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2016 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu

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2016 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
United Nations Climate Change conference, mgbanwe ihu igwe
aha mkpirisiCOP 22 Dezie
onyeisi ocheSalaheddine Mezouar Dezie
mba/obodoMorocco Dezie
ebeMarrakesh Dezie
na-esochi2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference Dezie
ndị sotere2017 United Nations Climate Change Conference Dezie
oge omelu7 Novemba 2016 Dezie
oge obidoro7 Novemba 2016 Dezie
oge ngwụcha18 Novemba 2016 Dezie
nhaziMba Ndị Dị n'Otu Dezie
street addressUNFCCC secretariatUN CampusPlatz der Vereinten Nationen 153113 BonnGermany Dezie
postal codeUNFCCC secretariat P.O. Box 260124 D-53153 Bonn Germany Dezie
webụsaịtịhttps://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/marrakech-climate-change-conference-november-2016/cop-22 Dezie

Nzukọ 2016 United Nations Change Climate Change bụ nzukọ mba ụwa nke ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị na-eme ihe iji kwurịta ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi. Emere ya na Marrakech, Morocco, na 7-18 Nọvemba 2016. Nzukọ ahụ webatara ọgbakọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ nke otu (COP22), nzukọ iri na abụọ nke ndị otu na Kyoto Protocol (CMP12), na nzukọ mbụ nke ndị otu na Paris Agreement (CMA1). Ebumnuche nke ogbako ahụ bụ iji kparịta ma mejuputa atụmatụ gbasara ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na iji "[gosipụta] ụwa na mmejuputa nkwekọrịta nke Paris na-aga n'ihu".[1] Ndị sonyere na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nweta ngwọta zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ Salaheddine Mezouar, Minista Moroccan maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ na Imekọ ihe ọnụ.[2] A na-atụ anya na ihe dị ka mmadụ Puku iri abụọ ga-abịa.

Na 2 Mee 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ihe omume GL Events bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọrụ ahụ. Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadokwara nkwadebe maka COP 22.

W+ Standard meriri ihe nrite afọ 2016 UNFCCC10 maka Momentum for Change d[3]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe

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Ndị sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ bụ ndị otu United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ebumnuche nke mgbakọ a bụ iji gbochie "mmadụ na-etinye aka na usoro ihu igwe".[4] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ma United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity na Convention to Combat Desertification; A na-ewere ha atọ dị ka 'Rio Conventions' nakweere na Rio Earth Summit n'afọ 1992. Enwere nzọụkwụ asaa nke UNFCCC depụtara dị ka "nchịkọta nke mgbakọ ahụ..[4]

  1. A na-ahụ nsogbu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye nchekwa mmadụ.
  2. A ghaghị ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkachasị na mba ndị mepere emepe, a na-agbakwa mba dị iche iche ume ka ha belata gas na.
  3. Mba ndị nwere ọganihu ga-eme ihe iji belata ikuku na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-eduga ụzọ maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe.
  4. Mba ndị dị n'ọganihu ga-enyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka site n'inye nkwado ego na teknụzụ.
  5. Ma mba ndị mepere emepe ma ndị na-emepe emepe na-enye akụkọ banyere iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ.
  6. Na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, a na-ekwusi ike na uto dị ọcha iji belata mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ mgbe mba ahụ na-emepụta ihe.
  7. Iji mee ka ndụ dị mma n'ihu mgbanwe ihu igwe, mgbakọ ahụ ga-ekwu maka ma mee mgbanwe maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe mgbe ọ dị mkpa.

