Ọtụtụ ụwa

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    Maka mmalite, olee otu a ga esi nwalee ịdị adị nke eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ? Iji jide n'aka, ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe niile kwenyere na e nwere mpaghara ụfọdụ nke eluigwe na ala nke karịrị ike nke onyokomita anyị, mana n'ebe dị n'etiti nke ahụ na echiche na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ na enweghị njedebe nke eluigwe na ụwa, ntụkwasị obi ruru njedebe. Ka mmadụ na agbadata na ndagwurugwu ahụ, a ga anabata ihe ndị ọzọ n'okwukwe, na ihe ndị na adịghịkwa ala na emeghe maka nkwenye sayensị. Nkọwa dị iche iche dị oke egwu na echetara mkparịta ụka nkà mmụta okpukpe. N'ezie, ịkpọtụrụ ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala a na adịghị ahụ anya iji kọwaa ihe ndị a na ahụkarị nke anyị na ahụ bụ dịka ịkpọtụrụ Onye Okike a na apụghị ịhụ anya. Enwere ike iji asụsụ sayensị kpuchie echiche multiverse, mana n'ụzọ bụ isi, ọ chọrọ otu okwukwe ahụ. - Paul Davies, "A Brief History of the Multiverse", The New York Times  multiverse bụ usoro a na eche n'echiche nke eluigwe na ala niile.[lower-alpha 1] N'ozuzu, a na eche na eluigwe na ala ndị a mejupụtara ihe niile dị: oghere, oge, ihe, ike, ozi, na iwu anụ ahụ na ihe ndị na adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na akọwa ha. A na akpọ eluigwe na ala dị iche iche n'ime multiverse "eluigwe na ala", "eluigwe na ụwa dị larịị", "eluigwe ndị ọzọ", "eluigwe dị iche iche", "eluigwe nke ọtụtụ", "eluigwe mbara igwe dị larị", "ụwa nne na nna na nke ụmụaka", "ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala", ma ọ bụ "ọtụtụ ụwa". Otu echiche a na ahụkarị bụ na multiverse bụ "ihe mkpuchi nke eluigwe na ala dị iche iche niile ejiri otu iwu nke physics jikọta". [1]

Echiche nke ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala, ma ọ bụ multiverse, a tụlere ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme niile, gụnyere nkà ihe ọmụma Gris. Ọ gbanwere ka oge na aga ma rụrịta ụka na ngalaba dị iche iche, gụnyere cosmology, physics, na nkà ihe ọmụma. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na arụ ụka na multiverse bụ echiche nkà ihe ọmụma karịa echiche sayensị, n'ihi na enweghị ike ịgbagha ya. N'afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, e nweela ndị na akwado na ndị na enwe obi abụọ banyere echiche dị iche iche n'ime obodo physics. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị enyochawo data na achọ ihe akaebe maka eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe dị ịrịba ama achọtara. Ndị nkatọ na ekwu na echiche multiverse enweghị nnwale na falsifiability, nke dị mkpa maka nyocha sayensị, nakwa na ọ na ewelite nsogbu metaphysical a na-edozighị edozi.

Max Tegmark na Brian Greene atụwo aro usoro nkewa dị iche iche maka ọtụtụ ụwa na eluigwe na ala. Nchịkọta nke ọkwa anọ nke Tegmark nwere Ọkwa I: ndọtị nke eluigwe na ala anyị, Ọkwa II: eluigwe na ala nwere ihe dị iche iche na adịgide adịgide, Ọkwa III: nkọwa ọtụtụ ụwa nke quantum mechanics, na Ọkwa IV: nchịkọta kachasị. Ụdị itoolu nke Brian Greene gụnyere quilted, inflationary, brane, cyclic, landscape, quantum, holographic, simulated, na ultimate. Echiche ndị ahụ na enyocha akụkụ dị iche iche nke oghere, iwu anụ ahụ, na usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ iji kọwaa ịdị adị na mmekọrịta nke ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala. Ụfọdụ echiche ndị ọzọ dị iche iche gụnyere ụdị ụwa ejima, echiche cyclic, M-theory, na cosmology nke oghere ojii.

ụkpụrụ anthropic na atụ aro na ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala, nke ọ bụla nwere iwu anụ ahụ dị iche iche, nwere ike ịkọwa nhazi nke eluigwe na ala anyị maka ndụ maara ihe. Ụkpụrụ anthropic na adịghị ike na ekwu na anyị dị n'otu n'ime eluigwe na ala ole na ole na akwado ndụ. Arụmụka banyere agụba Occam na ịdị mfe nke multiverse na otu eluigwe na ala na ebilite, na ndị na akwado ya dị ka Max Tegmark na arụ ụka na multiverse dị mfe ma dị mma. Nkọwa ọtụtụ ụwa nke quantum mechanics na modal realism, nkwenye na ụwa niile nwere ike ịdị adị ma bụrụ ihe dị adị dị ka ụwa anyị, bụkwa isiokwu arụmụka n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ anthropic.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche a[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị mbụ [2] nwere ike ịkọwapụta echiche nke ụwa ndị a na apụghị ịgụta ọnụ bụ ndị Greek Ancient Atomists, malite na Leucippus na Democritus na narị afọ nke ise BCE, Epicurus (341-270 BCE) na Lucretius (narị afọ nke mbụ BCE) sochiri[3][4][5][6] [5] narị afọ nke atọ BCE, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Chrysippus tụrụ aro na ụwa na agwụ agwụ ma na eweghachi onwe ya, na atụ aro n'ụzọ dị irè ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala gafee oge. Echiche nke ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala bịara kọwaawanye na Middle Ages.   [citation needed]

Onye America -ahụ maka nkà ihe ọmụma na akparamàgwà mmadụ bụ William James jiri okwu ahụ bụ "multiverse" mee ihe na 1895, mana n'ọnọdụ dị iche.

