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Òtù azụmahịa nke South India

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[1]Ndị ọchụnta ego hibere ụlọ ọrụ South India iji hazie na ahụ ọrụ ha.  Ndị otu nlekọta elele ọwa nke esi ebupu omenala ndị India n'ala ndị ọzọ.  Site na ụkwụ nke 11 ruo na apụ nke 13, ndị Cholas na-ahịa South India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa kpara Eshia;  ma ọ nọchiri ụgbọ Pallava nke ike awụ ndị gara aga

Guilds mbụ

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ịrị elu nke Cholas, ihe odide sitere na Java, Indonesia, kwuru ikike Kalinga dị ka ndị ọbịa si mba ọzọ si n'igbo mkpa mmiri ọmụmụ nke India.  Na 1021 OA, ihe odide gbakwunyere Dravidas na ndepụta ikike ụgbọ mmiri, ma Colikas (Cholas) nọchiri ha, n'afọ 1053 AD.  [1] Ndị mmeri Kalinga (nke South Odisha nke oge a na Northern Andhra ) wetara ihe egwu egwu egwu na-acha uhie maka ahia.  Kalinga bụkwa isi iyi akwa owu na Ndịda Ọwụwa tọrọ Eshia n'oge mbụ.  [2] Na Tamil Sangam ndịwo, Chirupanattuppadai (ahịrị 96), nke aha maka blue Kalangam .  A na-akpọ uwe mara mma nke owu dị elu nke si na obodo Kalinga na-ebubata na obodo Tamil Kalinga, nke na-egosi na Kalinga bụ onye na-ebupụ owu n'oge mbụ. [2] [3]

Nkọwa

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[4]Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na etiti South India dị ka Gatrigas, Nagarathar, Mummuridandas, Ayyavolu-500, Ubhayananadesigal, Settis, Settiguttas, Birudas, Biravaniges, Kavarai, wdg [1] ala ịhụ.  Ụfọdụ òtù azụmahịa, dị ka Nagarathar na Kavarai, zutere nanị n'ime ụlọ nsso

Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa dị ike nke ukwuu wee kpebie akụ nke alaeze ahụ. Otu ihe atụ bụ òtù azụmahịa nke Nanadeshis bụ́ ndị ọ bụghị nanị na-akwado ọrụ mmepe obodo na ịrụ ụlọ nsọ kamakwa gbazinye ndị eze ego. Ndị ọchịchị mere ike ha niile ịnabata ndị otu n'ihi uru ha nwetara n'aka ha. Ndị òtù azụmahịa na-ewe ndị agha n'ọrụ, na-enwe ihe mgbochi, ma nwee njikọ mba ụwa wee si otú a bụrụ steeti n'ime steeti. [5]

Ndị òtù azụmahịa na-abụkarị òtù nọọrọ onwe ha nke ndị eze gbalịrị ịchịkwa; na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ada. Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ metụtara ndị na-akụ akụ na ndị na-agbanwe ego nke Alaeze Bahmani bụ ndị leghaara ịdọ aka ná ntị niile anya ma gbazee mkpụrụ ego ọhụrụ niile dabara n'aka ha ma weta ígwè ahụ na mint nke Warangal na Vijayanagar. [6]

