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Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi

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Echiche gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi nkewa nke iyi na-asọ asọ, ọgwụgwọ na iji ya eme ihe ọzọ; ihe osise 2014

Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-akpọkarị ecosan (nke a na-asụgharịkwa eco-san ma ọ bụ EcoSan), bụ ụzọ e si enweta ebe obibi ọcha nke na-achọ iji megharịa excreta na ọrụ ugbo n'enweghị nsogbu.[1] Ọ bụ ụzọ, kama teknụzụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ nke e ji mara ọchịchọ nke "imechi akaghị", tumadi maka ihe oriri na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'etiti ịdị ọcha na ọrụ ugbo n'ụzọ dị nchebe. Otu n'ime ebumnuche a bụ ibelata iji akụrụngwa anaghị emeghari. Mgbe emebere ya nke ọma ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, sistemu ecosan na-enye usoro nchekwa dị ọcha iji mee ka excreta mmadụ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke a ga-eweghachi n'ime ala, na iweghachi mmiri n'ala. A na-akpọkwa Ecosan dabere na akụrụngwa  

Nkọwa

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Nkọwa nke ecosan dị iche iche n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkachamara na Sweden chepụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke ecosan: "Sistemụ ịdị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro na-enye ohere maka ịmegharị ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ na-ebelata iji ihe ndị a na-adịghị emeghari emeghari. ike siri ike ịbụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikwa akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma "

Tupu afọ 2012, a na-ejikọkarị ecosan na ntụgharị mamịrị na ọkachasị na ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na-eme ka mamịrị dị jụụ (UDDTs), ụdị ụlọ mposi akọrọ. N'ihi nke a, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ụlọ mposi ecosan" eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu maka UDDT.[1] Otú ọ dị, echiche ecoan ekwesịghị ịbụ naanị otu ụdị ụlọ mposi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji UDDTs mee ihe n'enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla nke ha na-ekwekọghị na echiche ecosan (ihe atụ bụ UDDTs 80,000 nke eThekwini Municipality mejupụtara na nso Durban, South Africa). [2]

Ojiji nke okwu "ecosan"

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Nkọwa nke ecosan dị iche iche n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkachamara na Sweden chepụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke ecosan: "Sistemụ ịdị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro na-enye ohere maka ịmegharị ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ na-ebelata iji ihe ndị a na-adịghị emeghari emeghari. ike siri ike ịbụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikwa akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma.   [citation needed]

N'echiche ecoan, a na-ewere nsị mmadụ na mmiri na-adịghị mma dị ka ihe nwere ike isi mee - nke bụ ihe mere a na-akpọkwa ya "ihe mkpofu na-emetụta ihe". A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "mbu ọcha na-arụpụta ihe" eme ihe kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2006.   [citation needed]

N'iji ya tụnyere okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide"

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Nkọwa nke ecosan na-elekwasị anya na ahụike, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụkụ akụrụngwa nke ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide. Ya mere ecosan abụghị, kwa otu, ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, ma ecosan usoro nwere ike imejuputa ya n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee ikike siri ike maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-elekọta akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma. Sistemụ Ecosan nwere ike ịbụ “nke anaghị adịgide adịgide” dịka ọmụmaatụ ma ọ bụrụ na nnabata onye ọrụ pere mpe ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa sistemụ ahụ dị oke maka otu ndị ọrụ ebumnuche enyere, na-eme ka usoro ahụ bụrụ nke enweghị ego n'ime ogologo oge..   [citation needed]

Nchịkọta

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Ihe ngosi site na mmemme EcoSanRes: Imechi loop na Sanitation (2005)
Ecosan na-emechi ihe ngosi loop (n'asụsụ French), site na NGO CREPA na 2005, a na-eji UDDTs eme ihe n'ihe atụ a

Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi bụ iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike metụtara ịdị ọcha, mmiri na ihe mkpofu emetọ; iji gbochie mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmetọ nke mmiri dị n"elu; yana iji ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ike dị n'ime ihe mkpofu.[3]