Echiche ahụ pụtara na mbụ na sayensị nke oge a n'oge arụmụka dị n'etiti Boltzmann na Zermelo na 1895. [7]

Na Dublin n'afọ 1952, Erwin Schrödinger kwuru okwu nke o ji njakịrị dọọ ndị na ege ya ntị aka ná ntị na ihe ọ na achọ ikwu nwere ike "eyi onye ara". [8] kwuru na mgbe usoro ya yiri ka ọ na akọwa ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, ndị a bụ "ọ bụghị ụzọ ọzọ, mana ha niile na eme n'otu oge". A na akpọ ụdị duality a "superposition".

Ịchọta ihe akaebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[9]'afọ ndị 1990, mgbe ọrụ akụkọ ifo site n'oge ahụ banyere echiche ahụ nwetara ewu ewu, mkparịta ụka sayensị banyere multiverse na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ya nwetara ọganihu.

[10]'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka Stephen M. Feeney nyochara data Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) wee kwuo na ha chọtara ihe akaebe na atụ aro na eluigwe na ala a zutere eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ (ndị yiri ibe ha) n'oge gara aga. [11] [12] [13] [14] dị, nyocha zuru oke nke data sitere na WMAP na site na Satellite Planck, nke nwere mkpebi okpukpu atọ karịa WMAP, egosighi ihe akaebe ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama nke ụdị mgbagwoju anya nke mbara igwe. [1] [2] [15][16] mgbakwunye, enweghi ihe akaebe nke ikike ndọda ọ bụla nke eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ na anyị.

[17]'afọ 2015, onye na ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nwere ike ịchọta ihe akaebe nke eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị yiri ibe ha site n'ileghachi anya azụ n'oge ozugbo Big Bang gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka bụ okwu arụmụka n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. [18]. Ranga-Ram Chary, mgbe ọ nyochachara ụzarị radiation nke mbara igwe, chọtara mgbaàmà okpukpu 4,500 karịa ka ọ kwesịrị ịbụ, dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke protons na electrons ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ha dị na mbara igwe mbụ, si otú a na egosi ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbagwoju anya na mbara igwe ndị ọzọ.

Ndị na akwado ya na ndị na enwe obi abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] [29]-akwado otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime echiche dị iche iche gụnyere Lee Smolin, [30] Don Page, [31] Brian Greene, Max Tegmark, Alan Guth, [4] Andrei Linde, [4] Michio Kaku, [4] David Deutsch, [4] Leonard Susskind, [4] Alexander Vilenkin, [4] Yasunori Nomura, [4] Raj Pathria, [4] Laura Mersini-Houghton, [4] Neil deGrasse Tyson, [4] Sean Carroll [4] na Stephen Hawking

Arụmụka megide echiche dị iche iche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'akwụkwọ echiche ya nke 2003 New York Times, "A Brief History of the Multiverse", onye edemede na onye na ahụ maka mbara igwe Paul Davies nyere arụmụka dịgasị iche iche na echiche multiverse abụghị nke sayensị: [32]   George Ellis, na ede n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011, nyere nkatọ nke multiverse, ma kwuo na ọ bụghị echiche sayensị ọdịnala. Ọ kwenyere na a na eche na multiverse dị anya karịa horizon cosmological. O kwusiri ike na a na eche na ọ dị anya nke na o yighị ka a ga achọta ihe akaebe ọ bụla. Ellis kọwakwara na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta anaghị ekwere na enweghị nnwale na falsifiability bụ nnukwu nchegbu, mana ọ na emegide usoro echiche ahụ: Dị ka m nwere obi abụọ, echere m na ịtụgharị uche na multiverse bụ ohere magburu onwe ya ịtụgharị uche n'ụdị sayensị na ọdịdị kachasị elu nke ịdị adị: ihe mere anyị ji nọrọ ebe a. ... N'ile anya n'echiche a, anyị chọrọ uche ghere oghe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nke ghere oghere. Ọ bụ ụzọ dị nro ị ga esi na aga ije. Eluigwe na ala ndị yiri ibe ha nwere ike ịdị ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị adị; ikpe ahụ egosighi. Anyị ga ebi na ejighị n'aka ahụ. Ọ dịghị ihe dị njọ na ịkọ nkọ nkà ihe ọmụma dabere na sayensị, nke bụ ihe atụmatụ multiverse bụ. Mana anyị kwesịrị ịkpọ ya aha maka ihe ọ bụ. - George Ellis, "Ọ bụ na Multiverse dị adị n'ezie?", Scientific American  Ellis na ekwu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atụwo echiche nke multiverse dị ka ụzọ isi kọwaa ọdịdị nke ịdị adị. Ọ na ekwu na ọ na ahapụ ajụjụ ndị ahụ ka a ghara idozi n'ihi na ọ bụ nsogbu metaphysical nke a na apụghị idozi site na sayensị. Ọ na ekwu na nnwale nyocha bụ isi nke sayensị ma ekwesighi ịhapụ ya:

[33] ọkà ihe ọmụma Philip Goff na ekwu na nkwubi okwu nke multiverse iji kọwaa nhazi dị mma nke eluigwe na ala bụ ihe atụ nke Inverse Gambler's Fallacy.

