu.

Iwu EPBC na ekwukwa ma na echebe usoro okike ndị na eyi egwu dịka obodo osisi, na ala mmiri Ramsar Mgbakọ nke nnụnụ na efe efe na eji.^[4]

A na edepụta ndepụta nke ụdị ndị na eyi egwu n'okpuru Iwu ahụ na ndepụta ndị a bụ isi ihe na ezo aka na ụdị ndị na'eyi egwu na Australia. Profaịlụ ụdịdị yana nchekwa data egwu egwu(SPRAT) bụ nchekwa data n'ịntanetị a na achọgharị banyere ụdị na obodo gburugburu ebe obibi edepụtara n'okpuru Iwu EPBC. Ọ na enye ozi gbasara ihe ụdị ahụ dị ka ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na nkesa ya, ebe obibi, mmegharị, nri, ọmụmụ na nkọwa taxonomic.

Ndekọ anụmanụ na eyi egwu, nke ewepụtara n'ihu ọha na 22 Eprel 2020 wee jikọta dị ka nke June 2020 na Nnụnụ egwu egwu (mepụtara 2018) dị ka Ndepụta ụdị egwu egwu, bụ mmekorita nyocha nke Ebe mmemme mgbake ụdịdị egwu egwu nke mmemme Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba, Mahadum Queensland na BirdLife Australia. Ọ naghị egosi nkọwa zuru ezu nke ụdị onye ọ bụla, mana ọ na-egosi usoro n'ozuzu ya, enwere ike ibudata data ahụ site na ngwa webụ "iji kwe ka usoro nke otu ma ọ bụ mpaghara taxonomic dị iche iche nyochaa ma jiri ya tụnyere". Index ahụ na-eji ngwaọrụ nhụta data iji gosi data nke ọma n'ụdị eserese, gụnyere eserese sitere na 1985 gaa n'ihu nke ndeksi isi, nnochite anya ala, nleba anya ngbanwe na usoro oge na mkpokọta ụdị. N'April 2020, Index Mammal kwuru na enweela mbelata nke ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọnụọgụ anụ ụlọ n'ime afọ 20 n'etiti 1995 na 2016, mana data ahụ gosikwara na mbọ nchekwa echedoro na-arụ ọrụ. A na-achịkọta Index nke Mammal A na-atụ egwu “site na nyocha ndị mmadụ karịrị 400,000, ma nwee usoro ọnụọgụgụ maka mmadụ 57 nke ụdị anụ ala na mmiri dị nso na-eyi egwu Australia.".^[5]

Steeti na ókèala

Steeti na mpaghara nke ọ bụla nke Australia na ejikọta n'okpuru Iwu EPBC, mana enwere ike ịnwe iwu nke na enye nchebe ọzọ maka ụdị ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ Iwu Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Western Australia 1950. Ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè Lewin (Lewinia pectoralis), edeghị aha ha dị ka ụdị ndị na eyi egwu n'okpuru Iwu EPBC, mana ha nwere ike ịnakwere dị ka ndị na eche egwu site na steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla.

Ọrịa na ahịhịa, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbibi ebe obibi bụ ụfọdụ n'ime usoro egwu dị egwu nke osisi na anụmanụ ndị Ngalaba Atụmatụ, Ụlọ Ọrụ na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke New South Wales depụtara.^[6]

Germany

Ụlọ ọrụ Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti German maka nchekwa ihe okike (German: , BfN) na-ebipụta ndepụta uhie mpaghara maka Germany nke ọ dịkarịa ala anụmanụ 48000 na osisi 24000 na fungus. Atụmatụ maka ịhazi ya yiri nke IUCN, mana ọ na agbakwunye "ndepụta ịdọ aka ná ntị", gụnyere ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na amaghị ama, na ụdị ndị dị ụkọ na adịghị n'ihe egwu, mana ha nọ n'oké ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi n'ihi obere ọnụ ọgụgụ.^[7]

Philippines

United States

"A na-eyi egwu" n'ihe gbasara "ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" n'okpuru ESA.

Federal

N'okpuru Iwu Ụdị Dị n'Ihe Iche na United States, a na-akọwa "ihe na-eyi egwu" dị ka "ụdị ọ bụla nke nwere ike ịghọ ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ n'ime ọdịnihu a na-ahụ anya n'ozuzu ya ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ebe ọ dị".^[8] Ọ bụ nke a na-echebe nke ọma n'ime ụdị abụọ a na-echekwa. Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) bụ ihe atụ nke ụdị dị egwu nke a na-echebe n'okpuru Iwu Ụdị Dị n'Ebe Ọdịdị.

Steeti

N'ime US, ụlọ ọrụ na ahụ maka anụ ọhịa nwere ikike n'okpuru ESA iji jikwaa ụdị ndị a na ewere dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị nọ n"ihe ize ndụ n'ime steeti ha mana ọ bụghị na steeti niile, ya mere anaghị etinye ha na ndepụta mba nke ụdị ndị nọ n "ihe ize ndụ na ndị nọ n eyi egwu". Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na eyi swan (Cygnus buccinator) egwu na steeti Minnesota, ebe ọtụtụ mmadụ ka nọ na Canada na Alaska.^[9]

Hụkwa

Atụmatụ Ọrụ Biodiversity
Ndepụta uhie nke IUCN
Ịkụ osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị
Ụdị dị iche iche a na-adịghị ahụkebe
Red na blue-edepụta
Ọkụ na ọkụ
Anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke Australia

Ihe edeturu na ntụaka

↑ Liermann (2001). "Depensation: evidence, models and implications". Fish and Fisheries 2: 33–58. DOI:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2001.00029.x.
↑ IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (July 2022). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 15.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved on 2 January 2023.
↑ Threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government (18 September 2019). Retrieved on 22 April 2020.
↑ Kilvert (22 April 2020). Australia's threatened mammals decline by more than a third since 1990s, but there's a silver lining. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
↑ Key threatening processes. NSW Government. Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. Retrieved on 22 April 2020.
↑ BfN: Rote Liste (Verzeichnis) (de). Retrieved on 27 December 2019.
↑ Program. Endangered Species Program – Laws & Policies – Endangered Species Act – Section 3 Definitions. www.fws.gov. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.
↑ Minnesota Endangered & Threatened Species List. state.mn.us. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Sharrock, S. & Jones, M. (2009). Conserving Europe's threatened plants. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).

[1] Liermann (2001). "Depensation: evidence, models and implications". Fish and Fisheries 2: 33–58. DOI:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2001.00029.x.

[2] IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (July 2022). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 15.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved on 2 January 2023.

[3] Threatened species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Australian Government. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.

[epbc-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government (18 September 2019). Retrieved on 22 April 2020.

[tmiabc-5] Kilvert (22 April 2020). Australia's threatened mammals decline by more than a third since 1990s, but there's a silver lining. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 23 April 2020.

[6] Key threatening processes. NSW Government. Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. Retrieved on 22 April 2020.

[7] BfN: Rote Liste (Verzeichnis) (de). Retrieved on 27 December 2019.

[8] Program. Endangered Species Program – Laws & Policies – Endangered Species Act – Section 3 Definitions. www.fws.gov. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.

[9] Minnesota Endangered & Threatened Species List. state.mn.us. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved on 8 May 2018.

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