  • Narị ise nke ndị nwe Ayyavolu : nke a makwaara dị ka Ayyavole, Ainnurruvar, Vira Balanju, vira banajigaru, vira balanjya, vira Valanjiyar, vira balija, Nanadesi, wdg Ha bụ otu 500 Swamis bụ ndị mejupụtara onwe ha na bọọdụ ndị ahịa na Aihole . [7]
  • Anjuvannam Guild: nke gụnyere ndị Juu, Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba na-azụ ahịa na-arụ ọrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Malabar, Coromandal Coast na Java . Y.Subbarayalu kọwara òtù a dị ka "otu ndị ahịa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Eshia". Onyinye Ndị Kraịst nke Siria nke 1220 AD nwere mbinye aka n'asụsụ Arabic, Hibru na Pahlavi, ebe ederede Tamil na-ezo aka na Muslim Anjuvannam ndị ahịa na Nagapattinam . [8] Na 1296 AD epigraphy nke Tittandatanapuram, Anjuvannam guild hụrụ aha na nnukwu mgbakọ nke ọtụtụ ndị ahịa na ndị na-akwa ákwà gụnyere Manigramam na Valanjiyar nke ndịda Ilangai (Sri Lanka) na-egosi na ọ nwere ọnọdụ dị mkpa na nhazi ahụ. A na-akpọ ndị ahịa Anjuvannam guild nke Manigramam (nke Kerala) Vanigar ma chọta ya na ndị Nadu, Nagara, na ndị ahịa njem dị iche iche ( Samasta-Paradesi ) nke 18-bhumi. Akpọrọ ha aha na 1279 AD na-enye onyinye ụfọdụ n'otu ụlọ nsọ dị n'ógbè ahụ maka ngwa ahịa a na-ebubata na mbupụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ógbè ahụ (Nellore Inscriptions, I, Gudur 45). [9]
  • Ndị otu Nanadesi : bụ otu ndị ahịa dị iche iche. Akpọrọ ha aha na narị afọ nke 14 ihe odide Tamil na-edekọ mmesi obi ike nke omume ziri ezi nke onye isi obodo aha ya bụ Annapota Reddi. [10] Ndị otu Nanadesi na ndị otu Manigramam mechara sonyere ndị otu Ayyavole-500 . [11]
  • Sankarappadi guild na Saliya <b id="mwVA">Nagarattar</b> guild: bụ ndị otu ndị ahịa pụrụiche na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ime obodo. [12]
  • Manigramam guild: toro na Tamil Nadu na oge Pallava na Chola ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na South-East Asia. [13]
  • Guild Nakara : makwaara dị ka Nagara na Nakaramu. [14] Ha bụ otu ndị ofufe Vaishya nke Nakaresvara. Penugonda nke Andhra-desa bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ ha. A maara ha dị ka Nagara swamis ma ọ bụ Nakarasvamulu. [15] A na-achọta okwu a n'ihe odide Kannada dị ka Nakara na Nakhara, cf, nakwa Nagarathar, Nagarasvamin na Nagaravaru n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Ndị Nagarathars bụ guild mpaghara nke Ainurruvar . [16]
  • Mummuridandas : ha bụ ndị agha mercenary na mbụ chebere prabhumukhyalu (ndị isi) nke guild pekkandru dị iche iche. [17] Ndị ahịa goro ha n'ọrụ iji hụ na nchekwa nke ndị na-eme njem na ndị njem, nakwa iji hụ na nchekwa nke ebe azụmaahịa. [18] Ha bụ ndị dike mbụ na ndị ahịa na-esote wee si na ndị agha Ayyavole-500 pụọ. [19]

Hụkwa

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  • Ụlọ ọrụ nke Merchant Adventurers nke London
  • Ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị na-eme njem nleta na-aga n'ala ọhụrụ
  • Germania (guild)
  • Guild
  • Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Guildhall
  • Njikọ Hanseatic
  • Ebe ahịa
  • Onye ahịa
  • Ụlọ ahịa
  • Society of Merchant Venturers

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10
  2. ↑ Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: Volume 100, p.1199
  3. ↑ Women studies, by N. Jayapalan, p.21
  4. ↑ Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
  5. ↑ A history of India, by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, p.126
  6. ↑ A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.192
  7. ↑ The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers, by M. S. Nagaraja Rao, p.87-88
  8. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii
  9. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.163
  10. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.50
  11. ↑ Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.181
  12. ↑ The trading world of the Tamil merchant: evolution of merchant capitalism in the Coromandel, by Kanakalatha Mukund, p.30
  13. ↑ Maritime heritage of India, by Karuna Sagar Behera, p.114
  14. ↑ A study of the history and culture of the Andhras, Volume 2, by Kambhampati Satyanarayana, p.53
  15. ↑ Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
  16. ↑ The Second Pandyan empire, A.D. 1190-1312, by Alice Justina Thinakaran, p.7
  17. ↑ Cultural heritage of the Kakatiyas: a medieval kingdom of south India, by S. Nagabhushan Rao, p.59
  18. ↑ South Asian studies, Issue 18, p.78
  19. ↑ Brahma sri: Researches in archaeology, history, and culture in the new millennium : Dr. P.V. Parabrahma Sastry felicitation volume, Volume 1, p.169
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