Ọnwụ buru ibu

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Ihe omume ọnwụ oke (MME) bụ ihe omume na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ n'otu ụdị n'ime obere oge. Ihe omume ahụ nwere ike itinye ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpochapụ ma ọ bụ kpasuo gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a dị iche na oke ọnwụ nke jikọtara ya na taxa ahụhụ ụmụ ahụhụ dị mkpụmkpụ na-emekọrịta ihe nke bụ ihe na-eme mgbe niile na nke na-adịghị njọ.

Ihe na-ebute MME gụnyere ọrịa na ihe omume metụtara mmadụ dịka mmetọ. Oke ihu igwe na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka nrụgide oxygen na gburugburu mmiri na-ekere òkè, dịka agụụ na-ekere. N'ọtụtụ MME enwere ọtụtụ ihe nrụgide. Nnyocha nke ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ site na 1940 ruo 2012 chọpụtara na ihe omume ndị a aghọwo ihe na-emekarị maka nnụnụ, azụ na mmiri invertebrates, ma ajụla maka ndị amphibians na anụ ufe na-agbanweghị maka ụmụ anụmanụ.

Ihe omume ndị a ma ama na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị (1904), Minnesota na Iowa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Machị 1904, nde nnụnụ 1.5 na-akwaga nwụrụ na Minnesota na Iowa n'oge oke mmiri ozuzo. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Guardian si kwuo, nke a bụ ihe omume ọnwụ nke ụgbọ elu kachasị na ndekọ na mpaghara ahụ. Edebere ndekọ nke MME kemgbe 1880s. MME nke nha a dị ụkọ, Otú ọ dị, ma ole na ole tupu ma ọ bụ kemgbe adịla nnukwu ka ihe omume 1904. Dị ka ihe ndekọ ahụ si kwuo, MME "na-ejikọta ya na ihe omume ihu igwe dị oke egwu dịka mbelata okpomọkụ, oke mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo".

George River caribou (1984), Canada[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 1984, ihe dị ka caribou 10,000 nke ìgwè ehi caribou nke George River—otu n'ime anụ ụlọ caribou nke Canada na-akwaga n'ọhịa—mmiri mmiri n'oge ha na-agafe kwa afọ abụọ nke Osimiri Caniapiscau mgbe James Bay Hydro Project rikpuru mpaghara ahụ.

Akara ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (1988), Oké Osimiri North[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1988, a chọpụtara na ọ bụ nje phocine distemper kpatara ọnwụ nke 20,000 ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na North Sea.[1]

Ọdụm Oké Osimiri (1998), New Zealand[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Afọ iri ka e mesịrị, ụdị nje bacteria abụọ metụtara ọnwụ nke ihe dịka ọdụm mmiri 1,600 nke New Zealand.[1]

Akpụkpọ anụ (2007), Prince Edward Islands[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Marion Island na 2007, ihe dị ka 250–300 okenye ndị nwoke subantarctic ajị anụ nwụrụ n'ime izu abụọ. A tụrụ aro, ọ bụ ezie na egosighị ya, na ọ bụ Streptococcus sanguinis kpatara ọnwụ nke nwoke na nwanyị, nje nje nke òké ụlọ na-ebu, ụdị ndị ọbịa na-ebute na mberede n'àgwàetiti ahụ na 1800s.

Muskoxen (2003), Canada[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2003, ihe omume mmiri ozuzo na snow kpuchiri ala na ice, na-akpata agụụ nke 20,000 muskoxen na Banks Island na Canadian Arctic.[2][3]

Nnụnụ (2010), Arkansas[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu etiti abalị n'abalị ọhụrụ nke afọ 2010, n'agbata 3,000 na 5,000 nnụnụ ojii na-acha uhie uhie daa na mbara igwe na Beebe, Arkansas. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha kụdara ala, ma ụfọdụ nọ ndụ mana ụjọ tụrụ ha. Emere nyocha ụlọ nyocha yana Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission, National Wildlife Health Center na Madison, Wisconsin, na Mahadum Georgia's nnyocha ọrịa anụ ọhịa wetara ụdị nke nnụnụ nwụrụ anwụ. Na mgbakwunye na nnụnụ ojii, obere grackles na kpakpando sikwa na mbara igwe daa n'otu ihe ahụ. Otu akụkọ nyocha sitere na ụlọ nyocha ọkụkọ steeti kwubiri na nnụnụ ndị ahụ anwụọla n'ihi mmerụ ahụ na-adịghị mma, na mgbawa ọkụ na-enweghị ikike bụ ihe kpatara ya.

