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Ịkọ ihe ọkụkụ

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Intercropping bụ omume ịgha mkpụrụ nke na-agụnye ịkụ mkpụrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'otu oge n'otu ubi, ụdị polyculture. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịgbakọ ọnụ bụ iwepụta mkpụrụ ka ukwuu n'obere ala site n'iji ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agaghị eji otu ihe ọkụkụ mee ihe.

Ụzọ e si eme ya

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Ogo nke oghere na nke nwa oge n'ime ihe ọkụkụ abụọ a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche, mana ihe abụọ a chọrọ ka a ga-emezurịrị maka usoro ihe ọkụkụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ. Ọtụtụ ụdị intercropping, nke niile na-adịgasị iche iche nke oge na nke oghere ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ka achọpụtara.[1][2]

Ịkọkọ ihe n'etiti

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Ngwakọta agwakọta nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ agwakọtaghị ya na oghere dị. Na narị afọ nke 21, ọ ka bụ ihe a na-emekarị na Etiopia, Eritrea, Georgia, na ebe ole na ole ndị ọzọ. A na-eme njikọ ọnụ n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ. N’England mgbe ochie, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-agwakọta ọka na ọka bali, bụ́ nke ha na-akpọ dredge, ma ọ bụ ọka dredge, iji mee nri anụ ụlọ. Ndị ọrụ ugbo France n'otu aka ahụ na-egwekọta ọka wit na rye ọnụ iji mee mgbu de méteil, ma ọ bụ achịcha nke ọka agwakọtara. Mfe nke iwe ihe ubi na mmasị ndị na-azụ ahịa mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo mechaa kụọ ubi ndị nwere otu ụdị.

Ubi ahịrị

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  • Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department
    Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department
  • Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in India
    Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in India
  • Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden
    Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden

Ihe ọkụkụ ahịrị bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke a pụrụ ịkụ n'ahịrị n'ahere dị obosara iji kwe ka a kụọ ya ma ọ bụ jiri ígwè ọrụ ugbo, ígwè ọrụ a haziri maka ọrụ oge nke ihe ọkụkụ ahịhịa ahịrị. A na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dị otú ahụ site na igwu egwu ma ọ bụ itinye ya n'ime ya kama ịgbasa ya. A na-akụkarị ha n'ọhịa ahịa (ọrụ ugbo) ma ọ bụ n'ogige kichin. Uto ahịrị malitere na China oge ochie na narị afọ nke isii BC.   [citation needed]

Oge

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Intercropping nke oge na-eji omume nke ịgha mkpụrụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ihe ọkụkụ na-eto nwayọọ, nke mere na a na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ ahụ na-eto eto ngwa ngwa tupu ihe ọkụkụ nke na-eto nwayọ amalite ntozu okè.

Mgbanwe

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A na-achọta nkewa oge ọzọ na relay croping, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ nke abụọ n'oge uto, mgbe mgbe n'akụkụ mmalite nke mmepe ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi, nke ihe ọkụkụ mbụ, nke mere na a na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ mbu iji mee ohere maka mmepe zuru oke nke abụọ.

Mgbanwe nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ omume yiri ya mana ọ bụghị ụdị interculping, ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche n'oge uto dị iche iche kama n'otu oge.

Uru ndị nwere ike ịba uru

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Nkewa nke ihe onwunwe

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A chọrọ atụmatụ nlezianya, na-eburu n'uche ala, ihu igwe, ihe ọkụkụ, na ụdị dị iche iche. Ọ dị mkpa karịsịa ịghara inwe ihe ọkụkụ na-asọ mpi maka ohere anụ ahụ, ihe oriri, mmiri, ma ọ bụ Ìhè anyanwụ. Ihe atụ nke usoro interculopping bụ ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ gbanyere mgbọrọgwụ miri emi na ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị omimi, ma ọ bụ ịkụ ihe ubi dị elu na ihe ọkpọ dị mkpirikpi nke chọrọ ndò. A tụwo aro ịkọ ihe ubi n'okporo ámá Inga dị ka ihe ọzọ na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọrụ ugbo na-ere ọkụ.[3]

Mgbe a na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma, a na-enwetakwa uru ndị ọzọ nke ọrụ ugbo.