Nweghachi ihe onwunwe

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Nkwupụta dị na nkọwa nke ecosan na "nweghachi n'enweghị nsogbu" gụnyere akụkụ dị ọcha, microbial na kemịkal. Ya mere, ihe nsị mmadụ a rụgharịrị arụgharị, n'ụdị siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri, ga-enwe àgwà dị elu ma gbasara pathogens na ụdị kemịkal niile dị ize ndụ. Nkwupụta "iji ihe onwunwe ndị a na-apụghị imezigharị eme ihe na-ebelata" pụtara na uru nke ihe onwunwa site na imegharị ihe ga-adị ukwuu karịa ọnụahịa nke ihe onyinyo site na imeghachi ihe.   [citation needed]

Ecosan dabeere n'echiche zuru oke nke ihe na-agafe dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nchịkwa mmiri na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba nke dabara na mkpa nke ndị ọrụ na ọnọdụ mpaghara dị iche iche. Ọ naghị akwado teknụzụ mkpofu a kapịrị ọnụ, kama ọ bụ nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ n'ijikwa ihe ndị a na-ahụ ugbu a dị ka mmiri na-adịghị mma na mmiri na-ebute ihe mkpofu maka mkpofu.[3]

Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza

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Ndị mbụ na-akwado usoro gburugburu ebe obibi lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo (site na iji nsị eme ihe ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza) wee si otú a melite ọnọdụ nri na-edozi ahụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu oge ahụ na-enye ha ịdị ọcha.[4] Ebumnuche belata ọrịa bụ iji nweta ọ bụghị naanị site n'ibelata ọrịa a na-ebute site na ụzọ nsị na ọnụ kamakwa site n'iwelata nsogbu na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụmụaka. Njikọ a n'etiti WASH, nri na-edozi ahụ, ọrịa a na-akpọ entero-pathic gburugburu ebe obibi (ma ọ bụ entero-poty nke okpomọkụ) yana uto ụmụaka na-ebelata arịgoola n'elu usoro ihe omume nke ngalaba WASH kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2013.[5]

Ule ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ụwa egosila uru a na-ahụ anya nke iji nsị a gwọrọ agwọ n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka fatịlaịza na ihe na-edozi ala. Nke a na-emetụta karịsịa iji mamịrị eme ihe. Ule iji ya eme ihe ọzọ na Zimbabwe gosipụtara nsonaazụ dị mma maka iji mamịrị na ahịhịa ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ahịhịhịa dị ka spinach ma ọ bụ ọka yana osisi mkpụrụ osisi.[6][7] Nnyocha ọzọ na Finland gosipụtara na ojiji nke mamịrị na ojiji na ntụ osisi "nwere ike ịmepụta 27% na 10% karịa red beet root biomass".[8] E gosipụtara mamịrị n'ọtụtụ nnyocha ka ọ bụrụ ihe bara uru, nke dị mfe ijikwa fatịlaịza, nke nwere nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium na micro-nutrients dị mkpa.[9]

Nlaghachi nke phosphorus

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Akụkụ ọzọ nke usoro ecosan na-anwa idozi bụ ụkọ phosphorus na-abịa.[10] Phosphorus nwere ọrụ dị mkpa maka uto osisi, ya mere na mmepụta fatịlaịza, mana ọ bụ obere akụrụngwa.[11] Ọnọdụ ahụ yiri nke ahụ maka potassium. Ebe nchekwa nkume phosphate a ma ama na-aghọ ihe dị ụkọ ma na-efuwanye ọnụ iji wepụ - a na-akpọkwa nke a "ihe kachasị elu phosphorus". Otu nyocha nke inye phosphate zuru ụwa ọnụ tụrụ aro na ọ bụrụ na anakọta ya, phosphate na mamịrị nwere ike inye 22% nke ngụkọta ihe achọrọ.[12]

Uru

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Uru nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere: [3]

  • Mbelata iwebata pathogens site na nsị mmadụ n'ime usoro mmiri (mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu) - dịka ọmụmaatụ mmetọ mmiri dị n"okpuru ala site na ụlọ mposi.
  • Nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe site na mbelata mmiri ojiji, dochie fatịlaịza mineral na ibelata mmetọ mmiri.
  • Obere ịdabere na phosphorus a na-egwupụta na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị imezigharị maka mmepụta fatịlaịza.
  • Mbelata ojiji nke ike na mmepụta fatịlaịza: Urea bụ isi ihe mejupụtara mamịrị, ma anyị na-emepụta urea buru ibu site na iji mmanụ ala. Site n'ịchịkwa mamịrị nke ọma, enwere ike belata ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ yana ụgwọ fatịlaịza.

