Ịmụ nwa

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Ịmụ nwa bụ ịmụ nwa na-enweghị enyemaka ahụike, ọkachasị anesthesia. Ịmụ nwa sitere n'okike bilitere na-emegide ihe nlereanya teknụzụ-ọgwụ nke ịmụ nwa nke nwetara ewu ewu na nso nso a na obodo ndị mepere emepe. Mgbalị ịmụ nwa sitere n'okike iji belata ntinye aka ahụike, ọkachasị iji ọgwụ anesthetic na ntinye aka ịwa ahụ dị ka episiotomies, forceps na inye nwa na akụkụ caesarean. Ịmụ nwa sitere n'okike nwere ike ime n'oge dọkịta ma ọ bụ onye na-amụ nwa gara ọmụmụ ụlọ ọgwụ, onye na-ahụ nwa gara ọmụmụ n'ụlọ, ma ọ bụ ọmụmụ na-enweghị enyemaka. Okwu ahụ bụ "natural childbirth" bụ nke dọkịta na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa Grantly Dick-Read chepụtara mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Imu nwa n'afọ ndị Puku niri iteghete na iri atọ , nke Puku niri iteghete na iri anọ na abụọ umumunwa na enweghị ujo sochiri.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị mụrụ nwa n'ụlọ na-enweghị nlekọta ahụike mberede. Ọnụ ọgụgụ "okike" nke ọnwụ nne - nke pụtara na-enweghị ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ ọgwụ - emeela atụmatụ na Puku narị ise kwa Puku narị ọmụmụ. Na mba ofesi n'ihe dị ka puku narị iteghete , tupu iwebata na imeziwanye teknụzụ ahụike nke oge a, e nwere ihe dị ka ọnwụ nne narị asa kwa Puku narị ọmụmụ (.7%).[1]

Na mbido mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ bịara sie ike karị n'ihi ebe obibi jupụtara na ọnọdụ ibi ndụ ruru unyi. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo ukwu na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị ala gaa n'ụlọ ọgwụ ọhụrụ, ebe ụmụ nwanyị bara ọgaranya na ndị nọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ.[2] Na mbido afọ Puku niri iteghete, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụlọ ọgwụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị malitekwara ịbanye n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ọrụ na ịmụ nwa. Na mba ofesi, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị n'etiti na-anabata ọgwụgwọ nke ịmụ nwa, nke na-ekwe nkwa ọrụ dị nchebe na nke na-adịchaghị mgbu.[3] Ikike ịmụ nwa n'enweghị ihe mgbu bụ akụkụ nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ojiji nke ọgwụ ịmụ nwa malitere na Puku niri asatọ na iri anọ na asa mgbe onye na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa na Scotland bụ James Young Simpson webatara chloroform dị ka ihe na-akụnwụ ahụ n'oge ịmụ nwa, mana ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị kachasị baa ọgaranya na ndị kachasị ike (dị ka Queen Victoria) nwere ike. Na ngwụcha afọ Puku niri iteghete, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na United States na United Kingdom malitere ịchọ ọgwụ ọjọọ maka enyemaka mgbu n'oge ịmụ nwa.[4] Otú ọ dị, n'ime iri afọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ ịmụ nwa na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ nke ndị na-amụ nwa na-enyere aka ka bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime ime obodo na ụfọdụ obodo ukwu.[5]

Okwu ahụ bụ "natural childbirth" bụ nke dọkịta na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa Grantly Dick-Read chepụtara mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ya bụ Imu nwa na Puku narị iteghete iri atọ na atọ . N'akwụkwọ ahụ, Dick-Read kọwara okwu ahụ dị ka enweghị ntinye aka ọ bụla nke ga-emetụta usoro ọrụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na n'ihi egwu ụmụ nwanyị Britain "mepere emepe" na-atụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ na-ebelata, ma ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị atụ egwu ọmụmụ, ịmụ nwa ga-adị mfe ebe ọ bụ na egwu na-akpata esemokwu nke, n'aka nke ya, na-akpatara ihe mgbu. N'afọ puku nari iteghete na iri anọ na abụọ ,Dick-Read bipụtara kpuyeputara imu nwa (nke e mechara kpọwa imu nwa na Atụghị egwu ), na-akwado ịmụ nwa, nke ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ụwa niile. Na ngwụcha afọ Puku niri iteghete na iri anọ , ọ wetara echiche ya na America, mana ọ hụrụ echiche yiri nke ahụ na aha dị iche iche - "ọmụmụ na-enweghị ihe mgbu" na "ịmụ nwa dị njikere" - na-enweta traction.[6] Mkpesa nke ịmụ nwa sitere n'okike dabeere n'echiche na njikọta nke ahụike, nke uche, nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na nke ime mmụọ nke ịmụ nwa ga-emepụta nlekọta zuru oke kachasị mma.[7]