Nnụnụ mmiri na ndụ mmiri (2010-2013), Ọwara Oké Osimiri Mexico[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon dị ogologo ọnwa nke malitere n'April 2010 n'ime mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Ọwara Mexico kpatara ihe dị ka 600,000 ruo 800,000 nnụnụ. Dolphins na ụdị ndụ mmiri ndị ọzọ nọgidere na-anwụ na ọnụọgụ ndekọ n'ime 2013.

Nnụnụ (2011), Arkansas[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A nwụkwara nnụnụ Beebe, Arkansas ọzọ n'abalị Afọ Ọhụrụ nke afọ na-esote, 2011, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ nwụrụ anwụ bụ 5,000.[4]

Na Jenụwarị 3, 2011, ihe karịrị narị ise starlings, red-winged blackbirds, na nza dara na Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana.[5]

Na Jenụwarị 5, a chọtara "ọtụtụ narị" nduru nwuru anwụ na Faenza, Ịtali.[6] Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị Ịtali si kwuo, a chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nnụnụ ahụ nwere ntụpọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ọnụ ha nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya bụ ágbá ma ọ bụ hypoxia.[7]

N'ime ngwụsị izu nke 8-9 Jenụwarị, a hụrụ "ihe karịrị otu narị" nnụnụ nwụrụ anwụ n'otu okporo ụzọ California, ebe "ọtụtụ puku gizzard shad nwụrụ anwụ" (ụdị azụ) pụtara n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chicago.[8][9]

Azụ (2011), Brazil[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'agbata ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2010 na ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwarị afọ 2011, otu narị tọn azụ nwụrụ anwụ rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri Brazil.[10]

Na Jenụwarị 3, a hụrụ nde azụ abụọ nwụrụ anwụ na-ese n'elu mmiri na Chesapeake Bay na Maryland.[11]

Na 7 Machị, a hụrụ ọtụtụ nde obere azụ, gụnyere anchovies, sardines, na mackerel, nwụrụ anwụ n'ógbè King Harbor na Redondo Beach, California. Nnyocha nke ndị ọchịchị nọ n'ógbè ahụ kwubiri na sardines tọrọ n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma mebie ikuku oxygen, nke kpatara ọnwụ. Ndị ọchịchị kwuru na ihe omume ahụ bụ "ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, mana ọ bụghị ihe a na-apụghị ịkọwa akọwa".[12]

Ehi (2011), Wisconsin[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na 14 Jenụwarị, a hụrụ ihe dị ka narị ehi abụọ nwụrụ anwụ n'ọhịa dị na Stockton, Wisconsin. Onye nwe ehi ahụ agwawo ndị nnọchi anya na ọ na-eche na anụmanụ ndị ahụ nwụrụ site na ọrịa bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), ma ọ bụ afọ ọsịsa nke nje bovine virus (BVD). Ndị ọchịchị nọ na Wisconsin zigara ihe nlele site na ozu ndị ahụ na ụlọ nyocha dị na Madison iji chọpụta ihe kpatara ọnwụ.

Anụ ọhịa Saiga (2015), Kazakhstan[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2015, ihe dị ka 200,000 saiga antelope nwụrụ n'ime otu izu na 20 km2 (7.7 mi) ebe nke mpaghara ọzara Betpak-Dala Kazakhstan. Ha gbakọtara n'ìgwè buru ibu maka ịmụ nwa ha kwa afọ. E kpebiri na okpomọkụ na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ mere ka Pasteurella multocida, ụdị nje bacteria nke na-ebi ndụ n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ na tonsils ha, gafee n'ime ọbara ha ma kpatara ọbara ọgbụgba. Ihe omume a kpochapụrụ 60% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị anụmanụ a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

Ọnwụ ọnwụ buru ibu abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka saiga. N'afọ 1981, mmadụ 70,000 nwụrụ; n'afọ 1988, mmadụ 200,000 nwụrụ; na nso nso a, n'afọ 2010, mmadụ 12,000 nwụrụ.[13][14]

