Ụmụ nwanyị na telegraphy

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Miss Ethel Wakefield, onye ọrụ telegraph PBX nke Western Union, sere na 1943.

Ụmụ nwanyị na telegraphy apụtawo ìhè kemgbe afọ 1840. Iwebata usoro telegraphy bara uru n'afọ 1840 dugara n'ịmepụta ụdị ọrụ ọhụrụ, telegrapher, telegraphist ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ telegraph. Ọrụ nke onye telegrapher gụnyere izipu na ịnata ozi telegraphic, nke a maara dị ka telegrams, na-eji usoro mgbaàmà dịgasị iche iche, na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele telegraphy anya dị ka ọrụ ụmụ nwoke, a na-ejikwa ụmụ nwanyị arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ telegraph site na mmalite ya. Telegraphy bụ otu n'ime ọrụ teknụzụ nkwukọrịta mbụ meghere maka ụmụ nwanyị.

United States[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ngosipụta nke usoro na-aga nke ọma maka izipu ozi telegraphic site n'aka Samuel F. B. Morse na 1844 mere ka mmepe nke netwọk telegraphique n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe ha wuru ma lekọta.[1] Ọrụ nke netwọk a chọrọ ndị ọrụ nwere nkà na ọdụ ọ bụla, nwere ike izipu na ịnata ozi na koodu Morse. Enweghị ndị ọrụ ruru eru mere ka e were ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke n'ọrụ iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka ndị ọrụ na ngwụcha afọ 1840 ka telegraph gbasaa na mba ahụ. Sarah Bagley (1806 - 1889), onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye guzobere Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, ghọrọ onye ọrụ telegraph maka Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith's New York and Boston Magnetic Telegraph Company na Lowell, Massachusetts, na 1846. O yikarịrị ka ọ matara banyere telegraph na ikike ya site na ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbanwe, Voice of Industry. Phoebe Wood (1816-1891), nwanne nwanyị nke onye mmekọ Morse Ezra Cornell na nwunye onye ọchụnta ego telegraph Martin B. Wood, ghọrọ onye telegrapher na Albion, Michigan, na 1849, mgbe onye mmekọ azụmahịa Cornell bụ John James Speed gosipụtara mkpa maka ndị ọrụ na mpaghara ókèala ndị mmadụ ole na ole.[2][3]

Na mbụ, a na-eji ya ebufe ozi onwe onye, azụmahịa azụmahịa na akụkọ akụkọ, a malitere iji telegraph mee ihe maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nakwa n'afọ 1850. Elizabeth Cogley (1833-1922) nke Lewistown, Pennsylvania, ghọrọ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka telegrapher nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè mgbe Pennsylvania Railroad were ya n'ọrụ na 1855.[4]

Usòrò:Woman operator Harpers 1870s.gif
A Typical Depot Telegraph Station, 1870s. Ebe e si nweta ya: "The Telegraph," Harper's Magazine, August 1873, 332.

Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ telegraph na United States mụbara n'oge Agha Obodo America (1861-1865) ka a na-edepụta ndị telegraph nwoke ma ọ bụ sonye na US Military Telegraph Corps nke ndị agha Union. Ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole jere ozi na Military Telegraph Corps. Louisa Volker (1838-1905), onye na-ahụ maka telegraph na Mineral Point, Missouri, nyere ozi dị mkpa gbasara mmegharị ndị agha na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme telegraph.[5] Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ka ndị ikom si n'usuu ndị agha lọta na asọmpi maka ọrụ bilitere, ndị ọrụ nwoke malitere ịjụ ma ọ dị mma itinye ndị ọrụ nwanyị n'ọfịs telegraph, a rụkwara arụmụka siri ike na akwụkwọ akụkọ telegraph. Otú ọ dị, mgbe Western Union, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ telegraph, meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ telegraph maka ụmụ nwanyị na Cooper Union na 1869 wee malite iwe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ, mgbe mgbe na ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala karịa ndị nwoke ibe ha, e mesiri obi ike na ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-anọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.[6] Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ US si kwuo, pasentị nke ndị telegraphers bụ ụmụ nwanyị na US sitere na pasent anọ na 1870 (355 n'ime 8316 ngụkọta) ruo pasent iri abụọ na 1920 (16,860 n'ime 79,434 ngụkọta).[7]