Usoro Lamaze nwetara ewu ewu na United States mgbe Marjorie Karmel dere banyere ahụmịhe ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ Puku niri iteghete,iri ise na iteghete Thank You, Dr. Lamaze, yana nguzobe nke American Society for Psychoprophylaxis in Obstetrics (nke bụ Lamaze International ugbu a) site na Karmel na Elisabeth Bing. Usoro Bradley nke ịmụ nwa okike (nke a makwaara dị ka "amụ nwa a zụrụ di"), usoro ịmụ nwa okorobịa nke Robert A. Bradley, MD, mepụtara na 1947 site n'akwụkwọ ya Husband-Coached Childbirth, nke mbụ e bipụtara na 1965.

N'afọ ndị 1970, ịmụ nwa n'okike ghọrọ ihe jikọtara ya na ụmụ nwanyị na ịzụ ahịa, na-ekwusi ike na enweghị nchegbu nke obstetrics maka onye niile na teknụzụ usoro maka ịchịkwa ahụ ụmụ nwanyị.[7] Michel Odent na ndị na-amụ nwa dịka Ina May Gaskin kwalitere ebe ịmụ nwa, ịmụ nwa n'ime mmiri, na ịmụ nwa n"ụlọ dị ka ihe ọzọ na-eme ka ụlọ ọgwụ. A na-ekwerekarị na Frédérick Leboyer kwadoro maka ọmụmụ mmiri, mana ọ jụrụ n'ezie nhọrọ ahụ n'ihi na o chere na ọ baghị uru maka ahụike nwa ahụ.[8] N'afọ 1976, Gaskin dere akwụkwọ Spiritual Midwifery, nke kọwara ịma mma na ike nke ọmụmụ n'ụlọ na-enweghị ọgwụ.[6]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere ịmụ nwa dị ka inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ma na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike n'usoro ịmụ nwa, na-agbasi mbọ ike megide ụlọ ọrụ ahụike nna.[9][6] Nnyocha na-egosi na mmekọrịta akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ n'etiti nne na nwa ọhụrụ ya ozugbo amuchara ya bara uru maka nne na nwa. Nnyocha nke Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa mere chọpụtara na mmekọrịta akpụkpọ ahụ n'etiti ndị nne na ụmụ ọhụrụ mgbe amuchara na-ebelata ibe ákwá, na-eme ka mmekọrịta nne na nwa ọhụrụ dị mma, ma na-enyere ndị nne aka inye ara nke ọma. Ha na-atụ aro ka a hapụ ụmụ ọhụrụ ka ha na nne ha nwee njikọ n'ime awa abụọ mbụ ha amụrụ, oge ha na-enwekarị nchebe karịa n'awa ndị na-esote nke ndụ.[10]

Kama itinye aka na ahụike, a na-eji usoro dịgasị iche iche na-adịghị emetụta n'oge ịmụ nwa iji belata ihe mgbu nne. Ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ndị a na-ekwusi ike na mkpa "njikọ uche na ahụ," nke usoro ọmụmụ teknụzụ-ọgwụ anaghị eme. Usoro ndị a gụnyere hydrotherapy, ịhịa aka, ọgwụgwọ ntụsara ahụ, hypnosis, mmega ahụ iku ume, acupressure maka ọrụ, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), vocalization, visualization, mindfulness na ọmụmụ mmiri. Ụzọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịkwaga, ịga ije, na ọnọdụ dị iche iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji bọl ịmụ nwa), ọgwụgwọ ọkụ na oyi (dịka ihe atụ, iji compresses na-ekpo ọkụ na / ma ọ bụ ngwugwu oyi), na ịnata nkwado ọrụ otu onye dịka nke onye na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ doula nyere. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-akwado ịmụ nwa n'okike na-ekwusi ike na ihe mgbu bụ akụkụ okike na nke dị mkpa nke usoro ọrụ, ọ gaghịkwa ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma. N'adịghị ka ihe mgbu nke mmerụ ahụ na ọrịa, ha kwenyere na ihe mgbu ọmụmụ bụ ihe ịrịba ama na ahụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dịka ọ chọrọ.