Stoeger, Ellis, na Kircher : sekọnd nke 7 na ekwu na n'ezi echiche nke ọtụtụ ụwa, "eluigwe na ala na ekewapụ kpamkpam na ihe ọ bụla na eme na nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na ejikọta ya na ihe na eme n'ime nke ọ bụla ọzọ. Enweghị njikọ ọ bụla na ọtụtụ ụwa dị otú ahụ na etinye ha n'elu nkwado sayensị ọ bụla".

[34]'ọnwa Mee 2020, onye na ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe bụ Ethan Siegel kwupụtara nkatọ na blọọgụ Forbes na eluigwe na ala ndị yiri ibe ha ga anọgide na abụ nrọ akụkọ sayensị maka oge a, dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị anyị nwere.

Ụdị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Max Tegmark na Brian Greene chepụtara atụmatụ nkewa maka ụdị dị iche iche nke multiverses na eluigwe na ala nke ha nwere ike ịgụnye.

Ọnọdụ anọ nke Max Tegmark[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Cosmologist Max Tegmark enyewo taxonomy nke eluigwe na ala karịa eluigwe na ala a na ahụkarị. A na ahazi ọkwa anọ nke nhazi Tegmark ka enwere ike ịghọta ọkwa ndị ọzọ iji gụnye ma gbasaa na ọkwa ndị gara aga. [35][36] na-akọwa ha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi n'okpuru ebe a.

Ọkwa nke Mbụ: Mgbasawanye nke eluigwe na ala anyị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Amụma nke inflation cosmic bụ ịdị adị nke eluigwe na ala ergodic na enweghị njedebe, nke, n'ịbụ nke na enweghị ngwụcha, ga enwerịrị Mpịakọta Hubble na eme ka ọnọdụ mbụ niile doo anya.

N'ihi ya, eluigwe na ala na enweghị njedebe ga enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ na enweghị ngwụcha nke mpịakọta Hubble, ha niile nwere otu iwu anụ ahụ na ihe ndị na adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Banyere nhazi dịka nkesa nke ihe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile ga adị iche na mpịakọta Hubble anyị. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe, karịa mbara igwe, a ga emesị nwee mpịakọta Hubble nwere nhazi yiri ya, na ọbụna otu. Tegmark [29]-eme atụmatụ na otu olu nke anyị kwesịrị ịdị ihe dị ka mita 10<sup id="mwASg">10<sup id="mwASk">115</sup></sup> site na anyị.

Nyere ohere [37]-enweghị njedebe, a ga enwe, n'ezie, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị ngwụcha nke mpịakọta Hubble yiri nke anyị na mbara igwe. Nke a na esite na ụkpụrụ cosmological, ebe a na-eche na mpịakọta Hubble anyị abụghị ihe pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ pụrụ iche.

Ọkwa nke Abụọ: Eluigwe na ala nwere ihe dị iche iche na adịgide adịgide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'echiche nke inflation ebighi ebi, nke bụ ụdị nke echiche nke inflation nke mbara igwe, multiverse ma ọ bụ oghere n'ozuzu ya na agbatị ma ga anọgide na eme ya ruo mgbe ebighi ebi, mana mpaghara ụfọdụ nke oghere na akwụsị ịgbatị ma mepụta efere dị iche iche (dị ka akpa gas na achịcha na ebili). Ụdị ụfụfụ dị otú ahụ bụ ọkwa embryonic I multiverses.

Bubbles [37] iche iche nwere ike ịnwe nkwụsịtụ dị iche iche na enweghị isi, nke na ebute njirimara dị iche iche, dị ka ihe dị iche iche.

Ọkwa nke Abụọ gụnyekwara echiche oscillatory universe nke John Archibald Wheeler na echiche nke Lee Smolin.

Ọkwa nke Atọ: Nkọwa ọtụtụ ụwa nke quantum mechanics[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nkọwa ọtụtụ ụwa nke Hugh Everett III (MWI) bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị a ma ama nke quantum mechanics.

N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, otu akụkụ nke quantum mechanics bụ na enweghị ike ịkọwapụta ihe ụfọdụ a hụrụ kpamkpam. Kama nke ahụ, enwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a ga ahụ, nke ọ bụla nwere ohere dị iche. Dị ka MWI si kwuo, nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a nwere ike ịhụ kwekọrọ na eluigwe na ala dị iche, na ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na akwado nkọwa ahụ na atụ aro na eluigwe na ụwa ndị a dị ka nke anyị. Were ya na a na atụba die nwere akụkụ isii na nsonaazụ nke ịtụba kwekọrọ na quantum mechanics a na ahụ anya. Ụzọ isii niile dice nwere ike ịda kwekọrọ na mbara igwe isii dị iche iche. N'ihe banyere nnwale echiche nwamba nke Schrödinger, nsonaazụ abụọ ahụ ga abụ "ezigbo" na ọ dịkarịa ala otu "ụwa".