Mexico na Canada[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ telegram na Canada sitere na ụlọ ọrụ onwe na Government Telegraph Service (GTS). Na Toronto na 1902, pasent 42 nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Great Northwestern Telegraph Company bụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'ọfịs nke Canadian Pacific Railway n'otu obodo ahụ, pasent 28 nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na 1902. Pasentị nke ndị ọrụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị dịtụ ala na ọdịda anyanwụ Canada. Na 1917, pasent 18 nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Winnipeg bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[8] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ọrụ na "Home Front" gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị telegraphers; dịka ọmụmaatụ, Beamsville, Ontario, nke bụkwa ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-alụ ọgụ nkịta (agha ụgbọ elu) http://www.warmuseum.ca/education/online-educational-resources/dispatches/into-the-blue-pilot-training-in-canada-1917-18/ .

Ọtụtụ ndị telegraph si United States bịara Mexico ịrụ ọrụ maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'oge ọchịchị Porfirio Diaz (1876 Xi-1911), gụnyere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị America. Abbie Struble Vaughan (1845-1924) rụrụ ọrụ maka Mexican National Railroad na Mexican Central Railroad site na 1891 ruo 1911; "Ma Kiley" (Mattie Collins Brite) (1880-1971) rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Mexico site na 1902 ruo 1905.[9]

Britain na Europe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Usòrò:Central Telegraph Office, London, 1874.jpg
Central Telegraph Office, London, 1874. Ebe e si nweta ya: Illustrated London News, December 12, 1874.

Ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ telegraph onwe ha na Britain na 1850s, gụnyere Electric Telegraph Company. E guzobere Telegraph School for Women na London na 1860. The Queen's Institute for the Training and Employment of Educated Women malitere klas na telegraphy na Dublin na 1862; ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ya were British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company n'ọrụ. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na Britain jiri usoro telegraphy Wheatstone-Cooke yana koodu Morse maka nnyefe ozi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka telegraph mụbara mgbe British General Post Office weghaara ọrụ telegraph na 1870; n'afọ ahụ, 1535 n'ime 4913, ma ọ bụ pasent 31 nke ndị ọrụ niile, bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[10][11]

N'ọtụtụ Europe, ọrụ telegraph nọ n'okpuru nchịkwa nke post gọọmentị na nchịkwa telegraph. Nchịkwa telegraph nke Switzerland na mba Scandinavia malitere iwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph na 1850s; France, Germany, na Russia bu ụzọ nabata ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ telegraphi na 1860s.[12] Onye France na-ahụ maka telegraph, Juliette Dodu (1848ń1909), ghọrọ dike nke Agha Franco-Prussian nke 1870 mgbe a na-ekwu na ọ na-eji eriri telegraph nke ndị agha Prussian na-eji ma nyefee ozi ahụ na ndị agha France. Ka ọ na-erule 1880, 230 n'ime ndị telegraph 624 na Paris Central Telegraphique, ma ọ bụ pasent 37, bụ ụmụ nwanyị.[13]

Eshia, Africa, Australia na South America[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe owuwu nke netwọk telegraph zuru ụwa ọnụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọchịchị ndị Europe ka ike ndị Europe jiri telegraph na-achị ma na-ekwurịta okwu na ihe onwunwe ha na mba ofesi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1870, netwọk nke akara ala na eriri nkwukọrịta n'okpuru mmiri ejikọtara kọntinent niile.

Eshia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, a na-arụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ọrụ telegraph na Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, na Laos), yana na Japan. N'afọ 1907, ụmụ nwanyị malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị telegraphist na India na Burma (Myanmar).[14]

Afrịka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-arụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ọrụ telegraph na British Cape Colonies (South Africa), ndị Portugal na-achị (Angola, Mozambique) na French West Africa (Senegal, Mauritania, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey) site na 1900.[14]

Australia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

1872 Ihe osise nke Samuel Calvert.[15]

E nyere iwu ka e nye ụzọ telegraph mbụ nke Australia na Machị 1854 n'etiti Melbourne na Williamstown ma Samuel Walker McGowan wuru ya n'okpuru nkwekọrịta na Gọọmentị Victoria. A gbatịkwuru eriri telegraph ngwa ngwa iji kpuchie ógbè ahụ dum na ógbè ndị ọzọ guzobekwara netwọk nke ha ma jikọta ógbè ndị ahụ. Australia ghọrọ akụkụ nke netwọk telegraph ụwa na 1872 mgbe a rụchara eriri ụgbọ mmiri na-ejikọ Darwin, Australia na Britain site na Java na Dutch East Indies.[16] E wuru eriri Overland Telegraph iji jikọta Darwin na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Australia.