Ihe ịma aka

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A katọrọ usoro eco-sanism maka ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe ọzọ n'ọrụ ugbo, ebe ọ na-eleghara ụfọdụ n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide anya. N'ezie, usoro ecosan nwere ike ịbụ "ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide", dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere obere nkwenye onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnụahịa nke usoro ahụ dị oke elu maka otu ndị ọrụ, na-eme ka usoro ahụ ghara ịdị irè n'ụzọ ego n'oge dị ogologo.   [citation needed]

A katọrọ ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ecosan dị ka ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike, na-ekwusi ike na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ilekwasị anya na nchedo ahụike ọha na eze na inye ịdị ọcha na ọnụ ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ UDDTs, nke ụfọdụ ndị na'ime ha na-akpọ "ụlọ mposi ecosan", nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji wuo karịa ụlọ mposi, ọbụlagodi na ogologo oge ha dị ọnụ ala iji lekọta).   [citation needed]

Nchebe nke usoro ecosan n'ihe gbasara mbibi pathogen n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche bụ isiokwu na-aga n'ihu nke arụmụka n'etiti ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide usoro ecosan. Otú ọ dị, mbipụta nke Ntuziaka WHO na Reuse, na echiche ya dị iche iche, agaala ogologo oge n'ịmepụta usoro a na-ahụkarị maka iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nchebe.[13] Ka o sina dị, ajụjụ ahụ ka bụ ma enwere ike ịbawanye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi iji ruo ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na otu esi eme ka ha dị nchebe iji rụọ ọrụ. Mmetụta mbụ na mbido afọ 2000 site n'aka ndị ọsụ ụzọ ecosan agbanweela ka ha ghọta na ịgbanwe àgwà na omume na ịdị ọcha na-ewe ndidi dị ukwuu.

Acknowledgement for ecosan came with the awarding of the Stockholm Water Prizein 2013 to Peter Morgan, a pioneer of handpumps and ventilated pit latrines (VIPs) in addition to ecosan-type toilets (the Arborloo, the Skyloo[14] and the Fossa alterna). Peter Morgan is renowned as one of the leading creators and proponents of ecological sanitation solutions, which enable the safe reuse of human excreta to enhance soil quality and crop production. His ecosan-type toilets are now in use in countries across the globe, centred on converting a sanitary problem into a productive resource.[15]

Ọzọkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nyocha nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation na-enye ego kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2011 na ịdị ọcha na-emeso mgbake akụ - nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe nketa nke echiche ecosan, ọbụlagodi na ndị nchọpụta a ejighị okwu "ecosan" mee ihe.

Nkà na ụzụ eji eme ihe na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi

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Akụkụ teknụzụ nwere ike maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, nke ecosan bụ obere usoro na-elekwasị anya na ohere iji ya mee ihe ọzọ

Ecosan na-enye usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe enwere ike ijikọta ihe ndị dị n'etiti na ndị dị nro, mmiri na-ebugharị na ịdị ọcha, teknụzụ dị ala na teknụzụ ala, wdg. Site n'ịtụle nhọrọ dị iche iche, enwere ike ịmepụta ngwọta kachasị mma na akụ na ụba maka ọnọdụ ọ bụla.[16] Nkà na ụzụ eji eme ihe na usoro ecosan na-ejikarị - mana ọ bụghị mgbe niile - na-agụnye ihe ndị dị na nkewa nke isi iyi, ya bụ, idebe iyi mkpofu dị iche iche iche, n'ihi na nke a nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ na iji ya mee ihe dị mfe.

Nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na usoro ecosan bụ ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na-eme ka mmiri na-emebi mmiri, mana usoro ecosan nwekwara ike iji teknụzụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụlọ mposi na-ekpo ọkụ jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ biogas, ala mmiri e wuru, ụlọ mposi composting na ihe ndị ọzọ.

Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile na ndepụta nke GIZ bipụtara na 2012, yana n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ọmụmụ nke Sustainable Sanitation Alliance bipụtara nke lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ iji ya eme ihe ọzọ.[17][18]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ojiji nke nsị na usoro mkpofu

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Nweghachi na ojiji nke mamịrị na nsị na "usoro nhicha mmiri", ya bụ, na-enweghị nsị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ịgwakọta mmiri buru ibu na nsị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdịbendị niile emeela ya. Ojiji a na-ejighị naanị maka mmepụta ugbo. Ndị Rom, dịka ọmụmaatụ, maara na ammonia na-acha ọcha n'ime mamịrị ma jiri ya mee ka uwe na-acha ọbara ọbara.[19]

Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ghọtara uru nke ihe mkpofu mmadụ maka Ala na-eme nri ma na-eme nchịkọta "akọrọ" na iji ihe mkpofu mee ihe ọzọ. Nke a mere ka ha nwee ike ibi n'obodo ebe a na-eweghachi ihe oriri na ihe ndị dị n'ime nsị n'ala. Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere omume ndị a dị obere, mana a maara na a na-eji nsị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na Eshia (dịka ọmụmaatụ na China, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea) kamakwa na Central na South America. Otú ọ dị, ihe atụ a ma ama nke nchịkọta a haziri ahazi na ojiji nke nsị mmadụ iji kwado mmepụta nri bụ nke China. A matara uru nke "ala abalị" dị ka fatịlaịza site na usoro mepụtara nke ọma iji mee ka nchịkọta nsị si n'obodo ukwu na njem ya gaa n'ọhịa. Ndị China maara uru nke iji nsị na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ihe karịrị afọ 2500 gara aga, na-enyere ha aka ịkwado ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla ọzọ.[19]

Na Mexico, ọdịbendị Aztec na-anakọta nsị mmadụ maka ọrụ ugbo. E dekọrọ otu ihe atụ nke omume a maka obodo Aztec nke Tenochtitlan nke e guzobere na 1325 ma bụrụ otu n'ime obodo ikpeazụ nke Mexico tupu ndị Hispanic (nke ndị Spain meriri na 1521): Ndị bi na ya tinyere ihe ndị ahụ n'ụgbọ mmiri pụrụ iche a kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu obodo ahụ. A na-eji ngwakọta nke mkpocha na nsị eme ihe iji mee ka chinampas (ubi ọrụ ugbo) ma ọ bụ iji mee ka osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ sie ike. A na-anakọta mamịrị n'ime akpa n'ụlọ niile, wee gwakọta ya na apịtị ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-acha ákwà. Ndị Aztec ghọtara mkpa ọ dị imegharị ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị na mmiri nsị.[20]

Na Peru, ndị Inca nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka nsị dị ka fatịlaịza, nke a na-echekwa, kpọọ nkụ ma na-afụ ụfụ iji jiri ya mee ihe mgbe a na-akụ ọka.[21]

N'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, iji nsị na mmiri ntụ na mmepụta ugbo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Obodo ndị Europe na-emepe obodo ngwa ngwa na ịdị ọcha na-aghọwanye nsogbu na-arịwanye elu, ebe n'otu oge ahụ, obodo ndị ahụ n'onwe ha na-aghọta isi iyi dị mkpa nke ihe oriri ugbo. Omume nke iji ihe na-edozi ahụ mee ihe n'ime nsị na mmiri na-adịghị mma maka ọrụ ugbo gara n'ihu na Europe ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-aghọta uru nke nsị, chọsiri ike inweta fatịlaịza ndị a iji mụbaa mmepụta na ịdị ọcha nke obodo.[19] A na-akpọkwa omume a Onye ọrụ ugbo gong na England mana ọ na-ebu ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike maka ndị na-ebugharị nsị na nsị.

E wezụga iji ya eme ihe n'onwe ya, a na-edozi nsị iji mepụta kemịkal dị ọcha. N'iji nitraries na nitre beds, mmadụ na-ewepụta nitrogen n'ime ya dị ka potassium nitrate (KNO3), ihe dị mkpa na ntụ ọkụ.[22] KNO3 bụkwa ihe kpatara nchọpụta nke nitric acid na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. [23]

Ụdị ọdịnala nke ịdị ọcha na iji nsị eme ihe gara n'ihu n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ka bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'oge ọbịbịa nke mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ọbụna ka ụwa na-aghọwanye obodo mepere emepe, a ka na-eji ihe oriri ndị dị na nsị ndị a na-anakọta site na usoro nhicha obodo na-enweghị ngwakọta na mmiri n'ọtụtụ obodo dị ka ihe enyemaka iji mee ka ala na-eme nri, n'agbanyeghị mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.[19]