Tegmark na ekwu na ọkwa nke atọ nke multiverse enweghị ohere dị na mpịakọta Hubble karịa ọkwa nke mbụ ma ọ bụ ọkwa nke abụọ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, "ụwa" dị iche iche niile sitere na "nkewa" na Level III multiverse nwere otu ihe ahụ na adịgide adịgide nwere ike ịchọta na ụfọdụ Hubble volume na Level I multiverse. Tegmark na ede na, "Nanị ọdịiche dị n'etiti Ọkwa I na Ọkwa III bụ ebe ndị doppelgängers gị bi. Na Ọkwa I ha bi n'ebe ọzọ na ezigbo oghere atọ. Na Ọdịdị III ha bi na alaka ọzọ dị na Oghere Hilbert na enweghị njedebe. "

[37]'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike ịchọta mbara igwe niile nke Level II nwere ihe dị iche iche dị ka "ụwa" nke "nkewa" mepụtara n'oge nkwekọrịta na enweghị isi na Level III multiverse. [25][23] ka Yasunori Nomura, Raphael Bousso, na Leonard Susskind si kwuo, nke a bụ n'ihi na oge mbara igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na apụta na (mgbe ebighi ebi) inflating multiverse bụ echiche na enweghị isi. Nke a na egosi na ọtụtụ ihe dị na Levels I, II, na III bụ, n'ezie, otu ihe ahụ. A na akpọ echiche a "Multiverse = Quantum Many Worlds". [38] ka Yasunori Nomura si kwuo, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ a bụ ihe kwụ otu ebe, oge bụkwa ihe efu dị mfe.

Nkọwa ọzọ nke echiche ọtụtụ ụwa bụ nkọwa H. Dieter Zeh nke ọtụtụ uche.

Ọkwa nke anọ: Ikpeazụ ọnụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche kachasị mma nke mgbakọ [39] mwepụ bụ echiche Tegmark n'onwe ya.

Ọkwa a na ewere eluigwe na ala niile dị ka ihe dị adị nke nwere ike ịkọwa site na usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ dị iche iche.   [29] na ekwu na nke a "na egosi na enwere ike ịkọwa echiche ọ bụla yiri nke eluigwe na ala na Level IV" ma "na agbakọta ihe ndị ọzọ niile, ya mere na eweta mmechi na usoro nke multiverses, na enweghị ike, kwuo, Level V. "

Otú ọ dị, Jürgen Schmidhuber na ekwu na usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ akọwaghị nke ọma nakwa na ọ na anabata naanị nnọchiteanya eluigwe na ala nke a na akọwa site na mgbakọ na mwepụta ya bụ, mmemme kọmputa.

Schmidhuber [40]-agụnye n'ụzọ doro anya ihe nnọchianya eluigwe na ala nke a na akọwa site na mmemme ndị na adịghị akwụsị akwụsị nke mmepụta ya na agbakọta mgbe oge a kapịrị ọnụ gasịrị, ọ bụ ezie na oge nkwụsị ahụ n'onwe ya nwere ike ọ gaghị adị mma site na mmemme nkwụsị, n'ihi enweghị ike ịkọwa nsogbu ịkwụsị. [41] [42] na ekwukwa n'ụzọ doro anya banyere ihe ndị a na egbochi egbochi nke eluigwe na ala ndị a na'oge na adịghị anya.

Ụdị itoolu nke Brian Greene[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye American theoretical physics na string theorist Brian Greene tụlere ụdị itoolu nke multiverses: [43]