Nnụnụ mmiri (2015-2016), ụsọ mmiri Pacific Ocean[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Malite n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2015 ma gaa n'ihu n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2016, a hụrụ ihe dị ka nnụnụ 62,000 nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-anwụ anwụ n'ụsọ osimiri Pacific site na California ruo Alaska. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwenyere na ihe ruru otu nde murres nkịtị nwere ike ịnwụ na nnukwu ọnwụ.[15]

Azụ (2016), Vietnam[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Mee 2016, Los Angeles Times kọrọ na ọtụtụ nde azụ agafeela n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu etiti Vietnam, na-agbatị ihe karịrị kilomita 201 (125 mi) osimiri.[16] Nke a gụnyere ụsọ mmiri dị na mpaghara Phu Loc, na mpaghara Thua Thien Hue.[16] Ihe ndị nwere ike ibute ya gụnyere mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, dịka ndị nchọpụta gọọmentị chọpụtara na "ihe ndị na-egbu egbu" kpatara ọnwụ azụ "na-enweghị atụ".[16] A na-enwe nchegbu banyere "nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ígwè nke Taiwan" nke a na-ekwu na ọ "na-agbapụta mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ" n'oké osimiri.[16]

Anụ ọhịa (2017), California[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime Ọhịa Mba Inyo dị na California, e nwere ọtụtụ ndekọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ịnyịnya ibu na-agagharị agagharị na-adaba na ọnwụ ha site na ịdọrọ na ice mgbe ha na-agafe ugwu. Nke a emeela mgbe nnukwu snow na-ada ruo mgbe ọ dara, ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ice site na ịgbaze ugboro ugboro na ịjụ oyi.[17]

Brumby (2019), Australia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2019, oke okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ karịrị 42 °C (108 ) na etiti Australia dugara n'ọnwụ nke ihe dịka brumbies 40.[18]

Ụkpara (2014, 2018), Australia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2014 na 2018, ebili mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na Australia gburu akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ bat.

Nnụnụ na-agagharị agagharị (2020) New Mexico[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ kọrọ na achọtawo ọtụtụ narị nnụnụ nwụrụ anwụ na-aga n'ebe ndịda maka oge oyi na White Sands Missile Range na New Mexico.[19] Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Septemba, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ amụbaala ruo ọtụtụ iri puku, ndị nwụrụ anwụ agbasawokwa ma ọ dịkarịa ala na New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Arizona, na n'ebe ugwu karịa Nebraska.[19][20] Nnụnụ ndị ahụ bụ ụdị ndị na-agagharị agagharị, gụnyere "owls, warblers, hummingbirds, loons, flycatchers, na woodpeckers".[20] Ha yiri ka ha na-emebi emebi, dị ka a ga-asị na ha nọgidere na-efe efe ruo mgbe ha dara.[20] Ihe nwere ike ibute ọnwụ ndị ahụ gụnyere nsogbu ihu igwe na ọkụ ọhịa, dị ka The Guardian si kwuo.[19]

Azụ (2022), Osimiri Oder[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2022, ọtụtụ azụ, beaver na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ nwụrụ n'osimiri Oder, n'etiti Poland na Germany.[21]

Azụ (2023), Osimiri Darling[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Machị 2023, a kọrọ na ọtụtụ nde azụ nwụrụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Darling na Menindee, na-esote oke okpomọkụ.[22] Na mbido, ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ihe kpatara ya bụ mmiri ojii (nke na-eme n'ụzọ okike).[23] N'ikpeazụ, a mara ọkwa na gọọmentị New South Wales ga-emeso ọnwụ ndị ahụ dị ka "ihe mmetọ", si otú a na-enye ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi (EPA) ikike nyocha ka ukwuu.[24]

Ehi mmiri ara ehi (2023), mgbawa nke Texas[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọnwa Eprel 2023, mgbawa na ọkụ na-esote na South Fork Dairy, nso Dimmitt, Texas kpatara ọnwụ nke ehi ehi ehi 18,000.[25]

Nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si kwuo, nnukwu ọnwụ nke ụmụ anụmanụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọdịdị ma nwee ike ime maka ihe ọ bụla dịgasị iche iche, ma ndị a na-egbochi ma ndị a ga-egbochi. Ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-agụnyekarị ihu igwe siri ike, mgbawa ugwu, ntiwapụ nke ọrịa, na nsị mberede, ebe ọnwụ mmadụ na-akpata na-abụkarị n'ihi mmetọ (karịsịa nnukwu mmanụ na kemịkal) na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbakwunye nrụgide na anụ ọhịa.[26][27] Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ U.S. Geological Survey depụtara ihe dị ka ọnwụ 90 nke nnụnụ na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ site na June ruo 12 December 2010; Onye na-ahụ maka anụ ọhịa nke steeti Louisiana bụ Jim LaCour kwuru na e nweela ọnwụ 16 yiri nke ahụ n'ime afọ 30 gara aga.[28][29] A ghaghịkwa ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnwụ mberede ma ọ bụ nke dị mkpirikpi site na ihe omume mkpochapụ ogologo oge, nke mere n'ụzọ okike maka ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa na maka ọtụtụ ụdị ndị dị ugbu a na-egosipụtakarị na ha na-aga n'ihu, ma ọ bụrụ na nke nta nke nta, n'oge a.

N'aka nke ọzọ, ụfọdụ ọnwụ buru ibu yiri ka ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'ihi na enweghị ihe ndekọ gara aga nke ihe ndị yiri ya, ma ọ bụ n'ihi nde ihe kpatara ọnwụ nwere ike ịkọwa na ihe omume ọhụrụ nke mmadụ mere nke na-adịbeghị; teknụzụ mmadụ nke ụdị ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-amaghị n'oge ọ bụla gara aga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-emetụtakarị ihe omume ọnwụ ọdachi. Ụdị ọnwụ ndị a, mgbe ahụ, bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe site na nkọwa. Dị ka onye isi oche WWF nke Ịtali Giorgio Tramonti si kwuo, ọnwụ nduru dị ka nke mere na Ịtali emebeghị tupu afọ 2010.[30] Ihe omume ahụ na Arkansas bụ nke a na-atụghị anya ya na mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-akpata ọgba aghara ikuku (nke a na-ahụ na foto radar ihu igwe NEXRAD Doppler) n'elu ebe nnụnụ na-anọ, nke nwere ike ime ka ha ghara ịma.[31]

Mkpughe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụfọdụ Ndị Kraịst [?] kwusiri ike na ụyọkọ ọnwụ ehi na 2011 bụ ihe ịrịba ama nke Apocalypse. Ha zoro aka n'otu akụkụ dị n'Akwụkwọ Hosea na Bible Hibru nke na-agụ, sị: "Site n'ịṅụ iyi, na ịgha ụgha, na igbu, na izuru ohi, na ịkwa iko, ha na-apụta, ọbara na-emetụ ọbara," amụma ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-asị "N'ihi ya, ala ga-eru uju, onye ọ bụla bi n'ebe ahụ ga-agwụ, na anụ ọhịa nke ọhịa, na nnụnụ nke eluigwe; ee, azụ̀ nke oké osimiri ga-eburu".[32][32]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi nabatara okwu aflockalypse na-ezo aka na ọnwụ nnụnụ nke 2010-2011.[30][33] Aflockalypse bụ ngwakọta nke okwu "ìgwè" na "apocalypse".

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • igbu azụ
  • Okooko osisi algae na-emerụ ahụ