Mbelata nke mgbake nke ihe na-edozi ahụ site na nsị mmadụ na usoro akọrọ

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Nweghachi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ site na nsị na usoro nhicha na-abụghị nke nsị na-edoza nsogbu nhicha na ebe obibi na Europe na ebe ndị ọzọ ma na-enye aka n'ịchekwa mmepụta ugbo.[19] Otú ọ dị, omume ahụ aghọghị ụzọ kachasị mma maka ịdị ọcha n'obodo ukwu na narị afọ nke 20 ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ya na usoro ịdị ọcha nke na-enweghị mgbake na-edozi ahụ (ma e wezụga iji mmiri nsị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ) - ọ dịkarịa ala maka obodo ndị nwere ike ịzụta ya.

E nwere isi ihe anọ na-akpali akpali nke dugara na njedebe na mgbake na ojiji nke nsị na mmiri ntụ site na obodo ndị Europe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu: [19]

  • Uto nke obodo ukwu na ịdị anya site na ubi ugbo.
  • Ịbawanye ojiji nke mmiri na ojiji nke ụlọ mposi: Mmiri na-asacha na-abawanye oke nke nsị, n'otu oge ahụ na-agbari ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ka ha nwetaghachi ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka ha dị na mbụ.
  • Mmepụta nke fatịlaịza ndị dị ọnụ ala, na-eme mgbalị ọ bụla iji nwetaghachi ma jiri ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị sitere na nnukwu mpịakọta nke nsị.
  • Ntinye aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka nsonaazụ nke mkpa a ghọtara maka mgbanwe n'ihe gbasara otu esi emeso ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ: Ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, echiche kachasị na mgbasa nke ọrịa bụ echiche miasma. Echiche a kwuru na a ga-ewepụ ihe niile na-esi ísì n'ihi na a na-eche na iku ume ọjọọ na-eduga n'ọrịa.

Ojiji nke nsị anụmanụ (nke na-esi ísì ụtọ) n'ọrụ ugbo anọgidewo na-aga n'ihu ruo taa, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na echeghị na nsị na-akpata ọrịa mmadụ.

  • Iji mmiri mkpofu eme ihe ma ọ bụ iweghachite ihe onwunwe: Ojiji nke mmiri mkpofu a na-emeghị, a na-edozi ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike ma ọ bụrụ na emere ya n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke na-emekarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe); na
  • Ntinye nke nsị na ala ọrụ ugbo nke na-enweghị esemokwu n'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ ala na ọla dị arọ na micropropinants ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma (lee Biosolids).

Nnyocha site na 1990s gaa n'ihu

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Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) kwadoro "SanRes R&D program" n'oge 1993 ruo 2001 nke tọrọ ntọala maka "EcoSanRes program" nke Stockholm Environment Institute mere (2002-2011).[24][25] Otu mbipụta nke Sida kpọrọ "Ecological sanitation" na 1998 chịkọtara ihe ọmụma e mepụtara ruo ugbu a banyere ecosan n'akwụkwọ a ma ama nke e bipụtara dị ka mbipụta nke abụọ na 2004. [26] A sụgharịwokwa akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Chinese, French na Spanish.[27][28][29]

Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Germany GIZ nwekwara nnukwu "usoro ihe omume ecosan" site na 2001 ruo 2012. Ọ bụ ezie na a họọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "ecosan" na mbido nke mmemme a, site na 2007 gaa n'ihu, a na-eji okwu sara mbara "nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide" dochie ya. N'ezie, e guzobere Sustainable Sanitation Alliance na 2007 na mgbalị ịgbasawanye echiche ecoan na ijikọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị iche iche n'okpuru otu nche anwụ.

Nnyocha banyere otu esi eme ka ojiji nke mamịrị na nsị dị mma n'ọrụ ugbo bụ nke ndị Sweden na-eme, dịka ọmụmaatụ Hakan Jönsson na ndị otu ya, ndị akwụkwọ ha na "Ntụziaka maka Ojiji nke Mmiri na Mmepụta Ihe Nkume" [30] bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke e mesịrị tinye n'ime WHO "Ntụ isi maka Ojiji Dị Mma nke Mmiri Wastewater, Excreta na Greywater" site na 2006.[13] Echiche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi iji mee ihe ọzọ, nke bụ isi nkuku nke mbipụta a, emeela ka a ghọta nke ọma otu esi eme ihe ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu.