A tụfuru ya
Multiverse a na ekpuchi ekpuchi na arụ ọrụ naanị na mbara igwe na enweghị njedebe. Site na ohere na enweghị njedebe, ihe omume ọ bụla nwere ike ime ga eme ọtụtụ ugboro. Otú ọ dị, ọsọ nke ìhè na egbochi anyị ịmara ebe ndị ọzọ yiri ya.
Mgbanwe nke ọnụ ahịa
Mgbasawanye nke inflationary nwere akpa dị iche iche ebe inflation fields na ada ma mepụta eluigwe na ala ọhụrụ.
Brane
Ụdị brane_cosmology" id="mwAYs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brane cosmology">brane multiverse na ekwu na eluigwe na ala anyị dum dị na membrane (brane) nke na ese n'elu mmiri na akụkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ "nnukwu". N'ime ihe a, e nwere membranes ndị ọzọ nwere eluigwe na ala nke ha. Eluigwe na ala ndị a nwere ike imekọrịta ihe, mgbe ha na alụ ọgụ, ime ihe ike na ike a na emepụta karịrị nke zuru ezu iji mee ka nnukwu mkpọtụ. Brane ndị ahụ na ese n'elu mmiri ma ọ bụ na agafe n'akụkụ ibe ha n'ozuzu ha, na puku ijeri afọ ole na ole ọ bụla, na adọta site na ike ndọda ma ọ bụ ike ndị ọzọ anyị na aghọtaghị, na akụ ma na akụ ibe anyị. Mmetụta a na emegharị ugboro ugboro na ebute ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ "cyclic" nnukwu mgbawa. Echiche a na ada n'okpuru nche anwụ nke eriri n'ihi na ọ chọrọ akụkụ ndị ọzọ.
Okirikiri
Cyclic multiverse nwere ọtụtụ alaka ndị zutere, na akpata Big Bangs. Eluigwe na ala na alaghachi azụ ma na agafe oge ruo mgbe a dọtara ha ọnụ ma na agbagha ọzọ, na ebibi ihe ochie ma na emepụta ha ọzọ.
Ala mara mma
Multiverse nke ala na adabere na oghere Calabi-Yau nke eriri. Mgbanwe nke quantum na eme ka ọdịdị dị ala, na emepụta akpa nwere usoro iwu dị iche na nke oghere gbara ya gburugburu.
Quantum
Quantum multiverse na emepụta eluigwe na ala ọhụrụ mgbe ntụgharị na ihe omume na eme, dịka na ọdịiche dị n'ụwa nke ọtụtụ nkọwa ụwa nke quantum mechanics.
Holographic
Holographic multiverse sitere n'echiche na mpaghara elu nke oghere nwere ike itinye ọdịnaya nke oke nke mpaghara ahụ.
Emere ya
Multiverse simulated dị na usoro kọmputa dị mgbagwoju anya nke na eme ka eluigwe na ala dum. Echiche yiri [44], dị ka onye na enyocha mbara igwe bụ Avi Loeb si kwuo, bụ na enwere ike ịmepụta eluigwe na ala na ụlọ nyocha nke mmepeanya teknụzụ dị elu nke nwere echiche nke ihe niile. Echiche ndị ọzọ metụtara [45] gụnyere ụbụrụ n'ime ụdị ihe omume ebe a na eme ka eluigwe na ala a na ahụ anya n'ụzọ dị ala ma ọ bụ na adịghị ahụ anya site na ụdị ndị bi na ya.   [additional citation(s) needed]
Ikpeazụ
Nnukwu multiverse nwere eluigwe na ala ọ bụla nwere ike ime mgbakọ na mwepụ n'okpuru iwu dị iche iche nke physics.

Ụdị ụwa abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Echiche nke eluigwe na ala ejima, nke nwere mmalite (nke oge) n'etiti

[46] nwere ihe nlereanya nke eluigwe na ala abụọ yiri ibe ha nke dịka ọmụmaatụ na anwa ịkọwa asymmetry baryon ihe mere e ji nwee ihe karịrị antimatter na mbido na enyo na emegide eluigwe na ala. [47] [48] Otu ihe nlereanya nke eluigwe na ala abụọ nwere ike ịkọwa esemokwu Hubble (H0) site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụwa abụọ ahụ. [49][50]"Ụwa enyo" ga enwe mbipụta nke ihe niile dị ugbu a. [1] [2] [51][52] na egosi na ejima / ụwa abụọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ "ụwa abụọ" cosmology nwere ike idozi nsogbu cosmological constant (Λ), nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na ike gbara ọchịchịrị: ụwa abụọ na emekọrịta ihe na nnukwu Λ nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịkpata obere Λ dị irè. [1] [2]

Echiche nke okirikiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ọtụtụ echiche, enwere usoro nke, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, okirikiri na adịghị agwụ agwụ, nke na akwado onwe ya nke a na ahụkarị usoro Big Crunches (ma ọ bụ Big Bounces). Otú ọ dị, eluigwe na ala dị iche iche adịghị adị n'otu oge mana ha na emepụta ma ọ bụ na agbaso n'usoro ma ọ bụ usoro ezi uche dị na ya., nke nwere isi ihe okike nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'etiti eluigwe na ala (lee § Anthropic principle).

Echiche M[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

tụlewo ọtụtụ ụwa nke ụdị dịtụ iche n'ime usoro nchepụta eriri na ndọtị ya dị elu, M theory.

Echiche ndị a chọrọ ọnụnọ nke 10 ma ọ bụ 11 ohere oge n'otu n'otu. Enwere ike ijikọta akụkụ isii ma ọ bụ asaa ọzọ na obere ihe, ma ọ bụ eluigwe na ala anyị nwere ike ịchọta na ihe dị ike (3 + 1) -dimensional, D3-brane. [53] [54] na emeghe ohere na enwere alaka ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkwado eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ.

Ọdịdị mbara igwe nke oghere ojii[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[55]-hole Cosmology bụ ihe nlereanya cosmological nke eluigwe na ala a na ahụ anya bụ ime oghere ojii dị dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala n'ime eluigwe na ala buru ibu. Nke a gụnyere echiche nke oghere ọcha, nke dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ohere oge.

Ụkpụrụ nke anthropic[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A tụwo aro echiche nke eluigwe na ala ndị ọzọ iji kọwaa etu eluigwe na ala anyị si yie ka ọ dị mma maka ndụ maara ihe ka anyị na ahụ ya.

Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu (ma eleghị anya na enweghị njedebe) nke eluigwe na ala, nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe iwu dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ (ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa), mgbe ahụ ụfọdụ n'ime eluigwe na ala ndị a (ọbụlagodi na ọ bụ ole na ole) ga enwe njikọta nke iwu na akụkụ ndị dị mkpa dabara adaba maka mmepe nke ihe, ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe, ọdịiche dị iche iche iche, kpakpando, na mbara ala ndị nwere ike ịdị ogologo oge iji mee ka ndụ pụta ma gbanwee.