Ịhụnanya n'Ịntanet

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Ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ abụọ dị nso nwere ike ịba uru karịsịa mgbe osisi abụọ ahụ na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ na-eme ka otu ma ọ bụ ha abụọ dịkwuo mma (ya mere na-amị mkpụrụ). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi ndị na-enwekarị ikuku ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmiri ozuzo (osisi ndị na-anọkarị n'ụlọ), nwere ike inye nkwado nke ihe ọkụkụ ibe ha.[4] Osisi ndị na-arịgo dị ka ose ojii nwekwara ike irite uru site na nkwado nhazi. A na-eji ahịhịa ụfọdụ egbochi ahịhịhịa ma ọ bụ nye ihe oriri.[5] Enwere ike inye osisi ndị dị nro ma ọ bụ ndị na-anụ ọkụ onyinyo ma ọ bụ nchebe, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ enwere ike iji ohere mebiri emebi mee ihe. Otu ihe atụ bụ usoro okpomọkụ nwere ọtụtụ ọkwa ebe akị bekee nọ n'elu, unere nọ n'etiti, na pineapple, ginger, ma ọ bụ nri leguminus, osisi ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nọ n'okpuru.

Interculopping nke osisi dakọtara nwekwara ike ịkwalite ụdị dị iche iche, McDaniel et al. 2014 na Lori et al. 2017 ịchọta ihe ọkụkụ iji mụbaa ụdị dị ichelekana nke ala, ma ọ bụ site n'inye ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ na ihe ndị dị n'ala nke na-agaghị adị na gburugburu ebe obibi otu ihe ọkụkụ.[6] Ihe ndị a nwere ike inye ihe ọkụkụ ihe oriri bara uru, dịka site na nitrogen fixation. [7][8][9][10]

Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ

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E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ịbawanye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche nwere ike inyere aka melite njikwa ahụhụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, omume ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike igbochi ntiwapụ nke ihe ọkụkụ site n'ịbawanye ụdị dị iche iche nke anụ na-eri ibe ya.[11] Tụkwasị na nke a, ibelata homogeneity nke ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịbawanye ihe mgbochi megide mgbasa nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu site na ihe ọkụkụ.

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ e si achịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ, nke na-abụkarị ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ahịhịa, site na intercropping:

  • Ịkụ ihe ubi, nke a na-agụnye ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ dị nso nke na-adọrọ mmasị maka ụmụ ahụhụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọkụkụ a na-emepụta, ụmụ ahụhụ ga-elekwasị anya na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ọ bụghị ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta ihe.
  • Repellant intercrops, intercrop nke nwere mmetụta na-egbochi ụfọdụ ahụhụ nwere ike iji. Usoro a gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ na-egbochi ihe na-ekpuchi ísì nke ihe ọkụkụ mmepụta iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ na ya.
  • Push-pull cropping, nke a bụ ngwakọta nke ọnyà na-egbochi intercropping. Ihe ọkụkụ mara mma na-adọta ihe otiti ahụ ma jiri ihe ọkụkụ na-egbochi ihe chụpụ ihe otiti.[12]