Victoria[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na teknụzụ dị na Melbourne na-eme ihe ọmụmụ telegraphy na 1870=1880 nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị nke na e webatara klas dị iche maka ụmụ nwoke.[17] Na mbido, usoro mmụta ahụ bụ naanị ịghọ onye maara nke ọma n'ịrụ ọrụ nke igodo morse, mana site na Samuel Walker McGowan, Superintendent of Telegraphs, a gbasaa klas ahụ iji tinye akụkụ niile nke ozizi telegraphy eletrik na mmezi nke ụlọ ọrụ telegraph. A họpụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị gafere ule ahụ na Ngalaba Telegraph. N'ime ọnwa atọ ha na-anwale, Miss Green lekọtara ha, nke a sịrị na ọ bụ "otu n'ime ndị ọrụ nwanyị kachasị mma na mpaghara ahụ".[18]

N'afọ 1874, Ballarat School of Mines (nke bụzi Mahadum Federation) gụnyere klas telegraphy na usoro ọmụmụ ya. Onye nkuzi mbụ bụ William Philip Bechervaise na klas ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo ma bụrụkwa ụmụ nwanyị.[19] E nwere mmadụ iri abụọ na klas ahụ gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị iri na asatọ. A na-edebanye aha na klas ahụ nke ukwuu, nyere ndị kansụl ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe kpatara ịtụle mgbatị ụlọ ma bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ site na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ.[20] Afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ, Ngalaba Post na Telegraph nke Victoria kpebiri ijikọta post ọfịs ya na ụlọ ọrụ telegraph, ọkachasị iji mee ka mgbasawanye nke ọrụ telegraphi gaa n'ihu n'ime obere ebe. Ọtụtụ n'ime obere post ọfịs ndị a bụ ndị ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di na-elekọta ma ọ dị mkpa ka ha nweta nkà telegraphy iji gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ha.[21]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1880, klas ahụ aghọwo ndị ihe ịga nke ọma nke ha na Postmaster-General Langridge kwupụtara na ọ nweghị atụmanya maka nhọpụta ndị ọzọ maka ndị ọrụ nwanyị, na "ọtụtụ narị" ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ debanyere aha. Nke a bụ n'oge ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ebe ọ bụ na Langridge malitere ọrụ.[22]

New South Wales[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site na 1875 Ngalaba New South Wales Post and Telegraphs kpọtakwara ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ndị ọrụ telegraphy ya. NSW họọrọ ịzụ ndị ọrụ a site n'aka onye ọrụ nwere ahụmịhe karịa ọzụzụ mpụga.[23]

South America[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ihe dị ka 1870, e guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ na National Institute na Chile iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị telegraphy. Nke a dugara n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị telegraph n'ọtụtụ ebe na Chile. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1900, a na-ejikwa ụmụ nwanyị arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ telegraph na Argentina.[9]

Òtù ndị ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye na-arụ ọrụ telegraph na 1940s.

Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na US malitere ịmepụta òtù ọrụ na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu ka enweghị afọ ojuju na-eto n'ihi ụgwọ ọrụ dị ala na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị njọ. Ụmụ nwanyị telegraphers sonyeere Telegraphers' Protective League ma sonye na ọgbaghara na-enweghị isi megide Western Union na 1870.[24] A haziri Brotherhood of Telegraphers na 1881 dị ka njikọ nke Knights of Labor; ikpo okwu ha gụnyere arịrịọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata maka ọrụ nhata, n'agbanyeghị okike. Mgbe Brotherhood of Telegraphers kpọrọ ọgbaghara zuru oke megide ụlọ ọrụ telegraph na 1883, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ sonyeere ma sonye na ọrụ ọrụ, gụnyere Minnie Swan (1863 - ?), onye New York telegrapher nke pụtara dị ka onye ndú nke ụmụ nwanyị na'ịgba arụkwaghịm.