Enwere ike itinye ụkpụrụ anthropic na adịghị ike iji kwubie na anyị (dị ka ndị maara ihe) ga adị naanị n'otu n'ime eluigwe na ala ole na ole ahụ nke a na ahazi nke ọma, na enye ohere ịdị adị nke ndụ na nghọta mepụtara. Ya mere, ọ bụ ezie na ohere ahụ nwere ike ịdị obere na eluigwe na ala ọ bụla ga enwe ọnọdụ achọrọ maka ndụ (dị ka anyị na aghọta ndụ), ọnọdụ ndị ahụ anaghị achọ atụmatụ nwere ọgụgụ isi dị ka nkọwa maka ọnọdụ dị na eluigwe na ụwa nke na akwalite ịdị adị anyị na ya.

Ụdị mbụ nke [56] a pụtara ìhè na ọrụ Arthur Schopenhauer nke 1844 "Von der Nichtigkeit und dem Leiden des Lebens", ebe ọ na ekwu na ụwa anyị ga abụrịrị nke kachasị njọ n'ime ụwa niile nwere ike, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ọ dị njọ n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọ gaghị anọgide na adị.

Agwọ nke Occam[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na akwado ya na ndị nkatọ ekwekọrịtaghị n'otú e si etinye agụba Occam. Ndị nkatọ [57]-ekwu na ịkọwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na enweghị njedebe nke eluigwe na ala ndị a na apụghị ịhụ anya, naanị iji kọwaa eluigwe na ala nke anyị, megidere agụba Occam. Otú [37] dị, ndị na akwado ya na arụ ụka na n'ihe gbasara Mgbagwoju anya nke Kolmogorov, ọtụtụ ụwa a tụrụ aro dị mfe karịa otu eluigwe na ala idiosyncratic.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na akwado ọtụtụ ụwa bụ Max Tegmark na ekwu, sị:  

Ụwa ndị nwere ike ịbụ na ụwa ndị dị adị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

[58]'ime usoro ọ bụla e nyere nke eluigwe na ala nwere ike dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke okike - ọ bụghị ha niile ka a ga emezu, ụfọdụ nwekwara ike imezu ọtụtụ ugboro. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ime oge na enweghị njedebe enwere ike, na echiche ụfọdụ, ịbụ eluigwe na ala na enweghị ngwụcha, mana naanị obere ma ọ bụ obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke eluigwe na ala ebe mmadụ nwere ike ịdị na naanị otu ebe ọ dị (nke nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme pụrụ iche).   [citation needed] A tụwo aro na eluigwe na ala nke "nwere ndụ, n'ụdị ọ nwere n'ụwa, bụ n'echiche ụfọdụ na abụghị ergodic, n'ihi na a gaghị emezu ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ". [59]'aka nke ọzọ, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, echiche na ọrụ ndị a ma ama na eche echiche banyere ọtụtụ ụwa ebe eluigwe na ala yiri nke na ụmụ mmadụ dị n'ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala dị iche iche ma nwee akụkọ ihe mere eme dịgasị iche iche.

Enwere arụmụka banyere ma ụwa ndị ọzọ ọ bụ eziokwu na nkọwa ọtụtụ ụwa (MWI) nke quantum mechanics. [60] Quantum Darwinism, ọ dịghị mkpa ka mmadụ nabata MWI nke alaka niile bụ otu ihe.

Eziokwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụwa ndị nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ isi kọwaa ihe ndị nwere ike ime na ihe ndị a na eche n'echiche. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma, dị ka David Lewis, na ekwu na ụwa niile nwere ike ịdị adị nakwa na ha dị ka ụwa anyị bi na ya. [61] maara ọnọdụ a dị ka modal realism.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe edeturu n'okpuru alaÀtụ:NotelistIhe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