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 de Bruyn (19 November 2008). "Mass Mortality of Adult Male Subantarctic Fur Seals: Are Alien Mice the Culprits?". PLOS ONE 3 (11): e3757. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003757. PMID 19018284.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "dB" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Putkonen (30 June 2009). "Rain on Snow: Little Understood Killer in the North". Eos 90 (26): 221–222. DOI:10.1029/2009EO260002. 
  3. ↑ Berger (18 January 2018). "Climate Degradation and Extreme Icing Events Constrain Life in Cold-Adapted Mammals". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 1156. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-19416-9. PMID 29348632. 
  4. ↑ "Dead blackbirds fall again in Arkansas town", The Boston Globe, 31 December 2011. Retrieved on 1 January 2012.
  5. ↑ Addo (4 January 2011). Mass La. bird deaths puzzle investigators. 2theadvocate. Archived from the original on 15 January 2011. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.
  6. ↑ "Birds Dying in Italy: Thousands of Turtle Doves Fall Dead From Sky", HuffPost, 6 January 2011. Retrieved on 16 January 2011.
  7. ↑ "Dead Birds Fall From Sky in Italy: Mass Animal Death Mystery Solved?", HuffPost, 10 January 2011. Retrieved on 16 January 2011.
  8. ↑ Donovan. "Birds Fall From Sky in California, Thousands of Dead Fish Found in Chicago", HuffPost, 11 January 2011. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.
  9. ↑ Thousands of Dead Fish Along Lakefront. NBC Chicago (12 January 2011). Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.
  10. ↑ Coleto (4 January 2011). Mortandade misteriosa de peixes no litoral (pt). Parana Online. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.
  11. ↑ "Two Million Dead Fish Appear in Chesapeake Bay", CBS, 5 January 2011.
  12. ↑ Millions of dead fish at King Harbor in Redondo Beach, CA. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. Retrieved on 9 March 2011.
  13. ↑ Catastrophic Collapse of Saiga Antelopes in Central Asia (en). UN Environment (5 October 2017). Retrieved on 25 February 2018.
  14. ↑ Derbyshire. "The terrifying phenomenon that is pushing species towards extinction", The Guardian, 25 February 2018. Retrieved on 25 February 2018. (in en)
  15. ↑ Mogensen. "A new study about the death of 1 million seabirds should scare the crap out of you", Mother Jones, 15 January 2020. Retrieved on 26 December 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Harris. "Millions of dead fish on Vietnam's shores raise industrial pollution fears", Los Angeles Times, 4 May 2016. Retrieved on 26 December 2020.
  17. ↑ Rea. "A Slippery Slope", The Sheet, 22 November 2017. Retrieved on 25 February 2018.
  18. ↑ Cox. "Shocking pictures show dead horses at dried-up waterhole in central Australia", The Guardian, 23 January 2019. Retrieved on 26 July 2019. (in en-GB)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Weston. "Birds 'falling out of the sky' in mass die-off in south-western US", The Guardian, 16 September 2020. Retrieved on 26 December 2020.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Fox. "Thousands of Migrating Birds Drop Dead Across Southwestern U.S.", Smithsonian Magazine, 17 September 2020. Retrieved on 26 December 2020.
  21. ↑ Strzelecki. "Dead fish in River Oder on Polish-German border spur contamination probe", Reuters, 2022-08-12. Retrieved on 2022-08-14. (in en)
  22. ↑ Radford. "Menindee: Millions of dead fish wash up near Australian town", BBC, 18 March 2023. Retrieved on 20 March 2023.
  23. ↑ Housden. "Menindee: Australia begins mass fish death clean-up", BBC, 20 March 2023. Retrieved on 20 March 2023.
  24. ↑ "NSW to investigate Menindee mass fish kill as 'pollution incident'", www.theguardian.com, 19 April 2023. Retrieved on 21 April 2023.
  25. ↑ Bernd Debusmann Jr. "18,000 cows killed in Texas dairy farm explosion", BBC News, 2023-04-13. Retrieved on 2023-04-13.
  26. ↑ Sohn, Emily. "Birds Falling From the Sky Not Unusual", Discovery News, 6 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2011.
  27. ↑ Doyle, Alister. "SCIENCE NEWS Mass bird deaths rare, not apocalyptic: experts", NewsDaily.Com, 6 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2011.
  28. ↑ McConnaughey, Janet. "La. has mass bird kill just days after Ark.", HuffPost, 4 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2011.
  29. ↑ "Fact Sheet: The Arkansas blackbirds and 8 other mysterious mass animal deaths", The Week, 5 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2011.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Taylor, Lesley Ciarula. "'Aflockalypse' now: Hundreds of turtle doves die in Italy", Toronto Star, 7 January 2011. Retrieved on 19 January 2011. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "taylor" defined multiple times with different content
  31. ↑ Jackson. "Mark Johnson helps solve bird death mystery", The News-Herald, 3 June 2011. Retrieved on 3 June 2011.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Time2
  33. ↑ Bell. "Dead birds, dead fish, dead crabs turn up all over the world: Signs of the Aflockalypse?", The Washington Post, 5 January 2011. Retrieved on 23 January 2011.
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