Otú ọ dị, ọgbaghara ahụ dara ọzọ ka ụlọ ọrụ telegraph kpọrọ ndị na-abụghị ndị otu ọrụ ka ha dochie ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe.[25] Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ sonyekwara Order of Railroad Telegraphers, nke e guzobere na 1886, na Commercial Telegraphers Union of America, nke a haziri na 1903; ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọkwa ndu n'oge dị iche iche na njikọ abụọ ahụ. Mary Macaulay (1865-1944), onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke rụrụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọrụ waya na New York, a họpụtara ya dịka osote onye isi oche mba ụwa nke Commercial Telegraphers Union of America na 1919, nwanyị mbụ nwere ọfịs a họpụtara ahọpụta na ọkwa mba na otu.

Louisa Margaret Dunkley (1866-1927) bụ onye Australia telegraphist nke guzobere Victorian Women's Post and Telegraph Association na Australia na 1890s iji kwado maka ịkwụ ụgwọ na ọnọdụ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ.

Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph bụ ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere ikike nhata na ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata maka ọrụ nhata. Sarah Bagley ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka telegraph na 1846 mgbe o guzobere Lowell Female Labor Reform Association iji kwado ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ akwa nke Lowell, Massachusetts. Mathilde Fibiger (1830-1872) bụ onye Danish na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye na-ahụ Maka telegraph nke kwadoro ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Mary Macaulay, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na US, jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ Susan B. Anthony mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye telegrapher na Rochester, New York. Leah Rosenfeld bụ onye na-ahụ maka telegraph nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na onye na-arụ ọrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke ikpe ya na 1968 megide Southern Pacific Railroad na steeti California nyere aka ịkwụsị ịkpa ókè ọrụ na ụgwọ ọrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị ma hụ na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ohere nhata na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè US.

Ihe osise na akụkọ ifo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ telegraph na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na mmasị ọha na eze na ọrụ ha dugara na mmepe nke ụdị edemede a maara dị ka "ọhụnanya telegraphic". Akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ mkpirikpi ndị a na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ na-ahụ ịhụnanya n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye telegrapher, mgbe mgbe ya na onye ọrụ ọzọ ọ zutere "n'elu waya". Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Wired Love, nke onye bụbu onye na-ahụ maka telegraph bụ Ella Cheever Thayer dere ma bipụta ya na 1879. Ọ bụ akụkọ nke onye telegrapher Nattie Rogers na ịhụnanya ya na "C" dị omimi, onye ọ na-emete enyi na waya. Na Cage, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Henry James dere na 1898, nwere onye na-ahụ maka telegraph na London na-enweghị aha; James na-eji mmekọrịta ya na ndị ahịa ya na mpaghara Mayfair iji mee atụmatụ gbasara nsogbu nke klas na ọha mmadụ na njedebe Victorian Britain.

Nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph, na-egbochi ndị na-enweghị olileanya mgbe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ya na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-anọ naanị ya, ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị e mepụtara n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ihe nkiri. The Lonedale Operator (1911), nke Blanche Sweet, na The Girl and Her Trust (1912), nke Dorothy Bernard, bụ ndị onye nduzi D. W. Griffith mere maka Biograph Studios. The Hazards of Helen serials, nke ụlọ ọrụ Kalem mere n'etiti 1914 na 1917, gosipụtara Helen Holmes na Helen Gibson dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ telegraph na-eme ihe egwu kwa izu iji chekwaa ụbọchị maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.