Ọmụmụ ihe na nzukọ

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Na mbido, e nwere "nkwurịta okwu ecosan" iji gosipụta ma kwurịta nyocha gbasara ọrụ ecosan:

  • E mere ogbako izizi banyere ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi na Balingsholm, Sweden na 1997, ebe ndị ọkachamara niile guzobere n'oge ahụ, dị ka Håkan Jönsson, Peter Morgan (onye mmeri nke 2013 Stockholm Water Prize), [15] Ron Sawyer, George Anna Clark na Gunder Edström sonyere.
  • Ọmụmụ ihe na Mexico na 1999 n'aha "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security" [31]
  • Nzukọ Ecosan na Bonn, Germany na 2000
  • Nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ na Nanning, China na 2001
  • Nzukọ nke abụọ na Lübeck Germany na 2003 [32]
  • Nzukọ nke atọ na Durban, South Africa na 2005
  • Nzukọ Ecosan na Fortaleza, Brazil kpọrọ "Nzukọ Mba Nile na Nchebe Na-adịgide adịgide - Mmiri na Ncheben Nri maka Latin America" na 2007 [33]

Kemgbe ahụ, a na-ejikọta isiokwu ecosan na nzukọ ndị ọzọ nke WASH, a naghịzi ahazi nzukọ ecosan dị iche iche.

Esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara

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During the 1990s, when the term ecosan was something new, discussions were heated and confrontational.[Tinye edensibịa][citation needed] Supporters of ecosan claimed the corner on containment, treatment and reuse. The proponents of conventional sanitation systems on the other side defended pit latrines and waterborne sewage systems. Ecosan supporters criticized conventional sanitation for contaminating waterways with nutrients and pathogens. Since about 2007, the two opposing sides have slowly found ways of dealing with each other, and the formation of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance in that year has further helped to provide a space for all sanitation actors to meet and push into the same direction of sustainable sanitation.[Tinye edensibịa]

