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Ọgba aghara nke ndị azu ehi na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria

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Esemokwu ndị na-achị nnama na ndị oru ugbo na Naijiria bụ usoro esemokwu banyere ihe onwunwe ala a na-akọ ugbo na Naijeria n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-achị nnama nke ndị Fulani okpukperechi Muslim na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo Ndị Kraịst na-abụghị ndị Fulani. Ha abụwo ndị a ma ama karịsịa na Middle Belt (North Central) kemgbe nloghachi nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'afọ 1999. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ mebiri n'ime mwakpo ndị ọrụ ugbo site n'aka ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani.

A wakporo ndị ọrụ ugbo na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria bụ ndị isi Hausa. Ọ bụ ezie na esemokwu ahụ nwere ihe kpatara akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ nwetakwara akụkụ okpukpe na agbụrụ. Ọtụtụ puku mmadụ anwụọla kemgbe mwakpo ndị a malitere. Ọrụ ugbo na-anọkarị otu ebe n'ime ime obodo na-abụkarị ndị a na-awakpo n'ihi adịghị ike ha. A na-atụ egwu na esemokwu a ga-agbasa na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka mana gọọmentị dị n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka nke a dị ala. Mwakpo a wakporo ndị na-achị nnama emeela ka ha megwara site na ịwakpo obodo ndị ọzọ.[1][2][3][4]

Ọtụtụ Ndị Kraịst na ndị Naijiria akpọwo esemokwu ahụ mkpochapụ nke Ndị Kraịst.[5][6][7][8][9]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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Esemokwu ndị na-azụ nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Naijiria nwere mgbọrọgwụ miri emi ma laghachi azụ n'oge tupu oge ndị ọchịchị (tupu afọ 1900). Agbanyeghị, esemokwu ndị a aghọwo ihe siri ike karị n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi nrụgide ndị mmadụ, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. N'oge ndị Britain na-achị, ndị na-achị nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo ga-ekwekọrịta na usoro a na-akpọ burti, nke e guzobere ụzọ ndị na-esi agagharị maka ndị na-akpa nnama, na nkwekọrịta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị na'ọzụzụ nnama, na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara. Otú ọ dị, usoro burti dara n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 mgbe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ekwukarị na ha nwere ala n'akụkụ ụzọ ehi na-agagharị, na-eduga na esemokwu.[10]

Tupu mgbe ahụ, ndị na-achị nnama na-eji mmiri ara ehi agbanwekarị maka nri ọka na obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a naghịzi agbapụta mmiri ara ehi n'ọtụtụ ebe ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị a na-etinye n'ime ngwugwu na-ewu ewu n'obodo.[10]

Ọgwụ nke oge a emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama nwee ike ịkwaga anụ ụlọ ha n'ebe ndịda n'ime "mpaghara nnụnụ tsetse" n'ebe Ndịda, ebe n'oge gara aga, ndị na-akpa anụ enweghị ike idebe ehi ha n'ọtụtụ n'ihi ọrịa okpomọkụ na mpaghara ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. Malite site na ndị gọọmentị Britain na-achị, mmemme nchịkwa tsetse belatara egwu ọrịa dịka trypanosomiasis. Taa, ndị na-achị nnama nwekwara ike ịnweta ọgwụ maka trypanosomiasis na dermatophilosis n'ụzọ dị mfe iji mee ka anụ ụlọ ha dị ndụ. Na mgbakwunye, n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, ndị na-azụ atụrụ amụbaala ehi zebu na-adịghị anabata trypanosome na ụdị na-adịghị anagide trypanosoma, si otú a na-eme ka nnagide ehi maka ọrịa okpomọkụ. Ihe ndị a niile emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama Fulani kwaga n'ebe ndịda Naịjirịa, ebe ha nwere ike ire anụ ụlọ ha n'ụzọ dị mfe maka ọnụahịa dị elu n'ihi ọchịchọ siri ike maka anụ ehi na anụ ndị ọzọ na obodo na obodo ndịda Naijiria. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe ndịda, ha ga-ezute obodo ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe nke na-enwetabeghị ahụmahụ ọ bụla na mkparịta ụka udo na isoro ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị. Ịbawanye mfe ịnweta ngwá agha na esemokwu okpukpe n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba agbakwunyere na ikike ime ihe ike.[10]