Mbelata nke ụlọ ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmalite nke Teletype ma ọ bụ Telex na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ na-akpaghị aka, malite na 1915, na mmepe nke netwọk Telex na 1920s, mere ka ọsọ na arụmọrụ nke nnyefe ozi dịkwuo elu, yana ịgbanwe ọrụ nke onye ọrụ telegraph. Kama iji igodo telegraph zipụ ozi na koodu Morse, onye ọrụ Teletype na-ede ozi na keyboard keyboard typewriter. Na njedebe nnata, onye na-ebi akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya bipụtara ederede na mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ teepu. Mmalite nke Teletype mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị telegraphers dị ukwuu; Otú ọ dị, a na-akwụkarị ndị ọrụ Teletype ụmụ nwanyị ụgwọ karịa ndị ọrụ Morse.[26]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ozi e zitere site na telegraph malitere ịda n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, n'ihi asọmpi na ekwentị na ịntanetị. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-egwu redio na ndị na'ihe ntụrụndụ ka na-eji ya eme ihe, ojiji ikpeazụ nke koodu Morse maka mgbaàmà bịara na Jenụwarị 31, 1999, mgbe a chọghịzi ya maka mgbaàmà nsogbu mba ụwa site na ụgbọ mmiri n'oké osimiri. Western Union kwụsịrị ọrụ telegraph ya na 2006.[27]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Telegraphy eletrik na United Kingdom
  • Young Ladies Radio League, otu nzukọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na redio amateur

Ebensidee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Thompson, Robert L., Wiring A Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States, 1832–1866 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1947).
  2. ↑ Frank Passic. Historical Albion Michigan. Retrieved on 2012-04-11.
  3. ↑ Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 4–5.
  4. ↑ Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, p. 6.
  5. ↑ Thomas Jepsen. Women Telegraph Operators in the Civil War. the Telegrapher Web Page. Archived from the original on 2012-08-19. Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
  6. ↑ Melodie Andrews, : "'What the Girls Can Do': The Debate over the Employment of Women in the Early American Telegraph Industry", Essays in Economic and Business History 8 (1990), pp. 109-120.
  7. ↑ Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 52-3.
  8. ↑ Shirley Tillotson "'We may all soon be first-class men': Gender and Skill in Canada's Early Twentieth Century Urban Telegraph Industry," Labour/Le Travail 27 (spring 1991), pp. 98-9.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, p. 10.
  10. ↑ Kieve, Jeffrey. The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1973, pp. 39, 85.
  11. ↑ Women Telegraphers in the First World War. Porthcurno Telegraph Museum. Retrieved on 2012-08-19.
  12. ↑ Garland, Charles. "Women as Telegraphists." Economic Journal, June 1901, pp. 252, 255.
  13. ↑ Bouvier, Jeanne. Histoire des Dames Employees dans les Postes, Telegraphes et Telephones de 1714 a 1929. Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France, 1930, pp. 128, 131, 329-330.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Garland, "Women as Telegraphists," p. 252.
  15. ↑ "THE TELEGRAPHY SCHOOL.", Illustrated Australian News for Home Readers (Melbourne, Vic. : 1867–1875), National Library of Australia, 18 June 1872, p. 128. Retrieved on 2013-12-27.
  16. ↑ Overland Telegraph Line from Adelaide to Darwin. Flinders Ranges Research. Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved on 2013-10-06.
  17. ↑ Fennessy (2005). "Making difficult things plain': Learning at the Industrial and Technological Museum, Melbourne, 1870-1880". History of Education Review 34 (2). DOI:10.1108/08198691200500010. 
  18. ↑ "LADIES' TELEGRAPH CLASS.", The Age, 1 June 1876, p. 3. Retrieved on 2020-11-21.
  19. ↑ "MISCELLANEA.", The Ballarat Star, 13 June 1874, p. 4. Retrieved on 2020-10-20.
  20. ↑ "NEWS AND NOTES.", The Ballarat Star, 3 June 1874, p. 2. Retrieved on 2020-12-11.
  21. ↑ Di Campbell. Telegraphy - First Female Students. University of Ballarat website. Retrieved on 2013-10-06.
  22. ↑ "The Argus.", The Argus (Melbourne), 20 January 1881, p. 5. Retrieved on 2020-11-22.
  23. ↑ "Telegraphic Improvements.", Evening News, 26 February 1875, p. 2. Retrieved on 2020-11-21.
  24. ↑ Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 148-155.
  25. ↑ Gabler, The American Telegrapher, pp. 106-44.
  26. ↑ Jepsen, My Sisters Telegraphic, pp. 64-5.
  27. ↑ Western Union Sends Its Last Telegram. NPR (February 2006). Retrieved on 2015-03-12.
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