Ihe Nlereanya

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  • Sweden bụ onye ndu na Europe iji tinye ecoan n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Obodo Tanum dị na Sweden ewebatala ụlọ mposi nkewa nke mamịrị n'ihi ala ha siri ike na ihe ịma aka na mbụ, ma mesịa weghachite phosphorus.[34]
  • Sweden emeela ka o kwe omume na 2013 iji kwado mmiri ojii dị nchebe na nke dị ọcha (mmanụ na nsị mmadụ) site na usoro mmiri ojii na maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza a ma ama. Usoro mmiri ojii dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ tankị septic. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Swedish Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering mepụtara ụkpụrụ maka asambodo ahụ ma nwee ike ịkwadebe ụzọ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji ihe mkpofu mmadụ maka mmepụta ugbo. Njikọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Sweden anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmepe a. Ọzọkwa, Swedish EPA na aro ikpeazụ ha na 2014 belatara ihe ize ndụ ịdị ọcha metụtara mamịrị.[35]
  • Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) mere nnukwu mmemme nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ "Ecosanres" site na 2001 ruo 2011. Otu n'ime ọrụ nnwale "ecosan kpọrọ nkụ" (ya bụ site na iji Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ) nke mmemme a bụ mmejuputa UDDTs buru ibu na ụlọ nwere ọtụtụ okpukpu yana teknụzụ ndị ọzọ iji nye ohere iweghachite ihe onwunwe site na nsị.[36] A kpọrọ ọrụ a Erdos Eco-Town Project n'obodo a na-akpọ Erdos na Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region nke China. Ọ bụ njikọ aka n'etiti gọọmentị Dongsheng District na Erdos na Stockholm Environment Institute ma chọọ ịchekwa mmiri ma nye ọrụ nhicha na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe nke ugwu China. Maka ọtụtụ ihe gbasara teknụzụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụlọ ọrụ, ewepụrụ UDDTs mgbe naanị afọ ole na ole gachara ma ọrụ ahụ emeghị ka ọ dị n'ógbè mgbake nke ihe oriri. A na-edepụta ọrụ a nke ọma ugbu a ma mee ka a mara ihe ịma aka na ọghọm nke "ecosan obodo". [37][38]
  • The Rich Earth Institute dị na Brattleboro, Vermont, US, bụ otu NGO raara onwe ya nye iweghachite mamịrị mmadụ dị ka fatịlaịza. Ha eguzobewo naanị mmemme na-edozi ahụ nke obodo na United States ma na-eme nchọpụta ma na-emepụta teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ iji melite ojiji nke mamịrị dị ka fatịlaịza. [39]
  • SOIL na Haiti wuru ihe ha na-akpọ "ụlọ mposi ecosan" (UDDTs) dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị enyemaka mberede na-esote ala ọma jijiji Haiti nke afọ 2010. Ihe karịrị ndị Haiti 20,000 na-eji ụlọ mposi SOIL eme ihe ugbu a ma SOIL emepụtala ihe karịrị lita 400,000 nke compost n'ihi ya.[40] A na-eji compost ahụ eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ime ka osisi dịghachi mma. [41] Usoro composting nke SOIL dị irè n'ime ka àkwá Ascaris ghara ịrụ ọrụ - ihe na-egosi àkwá helminth n'ozuzu ya - na nsị a chịkọtara site na ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ n'ime izu 16. [42] Usoro composting na nlekota nke SOIL ji mee ihe na Haiti nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ maka ntọala mba ụwa ndị ọzọ. [42]
  • Sanitation First, otu NGO na UK na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ ecoan (UDDTs) n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa na-emepe emepe. Ha na-arụkarị ọrụ na Tamil Nadu (India), ebe Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu State na-enye nkwado maka ọrụ ha. Ha ewuwokwa ecosan n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ime obodo India, Kenya na Sierra Leone. Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha si kwuo, mmadụ 58,000 n'ụwa niile na-eji ụlọ mposi ha eme ihe na 2021.[43]
  • NGO CREPA nke na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara West Africa na-asụ French (nke a na-akpọ WSA - Mmiri na Ịdị ọcha n'Africa ugbu a) na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkwalite gburugburu ebe obibi site na 2002 ruo 2010 na-elekwasị anya na UDDTs tinyere iji ya eme ihe ọzọ n'ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị na Burkina Faso.[44][45]