  1. ↑ Swain (2017). The Universe Next Door: A Journey Through 55 Alternative Realities, Parallel Worlds and Possible Futures. London: New Scientist. ISBN 9781473658677. 
  2. ↑ Rubenstein (11 February 2014). "Ancient Openings of Multiplicity", Worlds Without End: The Many Lives of the Multiverse. Columbia University Press, 40–69. ISBN 978-0-231-15662-2. 
  3. ↑ Siegfried (17 September 2019). The Number of the Heavens: A History of the Multiverse and the Quest to Understand the Cosmos. Harvard University Press, 51–61. ISBN 978-0-674-97588-0. “"In some worlds there is no sun and moon, in others they are larger than in our world, and in others more numerous. The intervals between the worlds are unequal; in some parts there are more worlds, in others fewer; some are increasing, some at their height, some decreasing; in some parts they are arising, in others falling. They are destroyed by collision one with another. There are some worlds devoid of living creatures or plants or any moisture." ... Only an infinite number of atoms could have created the complexity of the known world by their random motions... In this sense, the atomist-multiverse theory of antiquity presents a striking parallel to the situation in science today. The Greek atomists' theory of the ultimate nature of matter on the smallest scales implied the existence of multiple universes on cosmic scales. Modern science's most popular attempt to describe the fundamental nature of matter—superstring theory—also turns out (much to the theorists' surprise) to imply a vast multiplicity of vacuum states, essentially the same thing as predicting the existence of a multiverse.” 
  4. ↑ Dick (29 June 1984). Plurality of Words: The Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Kant. Cambridge University Press, 6–10. ISBN 978-0-521-31985-0. “Why should other worlds have become the subject of scientific discourse, when they were neither among the phenomena demanding explanation?... it derived from the cosmogonic assumption of ancient atomism: the belief that the constituent bodies of the cosmos are formed by the chance coalescence of moving atoms, the same type of indivisible particles of which matter on Earth was composed... Given the occurrence of these natural processes, and the obvious example of potential stability revealed in our own finite world, it was not unreasonable to suppose the existence of other stable conglomerations. The atomists further employed the principle that when causes were present, effects must occur.6 Atoms were the agents of causality and their number was infinite. The effect was innumerable worlds in formation, in collision, and in decay."” 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sedacca (30 January 2017). The Multiverse Is an Ancient Idea. Nautilus. Retrieved on 4 December 2022. “The earliest hints of the multiverse are found in two ancient Greek schools of thought, the Atomists and the Stoics. The Atomists, whose philosophy dates to the fifth century B.C., argued that that the order and beauty of our world was the accidental product of atoms colliding in an infinite void. The atomic collisions also give rise to an endless number of other, parallel worlds less perfect than our own.”
  6. ↑ Siegfried (2019). Long Live the Multiverse!. Scientific American Blog Network. “Leucippus and Democritus believed that their atomic theory required an infinity of worlds... Their later follower, Epicurus of Samos, also professed the reality of multiple worlds. "There are infinite worlds both like and unlike this world of ours"...”
  7. ↑ Ćirković (6 March 2019). "Stranger things: multiverse, string cosmology, physical eschatology", in Kragh: The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-254997-6. 
  8. ↑ Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution by John Gribbin: review (en). The Telegraph (2012-04-05). Retrieved on 2023-09-24.
  9. ↑ Romeo (2022-01-07). The Real Science of the Multiverse (en-US). JSTOR Daily. JSTOR. Retrieved on 2023-07-15.
  10. ↑ Is Our Universe Inside a Bubble? First Observational Test of the 'Multiverse'. Science Daily. sciencedaily.com (3 August 2011). Retrieved on 12 October 2013.
  11. ↑ Astronomers Find First Evidence Of Other Universe. technologyreview.com (13 December 2010). Retrieved on 12 October 2013.
  12. ↑ Tegmark (19 July 2011). The Case for Parallel Universes. Scientific American. Retrieved on 12 October 2013.
  13. ↑ Feeney (2011). "First observational tests of eternal inflation". Physical Review Letters 107 (7). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.071301. PMID 21902380. . Bousso (2015). "Inflation after False Vacuum Decay: Observational Prospects after Planck". Physical Review D 91 (8). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.083527. 
  14. ↑ Feeney (2011). "First observational tests of eternal inflation: Analysis methods and WMAP 7-year results". Physical Review D 84 (4). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.043507. 
  15. ↑ "Blow for 'dark flow' in Planck's new view of the cosmos", New Scientist, 3 April 2013. Retrieved on 10 March 2014.
  16. ↑ Collaboration (2013-03-20). "Planck intermediate results. XIII. Constraints on peculiar velocities". Astronomy & Astrophysics 561: A97. DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/201321299. 
  17. ↑ Study may have found evidence of alternate, parallel universes. www.usatoday.com. por Doyle Rice, "USA TODAY" (2015)
  18. ↑ Cosmologist thinks a strange signal may be evidence of a parallel universe. phys.org. por Vanessa Janek, "Universe Today" (2015)
  19. ↑ Carr (2007-06-21). Universe or Multiverse. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521848411. “Some physicists would prefer to believe that string theory, or M-theory, will answer these questions and uniquely predict the features of the Universe. Others adopt the view that the initial state of the Universe is prescribed by an outside agency, code-named God, or that there are many universes, with ours being picked out by the anthropic principle. Hawking argued that string theory is unlikely to predict the distinctive features of the Universe. But neither is he is an advocate of God. He therefore opts for the last approach, favoring the type of multiverse which arises naturally within the context of his own work in quantum cosmology.” 
  20. ↑ Freeman. "Why Revive 'Cosmos?' Neil DeGrasse Tyson Says Just About Everything We Know Has Changed", huffingtonpost.com, 4 March 2014. Retrieved on 12 September 2014.
  21. ↑ Fox. "Cosmologist Laura Mersini-Houghton: 'Our universe is one tiny grain of dust in a beautiful cosmos' - Interview", The Guardian, 27 August 2022. Retrieved on 28 August 2022.