Kemgbe e guzobere Republic nke anọ nke Naịjirịa n'afọ 1999, ime ihe ike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama egbuola ihe karịrị mmadụ 19,000 ma chụpụ ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ọzọ.[11][12] Ọ gbasoro usoro na mmụba nke esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Sahel, n'ihi mmụba ndị ọrụ ugpo na ala a na-akọ ugbo na mmefu nke ebe ịta nri; ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi emebi, ọzara na mmebi ala; mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; mmebi nke usoro ngwọta esemokwu ọdịnala nke ala na mmiri; na mmụkọta nke obere ngwá agha na mpụ n'ime ime obodo.[13][2] Enweghị nchebe na ime ihe ike emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ mepụta ndị agha na-echebe onwe ha na ndị agha agbụrụ na agbụrụ, nke na-etinye aka na ime ihe nkiri ọzọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ atụrụ emeela n'etiti ndị na-ata atụrụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo okpukpere Akakụba Fulani, na-eme ka esemokwu ka njọ.[14]

Agbụrụ dị iche iche

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E nwere agbụrụ dị iche iche na-azụ anụ n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa nke gụnyere ọ bụghị naanị ndị Fulani, kamakwa Kanuri, Kanembu, Arab, na ndị ọzọ. Blench (2010) depụtara agbụrụ ndị na-azụ anụ na-esonụ n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa.[10]

Agbụrụ Agbụrụ Ebe Anụ ụlọ ndị bụ isi
Baggara Ndị Arab ndịda nke Geidam ehi
Shuwa Ndị Arab ọwụwa anyanwụ Borno/Cameroon ehi
Uled Suliman Ndị Arab Ndagwurugwu Komadugu Yobe kamel
Anagamba Ihe zuru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Borno ehi
Bokolooji Ihe zuru oke ugwu Borno ehi
Maare Ihe zuru oke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Borno ehi
Sankara Ihe zuru oke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Borno ehi
Uda'en Ihe zuru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa atụrụ uda
Owu ole na ole Ihe zuru oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa ehi
Badawai Kanuri etiti Borno ehi
Jetko Kanuri n'ebe ugwu nke Geidam/Niger kamel
Kanuri Kanuri Borno ehi
Koyam Kanuri ndịda etiti Borno ehi
Manga Kanuri ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Borno ehi/kamel
Onye na-akwọ ụgbọala Kanuri ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Borno/Niger ehi
Kuburi Kanembu oke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Borno/Niger ehi
Sugurti Kanembu Ụsọ Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ehi
Teda (Tubu) Teda (Tubu) ugwu Borno/Niger kamel
Tuareg Tuareg n'ebe ugwu nke Sokoto/Niger kamel
Yedina (Buduma) Yedina (Buduma) Ụsọ Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ehi

Ndị na-azụ atụrụ Fulani na-anọchite anya ndị otu nkwado dịka Miyetti Allah.[15]

Ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere n'agbụrụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị ndị Hausa na agbụrụ dị ichelekana nke Middle Belt. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke a agbasawokwa ịgụnye agbụrụ ndịda Naịjirịa dịka ndị Yoruba, Igbo, na ndị ọzọ.[10] Ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere n'agbụrụ dị iche iche dị na Middle Belt na-anọchite anya ndị otu nkwado dị ka CONAECDA.[16][17][18]

Esemokwu mpaghara na Jos na Kaduna

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Esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama anọwo na-ewere ọnọdụ na mpaghara ndị na-adịghị akwụsi ike kemgbe afọ 2000. Esemokwu obodo ukwu na Jos na Kaduna abụwo ihe ike karịsịa, n'agbanyeghị esemokwu ime ihe ike na ndị ọchịchị, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe a tụlere ihe kpatara ha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O nwere ike ọ gaghị edozi esemokwu n'ụzọ zuru oke n'ihi na ndị ọchịchị ọdịnala anaghị arụ ọrụ ha n'oge ọchịchị.[19]

Ka oge na-aga, esemokwu oge n'etiti ndị na-azụ nnama na ndị ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ùgwù na etiti mpaghara ùgwù nke Naijiria emeela ka enwee ọnọdụ enweghị nchebe. Enweghị nchebe a zuru ebe niile na-enye ohere ma na-aga n'ihu site n'omume mpụ sara mbara, nke ndị òtù ndị ohi na-elekwasị anya n'ebe dị n'ógbè ahụ maka mwakpo, ịtọrọ mmadụ, na ịpụnara mmadụ ihe.[20]

Ihe kpatara esemokwu ahụ

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Esemokwu ala

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Enwere ike ịghọta esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama dị ka nsogbu nke ịnweta ala. Mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu hụrụ mmụba nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ala a na-akọ ugbo ya na mmefu nke ebe ịta nri na Middle Belt. N'ógbè na-agbanwe agbanwe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta ikike iwu maka ala maka onye ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla. N'ihi ya, ụzọ ndị na-achị nnama anaghịzi adị, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara okpomọkụ ụwa.[21]