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Rieck, C., von Münch, E., Hoffmann, H. (2012). Technology review of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) - Overview on design, management, maintenance and costs. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
  2. ↑ Roma, E., Holzwarth, S., Buckley, C. (2011). Large-scale peri-urban and rural sanitation with UDDTs, eThekwini Municipality (Durban), South Africa - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GTZ, IWA (2003). Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th–11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA). 
  4. ↑ Esrey, S., Andersson, I., Hillers, A., Sawyer, R. (2001). Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2000.
  5. ↑ Humphrey (2009). "Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing". The Lancet 374 (9694): 1032–1035. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60950-8. PMID 19766883. 
  6. ↑ Morgan, P. (2010). Ecological toilets - Start simple and upgrade from arborloo to VIP. Harare, Zimbabwe
  7. ↑ Morgan, P. (2011). Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta - Main tree report. Aquamor, and Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
  8. ↑ Pradhan (2010). "Human Urine and Wood Ash as Plant Nutrients for Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Cultivation: Impacts on Yield Quality". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (3): 2034–2039. DOI:10.1021/jf9029157. PMID 20050665. 
  9. ↑ Richert, A., Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T., Dagerskog, L. (2010). Practical guidance on the use of urine in crop production. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden
  10. ↑ Schröder, J., Cordell, D., Smit, A., Rosemarin, A. (2010). Sustainable use of phosphorus. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
  11. ↑ Soil Association (2010). A rock and hard place - Peak phosphorus and the threat to our food security. Soil Association, Bristol, UK
  12. ↑ Mihelcic (2011). "Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces". Chemosphere 84 (6): 832–839. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.046. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 21429554. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 WHO (2006). WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
  14. ↑ Mallory (2019-03-28). "Agent-Based Modelling for Simulation-Based Design of Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management Systems" (in en). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (7): 1125. DOI:10.3390/ijerph16071125. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 30925829. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sanitation innovator named 2013 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate. Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) (2013). Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  16. ↑ Jenssen, P., Heeb, J., Huba-Mang, E., Gnanakan, K., Warner, W., Refsgaard, K., Stenström, T., Guterstam, B., Alsen, K. (2004). Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater - A thinkpiece on ecological sanitation. The Agricultural University of Norway
  17. ↑ GIZ (2012). Worldwide list of 324 documented ecosan projects by various organisations. Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany
  18. ↑ Case studies of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (2013). Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved on 18 October 2014.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Lüthi, C., Panesar, A., Schütze, T., Norström, A., McConville, J., Parkinson, J., Saywell, D., Ingle, R. (2011). Sustainable sanitation in cities: a framework for action. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House
  20. ↑ Becerril (2007). "Potable water and sanitation in Tenochtitlan: Aztec culture". Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 7 (1): 147–154. DOI:10.2166/ws.2007.017. 
  21. ↑ Lüthi (2011). Sustainable sanitation in cities : a framework for action. Rijswijk: Papiroz Publ. House. ISBN 978-90-814088-4-4. Retrieved on 19 November 2015. 
  22. ↑ Narihiro (11 August 2014). "Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production". PLOS One 9 (8): e104752. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0104752. 
  23. ↑ Gillispie (1960). The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 223–24. ISBN 0-691-02350-6. 
  24. ↑ Eds. (2004). Ecological sanitation, 2., rev. and enlarged, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute. ISBN 978-9188714985. 
  25. ↑ Rosemarin, A. (2006). EcoSanRes Programme - Phase Two 2006-2010. Joint seminar of DWA and GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Germany
  26. ↑ Eds. (2004). Ecological sanitation, 2., rev. and enlarged, Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute. ISBN 978-9188714985. 
  27. ↑ Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). Ecological Sanitation (in Chinese). SIDA, Sweden
  28. ↑ Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). Assainissement écologique (in French) - Ecological sanitation. Département des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement.
  29. ↑ Winblad, U. (1999). Saneamiento ecológico (in Spanish) - Ecological Sanitation. SIDA, FES
  30. ↑ Joensson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinneras, B., Salomon, E. (2004). Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
  31. ↑ Esrey (2001). Closing the loop ecological sanitation for food security. [Stockholm]: SIDA. ISBN 978-9158689350. 
  32. ↑ GTZ, IWA (2003). Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th –11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA)
  33. ↑ "Water and Food Security for Latin America", Fortaleza. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance. SuSanA (2007). Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.
  34. ↑ Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., Petersens, E. af, Schönning, C., Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P., Drangert, J. (2006). Urine Diversion - One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation. EcoSanRes, Report 2006-1
  35. ↑ Swedish EPA. Retrieved on 18 October 2014.
  36. ↑ McConville, J., Rosemarin, A. (2012). Urine diversion dry toilets and greywater system, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
  37. ↑ Flores, A. (2010). Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK
  38. ↑ Rosemarin (2012). The challenges of urban ecological sanitation : lessons from the Erdos eco-town project. Practical Action Publishers, 116. ISBN 978-1853397684. 
  39. ↑ Rich Earth Institute. Retrieved on 21 November 2019.
  40. ↑ SOIL (2011). The SOIL guide to ecological sanitation. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), Sherburne NY, US
  41. ↑ "Human Waste to Revive Haitian Farmland?", The National Geographic, Christine Dell'Amore, 26 October 2011
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Berendes (1 May 2015). "Ascaris and Escherichia coli Inactivation in an Ecological Sanitation System in Port-au-Prince, Haiti". PLOS One 10 (5): e0125336. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0125336. PMID 25932948. 
  43. ↑ Sanitation First - Tackling Poverty One Toilet at a Time (en-GB). Sanitation First. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  44. ↑ Nana, C., Dagerskog, L. (2010). Productive sanitation initiatives in rural Burkina Faso and Niger – links to human rights - Good sanitation practices in relation to human rights. EcoSanRes, SEI, CREPA (presentation at human rights seminar, Geneva, Switzerland)
  45. ↑ Henry, L. (2011). Agriculture as a Driver for Sanitation - CREPA's Experience (Burkina Faso). Presented on 20 July 2011 at a seminar at AfricaSan3 (Kigali, Rwanda) on Linkages between Agriculture and Productive Sanitation: Scaling up Ecosan in Africa
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