  22. ↑ Pathria (1972). "The Universe as a Black Hole". Nature 240 (5379): 298–299. DOI:10.1038/240298a0. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Nomura (2011). "Physical theories, eternal inflation, and the quantum universe". Journal of High Energy Physics 2011 (11): 63. DOI:10.1007/JHEP11(2011)063. 
  24. ↑ Vilenkin (2007). Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 9780374707149. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bousso (2012). "Multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics". Physical Review D 85 (4): 045007. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.045007. 
  26. ↑ Kaku. e-reading.ws. www.e-reading.ws.
  27. ↑ Linde (27 January 2012). Inflation in Supergravity and String Theory: Brief History of the Multiverse. ctc.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved on 13 September 2014.
  28. ↑ Guth. Inflationary Cosmology: Is Our Universe Part of a Multiverse?. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2014-05-29. Retrieved on 6 October 2014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Tegmark (2003). "Parallel Universes". Scientific American 288 (5): 40–51. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329. 
  30. ↑ Smolin, Lee. The Life of the Cosmos. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195126648
  31. ↑ Page (8 March 2018). Does God exist in the multiverse?.
  32. ↑ Davies. "A Brief History of the Multiverse", New York Times, 12 April 2003. Retrieved on 16 August 2011.
  33. ↑ Goff. Our Improbable Existence Is No Evidence for a Multiverse. Scientific American.
  34. ↑ Ethan Siegel (22 May 2020). Ask Ethan: Have We Finally Found Evidence For A Parallel Universe? (en). Forbes. Retrieved on 18 September 2020.
  35. ↑ Tegmark (23 January 2003). Parallel Universes. Retrieved on 7 February 2006. 
  36. ↑ Tegmark (May 2003). "Parallel Universes". Scientific American 288 (5): 40–51. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40. PMID 12701329. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 "Parallel universes. Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observations.", Tegmark, Max, Scientific American. 2003 May; 288(5): 40–51.
  38. ↑ Nomura (2012). "Static quantum multiverse". Physical Review D 86 (8): 083505. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.083505. 
  39. ↑ Tegmark (2014). Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307599803. 
  40. ↑ J. Schmidhuber (2002): Hierarchies of generalized Kolmogorov complexities and nonenumerable universal measures computable in the limit. International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13(4):587–612 IDSIA – Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence
  41. ↑ J. Schmidhuber (1997): A Computer Scientist's View of Life, the Universe, and Everything. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 201–208, Springer: IDSIA – Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence
  42. ↑ J. Schmidhuber (2002): The Speed Prior: A New Simplicity Measure Yielding Near-Optimal Computable Predictions. Proc. 15th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT 2002), Sydney, Australia, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp. 216–228. Springer: IDSIA – Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence
  43. ↑ In The Hidden Reality: Parallel Universes and the Deep Laws of the Cosmos, 2011
  44. ↑ Loeb. Was Our Universe Created in a Laboratory? (en). Scientific American. Retrieved on 12 July 2022.
  45. ↑ What if we're living in a computer simulation? (en). The Guardian (22 April 2017). Retrieved on 12 July 2022.
  46. ↑ Boyle (20 December 2018). "CPT-Symmetric Universe". Physical Review Letters 121 (25): 251301. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.251301. PMID 30608856. 
  47. ↑ "Our universe has antimatter partner on the other side of the Big Bang, say physicists", Physics World, 3 January 2019. Retrieved on 22 June 2022.
  48. ↑ Letzter. "Why some physicists really think there's a 'mirror universe' hiding in space-time", Space.com, 23 June 2020. Retrieved on 22 June 2022. (in en)
  49. ↑ Cyr-Racine (18 May 2022). "Symmetry of Cosmological Observables, a Mirror World Dark Sector, and the Hubble Constant". Physical Review Letters 128 (20): 201301. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.201301. PMID 35657861. 
  50. ↑ "Mirror world of dark particles could explain cosmic anomaly", Physics World, 31 May 2022. Retrieved on 22 June 2022.
  51. ↑ Parhizkar (2 May 2022). "Strained bilayer graphene, emergent energy scales, and moir\'e gravity". Physical Review Research 4 (2): L022027. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.L022027. 
  52. ↑ Bedford. "Bilayer graphene inspires two-universe cosmological model", Joint Quantum Institute. Retrieved on 22 June 2022. (in en)
  53. ↑ Maurizio Gasperini, Elements of String Cosmology (2007)
  54. ↑ Richard J. Szabo, An introduction to string theory and D-brane dynamics (2004)
  55. ↑ Pathria (1972-12-01). "The Universe as a Black Hole". Nature 240 (5379): 298–299. DOI:10.1038/240298a0. ISSN 0028-0836. 
  56. ↑ Arthur Schopenhauer, "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung", supplement to the 4th book "Von der Nichtigkeit und dem Leiden des Lebens". see also R.B. Haldane and J. Kemp's translation "On the Vanity and Suffering of Life" pp. 395–396
  57. ↑ Trinh (2006). in Staune: Science & the Search for Meaning: Perspectives from International Scientists. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Templeton Foundation. ISBN 978-1-59947-102-0. 
  58. ↑ Ellis (21 January 2004). "Multiverses and physical cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 347 (3): 921–936. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x. 
  59. ↑ What is the multiverse—and is there any evidence it really exists? (en). Science (4 May 2022). Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved on 12 July 2022.
  60. ↑ Zurek (13 July 2018). "Quantum theory of the classical: quantum jumps, Born's Rule and objective classical reality via quantum Darwinism". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376 (2123): 20180107. DOI:10.1098/rsta.2018.0107. PMID 29807905. 
  61. ↑ Lewis (1986). On the Plurality of Worlds. Basil Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22426-6. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

   

  • Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Tufts cosmologist Alex Vilenkin na akwụkwọ ya, "Many Worlds in One: The Search for Other Universes" na podcast na mmemme ajụjụ ọnụ redio ọha na eze ThoughtCast. E debere ya na Wayback Machine.
  • Multiverse - ihe omume nke usoro In Our Time na Melvyn Bragg, na BBC Radio 4.
  • Ihe mere e ji nwee ike inwe ọtụtụ eluigwe na ala karịa nke anyị, site na Phillip Ball, March 21, 2016, bbc.com.
Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ọtụtụ_ụwa&oldid=147287