Ihe mgbochi

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Intercropping iji belata mmebi nke nje na ọrụ ugbo, ejirila ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na-adọkpụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịdọpụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ na obere ụlọ, ubi na nnwale ubi, naanị obere akụkụ nke osisi ndị a egosila na ha na-ebelata mmebi nke ihe ọkụkụ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu. ] Ọzọkwa, ịbawanye ụdị ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche site na intercropping anaghị eme ka ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eri anụ na-egbu egbu. N'ime nyocha nke akwụkwọ, na 2008, na ọmụmụ ihe ndị a nyochara, ndị na-eri anụ ndị na-efe efe na-abawanye n'okpuru usoro dị iche iche nke ihe ọkụkụ na naanị pasent 53 nke ọmụmụ, na ụdị dị iche iche na-eduga na mmụba nke ihe ọkpọ na naanị 32% nke ọmụmụ.[13] Nkọwa a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịda nke ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà a kọrọ, bụ na osisi ọnyà mara mma na-echebe osisi ndị dị nso ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ ahụhụ ahụ alaghachighị n'ime ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi. N'ime nyocha nke ihe atụ 100 nke ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà na 2006, ọ bụ naanị ihe ọkụkụ 10 ka e kewara dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma na ahịa, na n'ọnọdụ niile na-aga nke ọma, a gbakwunyere ihe ọkụkụ a na-eji usoro nchịkwa nke na-egbochi mgbasa nke ụmụ ahụhụ site na ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ọnyà laghachi n'ime ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi.

Ihe ngosi

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  • Chili pepper intercropped with coffee in Colombia's southwestern Cauca Department
    Chili oseintercropped nakọfịn'imeColombiandịda ọdịda anyanwụNgalaba Cauca
  • Coconut and Mexican marigold, a multilayer cropping in India
    Akị bekeenaIhe mgbochi mmiri nke Mexico, ihe na-egbutu ọtụtụ ihe[14]n'imeIndia
  • Mixed intercropping of oat and rye in Brastad, Sweden
    Ngwakọta nkeoatnaRyen'imeObi ọjọọ, Sweden

Hụkwa

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Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Andrews (2015). "The Importance of Multiple Cropping in Increasing World Food Supplies", Multiple Cropping, ASA Special Publications, 1–10. DOI:10.2134/asaspecpub27.c1. ISBN 9780891182931. 
  2. ↑ Lithourgidis (2011). "Annual intercrops: an alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture". Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 (4): 396–410. 
  3. ↑ Elkan. "Fired with ambition: Slash-and-burn farming has become a major threat to the world's rainforest", The Guardian, 21 April 2004. Retrieved on 7 December 2022.
  4. ↑ Trenbath (2015). "Plant Interactions in Mixed Crop Communities", Multiple Cropping, ASA Special Publications, 129–169. DOI:10.2134/asaspecpub27.c8. ISBN 9780891182931. 
  5. ↑ Mount Pleasant (2006). "The science behind the Three Sisters mound system: An agronomic assessment of an indigenous agricultural system in the northeast", in Staller, John E.: Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 529–537. ISBN 978-1-5987-4496-5. 
  6. ↑ Saleem (2019-11-02). "More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Microbiome Biodiversity as a Driver of Plant Growth and Soil Health". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50 (1): 145–168. DOI:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062605. ISSN 1543-592X. 
  7. ↑ Wagner (2011). "Biological Nitrogen Fixation". Nature Education Knowledge 3 (10). Retrieved on 1 May 2019. 
  8. ↑ Wang (2017). "Host-secreted antimicrobial peptide enforces symbiotic selectivity in Medicago truncatula". PNAS 114 (26): 6854–6859. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1700715114. PMID 28607058. 
  9. ↑ Postgate (1998). Nitrogen Fixation. Cambridge University Press. 
  10. ↑ Smil (2000). Cycles of Life. Scientific American Library. ISBN 978-0716760399. 
  11. ↑ Miguel Angel Altieri (2004). Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems, Second Edition. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781560229230. 
  12. ↑ "Controlling Pests with Plants: The power of intercropping", UVM Food Feed, 2014-01-09. Retrieved on 2016-12-01.
  13. ↑ Poveda (2008-12-01). "Diversification practices: their effect on pest regulation and production". Revista Colombiana de Entomología 34 (2): 131–144. DOI:10.25100/socolen.v34i2.9269. 
  14. ↑ Improving nutrition through home gardening, Home Garden Technology Leaflet 13: Multilayer cropping, FAO, 2001
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