Nsogbu ihu igwe

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Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emebi emebi, ọzara na mmebi ala emebi emeela ka ndị na-achị nnama Fulani si n'Ebe Ugwu Naịjirịa gbanwee ụzọ ha na-agagharị.[13][22][23] Ịga n'ebe ịta nri na ebe a na-agba mmiri na Middle Belt ghọrọ ihe dị mkpa maka ndị na-achị nnama na-esi n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ. A na-eche na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe na-akpata esemokwu ahụ mana nyocha na-adịbeghị anya na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ihu ọha anaghị akpata esemokwu, mana ọ gbanwere usoro ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na-akwaga.[24] Mpaghara ndị na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe (Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu) na-enwe obere esemokwu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama na obere ọgụ siri ike.[24] A na-ekwu na esemokwu agbụrụ dị n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama kwesịrị ịtụle na nkọwa nke usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe-onye ọrụ ugbo-onye ọzụzụ atụrụ esemokwu.[24]

Nzaghachi

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Gọọmentị Naijiria achọghị idozi ihe kpatara nsogbu ahụ.[25] Na-alụ ọgụ megide Boko Haram na North-East na ihu na-arịwanye elu nke ime ihe ike na mpaghara dị iche iche nke mba ahụ, gọọmentị agbalịwo itinye usoro ole na ole n'ọrụ.

N'ihi na a na-ahụkarị na gọọmentị Naijiria adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ìgwè ndị agha na-ebu agha apụtala n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọnọdụ a ga-edugakarị n'oké esemokwu ọbara n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achị nnama. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi okpukpe emeela ka esemokwu ka njọ site n'ịkpọbata ndị otu na ị gabigara oke okwu ugboro ugboro.[10]

Kemgbe afọ 2012, e nweela ọrụ iji mepụta ụzọ ndị mmadụ na-agafe Middle Belt. N'ịbụ ndị ndị omeiwu mpaghara ùgwù kwadoro ma ndị ibe ha nke mpaghara ndịda na-emegide, mgbalị ndị a enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma.[26]

N'afọ 2019, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari gbalịrị ịmepụta ebe obibi Rural Grazing Area (RUGA). A katọrọ atụmatụ ya n'ụzọ siri ike.[27] Na 17 Mee 2021, ndị gọvanọ 17 nke mpaghara Southern Naịjirịa wepụtara nkwupụta Asaba, nke e mere iji dozie nsogbu ahụ.[28]

Ọ bụ ezie na ịkpa anụ, ebe a na-edebe ehi n'ime ala ndị e mechiri emechi, a na-atụ aro ugboro ugboro dị ka ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ahụ, nke a egosila na ọ gaghị ekwe omume na Naịjirịa n'ihi akụrụngwa na-adịghị mma (nke nwere ọkụ eletrik, mmiri, na mmanụ ụgbọala) na ihe isi ike na nnweta na ikike iwu nke ala.[29][30] Iwere ala na ịpụnara ehi ohi bụkwa ihe isi ike ndị na-azụ anụ ga-emeso. Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ agaghị enwe ike ịsọ mpi na ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-akwagharị akwagharị na-enweghị ego metụtara ala.[31]

Ndepụta mwakpo

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Akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria na ndị mba ọzọ anaghị enwe ike inye ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ. N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mwakpo, ndị nta akụkọ Naijiria na ndị mba ọzọ anaghị enwe ike ịnweta akaebe nke aka ha ma na-akọ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezighị ezi.[32]