Birth positions favored in natural childbirth—including squatting, hands and knees, or suspension in water—contrast with the lithotomy position (woman in hospital bed on her back with legs in stirrups), which has consistently been shown to slow and complicate labor.[11] [1]

Ụzọ iji belata ịdọwa n'oge ịmụ nwa (kama episiotomy) gụnyere ijikwa perineum na mgbochi nrụgide, compresses na-ekpo ọkụ, na ịkwanye nwa ahụ nwayọ.[12]

Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere klas agụmakwụkwọ ọmụmụ dịka Lamaze ma ọ bụ Bradley Method iji kwadebe maka ịmụ nwa. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dịkwa na ozi iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịkwadebe. Onye na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ doula nwere ike ịgụnye nkwadebe maka ọmụmụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nlekọta tupu amụọ nwa. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e bipụtara na 2009 na-atụ aro na nkwadebe naanị ezughị iji hụ na ọ ga-esi na ya pụta n'enweghị ntinye aka.[13]

Mgbasawanye nke itinye aka na US[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na US na 2007: 93% nke ndị nne jiri nlekota eletrọniki nke nwa e bu n'afọ; 63% jiri[14]

  • Ụzọ Bradley si amụ nwa
  • Ọnọdụ ịmụ nwa
  • Ịpụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya
  • Ịmụ n'ụlọ
  • Hypnotherapy n'oge ịmụ nwa
  • Natural Hospital Birth, 2011 akwụkwọ
  • Ọnọdụ squatting
  1. ↑ Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V. Of blind alleys and things that have worked: history’s lessons on reducing maternal mortality. In: De Brouwere V, Van Lerberghe W, eds. Safe motherhood strategies: a review of the evidence. Antwerp, ITG Press, 2001 (Studies in Health Services Organisation and Policy, 17:7–33). "Where nothing effective is done to avert maternal death, “natural” mortality is probably of the order of magnitude of 1,500/100,000...In the USA of 1900, for example, there were about 700 maternal deaths for 100,000 births"
  2. ↑ Cassidy (2006). Birth. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 54–55. ISBN 0-87113-938-3. 
  3. ↑ Thompson, Craig J. (2005). "Consumer Risk Perceptions in a Community of Reflexive Doubt". Journal of Consumer Research 32 (2): 235–248. DOI:10.1086/432233. 
  4. ↑ Susan Downe (30 May 2008). Normal Childbirth: Evidence and Debate. Elsevier Health Sciences, 37–. ISBN 978-0-7020-3792-4. 
  5. ↑ Copeland (Nov–Dec 2012). "You've Come A Long Way, Baby: Birth outcomes and expanding birth options in New Orleans". Healthcare Journal of New Orleans: 11–20. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Grose. "Welcome to NYT Parenting. Here's Why We Won't Say 'Natural Birth.'", The New York Times, 2019-05-07. Retrieved on 2019-05-14. (in en-US)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Moscucci (2003-03-01). "Holistic obstetrics: the origins of "natural childbirth" in Britain" (in en). Postgraduate Medical Journal 79 (929): 168–173. DOI:10.1136/pmj.79.929.168. ISSN 0032-5473. PMID 12697920. 
  8. ↑ Frederick Leboyer dead: Obstetrician behind 'birth without violence' dies at 98 (en). International Business Times UK (2017-05-31). Retrieved on 2019-11-23.
  9. ↑ Having a Great Birth in Australia, David Vernon, Australian College of Midwives, 2005
  10. ↑ RHL. extranet.who.int. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved on 2019-05-14.
  11. ↑ Davis-Floyd (2004). Birth as an American Rite of Passage. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22932-0. 
  12. ↑ World Health Organization (1997). Care in normal birth: A practical guide.
  13. ↑ Wiley Interscience
  14. ↑ Gissespie, M., Strauss, M (2007). What Women Aren't Told about Childbirth.
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