  • According to the Global Terrorism Index, these conflicts resulted in over 800 deaths by 2015.[33]
  • Dịka ndepụta nke Global Terrorism Index, esemokwu ndị a pụtara ìhè karịrị ọnwụ mmadụ 800 n'afọ 2015.
  • Afọ 2016 hụkwara ụdị ndapụta a na Agatu, Benue na Nimbo, Enugu State.
  • In April 2018, Fulani gunmen allegedly killed 19 people during an attack on the church, afterwards they burnt dozens of nearby homes.[34]
  • In January 2018, about 10 persons were killed in an attack and reprisal involving herders and local farmers in Numan local council of Adamawa State.[35][36][37]
  • In May 2018 over 400 herdsmen attacked four villages of Lamurde, Bang, Bolk, Zumoso and Gon in Numan and Lamurde local councils of Adamawa State killing 15 people.[38]
  • In June 2018, over 200 people were killed and 50 houses were burnt in clashes between farmers and Fulani cattle herders in Plateau State, including one devastating attack from the night of the 22nd to the morning of the 23rd which killed 21 villagers in the village of Dowaya, Adamawa state. The casualties were reported to only consist of women and children.[39][40][41][42]
  • In July 2018, a clash erupted between the Fulani settlers and the Yandang community in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State. About 73 people were killed and 50 villages were razed.[43]
  • In October 2018, Fulani herdsmen killed at least 19 people in Bassa.[44]
  • On 16 December 2018, militants believed to be Fulani herdsmen attacked a village in Jema'a, killing 15 people and injuring at least 24 others, the attack occurred at a wedding ceremony.[45][46]
  • Na 11 February 2019, mwakpo wakporo obodo Adara aha ya bụ Ungwar Bardi site n'aka ndị omekome ndị Fulani na-eche na ha gburu mmadụ iri na otu. Mwakpo Adara gbadoro ụkwụ n'obodo ndị Fulani gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 141 na mmadụ 65 na-efu. Mwakpo a mere na Kajuru LGA nke Kaduna State.[47] Dị ka otu gọvanọ si kwuo ebumnobi ya bụ ibibi ụfọdụ obodo.[48][49]
  • Otu Coalition Against Kajuru kwuru n'ụbọchị 18 Maachị 2019 na mmadụ 130 anwụọla n'ụdị ịbọ ọbọ kemgbe ogbugbu El-Rufai kwupụtara..[50]
  • Na Jenụwarị 26 na 27 nke 2020, egburu ndị obodo 32 na mwakpo abụọ dị iche iche nke ndị Fulani Alakụba mere na Plateau State.[51]
  • N'Eprel 12 nke afọ 2022, egburu mmadụ 23 na mwakpo ndị na-achị ehi wakporo obodo Mbadwem (mpaghara Guma) na Tiortyu (Tarka local government).[52]

Hụkwa

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  • List of massacres in Nigeria
  • Communal conflicts in Nigeria
  • Fulani herdsmen
  • Sudanese nomadic conflicts
  • March 2019 attacks against Fulani herders
  • 2019 Kaduna State massacre
  • Nimbo massacre
  • Agatu massacres
  • Janjawid
  • Agricultural sustainability in northern Nigeria
  • Southern Kaduna Crisis
  • Asaba Declaration
  • Fulani extremism
  • Fulani extremism in Nigeria

Akwụkwọ

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Ebensidee

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  1. ↑ Stopping Nigeria's Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence (en). International Crisis Group (24 December 2020). Retrieved on 26 July 2018.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ilo. "The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of", Foreign Affairs: America and the World, 2019-01-24. Retrieved on 2020-04-18. (in en-US)
  3. ↑ Herdsmen and Farmers Conflict in Nigeria: A Threat to Peacebuilding and Human Security in West Africa | Africa Up Close (en-US). Retrieved on 2020-04-18.
  4. ↑ Nigeria school abductions sparked by cattle feuds, not extremism, officials say (en). Reuters (24 December 2020). Retrieved on 24 December 2020.
  5. ↑ Is Genocide Happening In Nigeria As The World Turns A Blind Eye?. Forbes.
  6. ↑ Genocide Emergency: Nigeria (23 September 2020).
  7. ↑ The Mass Murder of Nigerian Christians (December 2020).
  8. ↑ Why the West Ignores the Nigerian Genocide. Newsweek (21 June 2021).
  9. ↑ Stop the Christian Genocide in Nigeria.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Blench, Roger. 2010. Conflict between Pastoralism|pastoralists and cultivators in Nigeria. Review paper prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID), Nigeria.
  11. ↑ ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide. Missions Box (3 August 2020).
  12. ↑ "Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community". International Committee on Nigeria. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "How Climate Change Is Spurring Land Conflict in Nigeria", Time, 28 June 2018.
  14. ↑ Farmer-Herder Clashes Amplify Challenge for Beleaguered Nigerian Security. IPI Global Observatory (16 July 2015).
  15. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2016. The fire next time: the upsurge in civil insecurity across the Central Zone of Nigeria. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  16. ↑ Blench (2020). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. 
  17. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2019. Old data and new technologies: the seamless integration of linguistics, literacy and translation for Nigerian minority languages. Jos Linguistic Circle, Jos, 13th March, 2019.
  18. ↑ Blench (2020-12-31). "Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria". Afrika und Übersee 93: 3–44. DOI:10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.209. 
  19. ↑ Last (2007). "Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: An economy of political panic". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 96 (392): 605–616. DOI:10.1080/00358530701626057. ISSN 0035-8533. 
  20. ↑ Muhammad. "Dozens dead after gunmen ransack central Nigerian villages", Yahoo! News, 12 April 2022. Retrieved on 14 April 2022.
  21. ↑ Government failures fuel deadly conflict between farmers and herders in Nigeria. www.amnesty.org (17 December 2018).
  22. ↑ Eduresource World: Causes and Effect of Desertification in Nigeria. Eduresource World (2013-08-09). Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  23. ↑ Simire (2018-11-18). Nigeria threatened by desertification, says NCF (en-us). EnviroNews Nigeria. Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Madu (20 May 2020). "Spatial pattern of climate change and farmer–herder conflict vulnerabilities in Nigeria". GeoJournal 86 (6): 2691–2707. DOI:10.1007/s10708-020-10223-2. 
  25. ↑ The deepening Pastoral Conflict (en-GB). Nigeria's leading geopolitical intelligence platform (2017-11-30). Retrieved on 2021-06-24.
  26. ↑ "Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen", The Punch, 21 July 2012.
  27. ↑ "Ruga settlement", Sahara Reporters, 28 June 2019.
  28. ↑ FULL COMMUNIQUE: Southern Governors Call For National Dialogue, Ban Open Grazing. Channels TV (12 May 2021). Retrieved on 6 July 2021.
  29. ↑ Rachael (2018-11-08). British anthropologist advises against ranching in Nigeria. EnviroNews Nigeria. Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  30. ↑ British anthropologist advises against ranching in Nigeria. Royal News (2018-11-09). Retrieved on 2022-11-17.
  31. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2017. Pastoral conflict and supplying Nigeria with meat: how can the paradox be resolved. Field investigations on pastoralist-farmers crises areas and enhancement of MISEREOR's partnersinterventions in Nigeria, Phase 3. Revised paper prepared for ISEREOR/JDPs.
  32. ↑ Hiribarren (2019). Un manguier au Nigeria: Histoires du Borno. Paris: Plon. ISBN 978-2-259-25086-3. 
  33. ↑ Global Terrorism Index 2015 43–44. Institute for Economics and Peace. Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved on 2017-08-20.
  34. ↑ Fresh bloodbath in Benue, 2 Catholic priests, 17 others killed by herdsmen. Vanguard News (April 25, 2018).
  35. ↑ Herdsmen Attack: Reprisal Claims Six Lives In Adamawa. Sahara Reporters (2018-01-23). Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  36. ↑ Ochetenwu (2019-11-23). Suspected herdsmen attack Adamawa village, kill many (en-US). Daily Post Nigeria. Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  37. ↑ Herdsmen: Attack, reprisal claim six lives in Adamawa (en-US). Vanguard News (2018-01-23). Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  38. ↑ JUST IN: 400 herdsmen attack Adamawa villages, 15 locals killed (en-US). The Sun Nigeria (2018-05-03). Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  39. ↑ Kazeem (27 June 2018). The latest clash between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria has left more than 200 dead. Quartz.
  40. ↑ "Communal clashes leave 86 dead in Nigeria", BBC News, 25 June 2018.
  41. ↑ Nigeria (25 June 2018). 86 people killed and 50 houses burnt in fresh Fulani herdsmen attack in Plateau.
  42. ↑ 21 feared killed in Adamawa herdsmen attack (en). Punch Newspapers (24 June 2018). Retrieved on 2020-01-31.
  43. ↑ Clashes in northern Nigeria's Taraba leave 73 dead - Xinhua | English.news.cn. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018.
  44. ↑ Herdsmen kill 19 in Plateau midnight attack (October 5, 2018).
  45. ↑ "15 killed, 24 injured as gunmen attack Kaduna village", www.dailytrust.com.ng. Retrieved on 2018-12-18.
  46. ↑ "Gunmen Kill 15, Injure 20 in Southern Kaduna", www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved on 2018-12-18.
  47. ↑ "How 66 people were killed in Kaduna in two days", Premium Times. Retrieved on 2019-02-11.
  48. ↑ Miyetti Allah releases names of 131 victims of Kajuru, Kaduna violence | Premium Times Nigeria (February 22, 2019).
  49. ↑ "'El- Rufai alleges plan to 'wipe out' some Kaduna communities", Premium Times. Retrieved on 2019-02-11.
  50. ↑ Tauna (March 19, 2019). Kajuru killings: Over 130 lives wasted - Group laments.
  51. ↑ Violence in Plateau State, Nigeria Escalates with more Muslim Fulani Herdsmen Attacks. MorningStar News (January 30, 2020).
  52. ↑ 23 Locals Killed in Fresh Attacks on Two Benue Communities.
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