Nkwekọrịta Kyoto

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Nzukọ Marrakech bụ ihe na-aga n'ihu na nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke United Nations haziri na-agbaso Protocol Kyoto. E dere Kyoto Protocol n'afọ 1997 na COP3, mana a nabataghị ya ruo na 16 Febụwarị 2005.[5] Ọ malitere site n'afọ 2008 ruo 2012. O mejupụtara iwu siri ike iji hụ na mbelata ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. E nwere usoro atọ dị mkpa nke mba nwere ike iji nyere aka belata ikuku: azụmaahịa ikuku mba ụwa, usoro mmepe dị ọcha, na mmejuputa njikọta.[6]

Ebumnuche nke Protocol ahụ bụkwa iji nyere mba aka ime mgbanwe na ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke UN na-enweta akụkọ site n'aka ndị otu, na-enyocha azụmahịa, ma na-aza ajụjụ maka ndị otu. UNFCC na-ewere Protocol Kyoto dị ka "nzọụkwụ mbụ" maka nguzogide mgbanwe ihu igwe..[6]

Nkwekọrịta Paris

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Nkwekọrịta Paris bu n'obi igbochi ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. A na-ahazi nke a site na akụkọ ndị otu pati na-ezitere, nke pụtara iji kwalite nghọta nke omume nke ma mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe mere. O nwekwara usoro iji mee ka mba nwee ike ime mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ụzọ mgbanwe nke obodo nwere ike isi mee ka a na-akpọ "atụnye aka nke mba niile". Ndị NDC bụ n'ezie mbọ mba ọ bụla ga-eme iji belata ihe ọkụkụ ha. Oge njedebe maka nkwekọrịta a malitere na 4 Nọvemba 2016. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, 132 n'ime ndị otu 197 kwadoro ya na mgbakọ ahụ.[7]

COPs ndị bu ụzọ

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2009: Copenhagen (COP15)

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Ebum n'obi na ọgbakọ Copenhagen ga-esi na Kyoto, wee mebie na nkwekọrịta Copenhagen, ederede nwere ibe 3 na-akọwapụta ebumnuche mba ụwa niile gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe (ibelata ikuku ikuku griin haus, na-amachi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ 2 Celsius C na inye ijeri dollar 30). maka 2010-2012). N'agbanyeghị ebumnuche ndị a, a na-ewerekarị ọgbakọ ahụ dị ka ọdịda.[8][9]

2011: Durban (COP17)

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Ebumnuche nke ogbako Durban bụ ịmalite mkparịta ụka site na mmalite iji kwado ụzọ maka mkparita ụka n'ọdịnihu. Ah Hoc Working Group na Durban Platform for Enhanced Action ka emepụtara iji "mechie oghere ebumnuche" nke dị n'etiti nkwa ikuku gas nke mba dị iche iche mere na ebumnuche idobe mgbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru mmụba nke 2 °C..[10]

2014: Lima (COP20)

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Ihe kacha mkpa nke Nzukọ Lima bụ ịgbalị iji mee ka ebumnuche nke ịnọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru mmụba nke 2 °C n'etiti ụbọchị a na 2100. Nzukọ ahụ meghere na akwụkwọ nkwadebe maka nkwekọrịta COP21 n'ọdịnihu na Paris na site na ịnakwere ederede peeji 37.[11]

2015: Paris (COP21)

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Mba Otu narị na iri itoolu na ise ndị sonyere na ogbako ahụ nakweere nkwekọrịta ihu igwe mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide nke na-achọ ịmachi mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmụba okpomọkụ na-erughị 2 Celsius C..[12]

Ndị bịara

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Enwere ike ịhazi ndị bịara mgbakọ ahụ n'otu n'ime ụdị atọ: ndị otu, ndị na-ekiri, ma ọ bụ ndị otu mgbasa ozi / mgbasa ozi.

Òtù

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Enwere otu atọ dị iche iche nke mba nwere ike itinye ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere ha dị ka "otu". Ndị a bụ Annex I, Annex II, na Non-Annex I. Nzukọ nke otu na-ekpebi ọkwa nsonye nke obodo ọ bụla. Ọ na-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na obodo ahụ chọrọ inye ndị ọzọ enyemaka ego, ugboro ole ha ga-ezigara akụkọ, na iwu siri ike na obodo ha. Aha Mgbakwunye I na-ezo aka na mba ndị mepere emepe na-etinye aka na Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) na 1992 ma ọ bụ mba na mgbanwe akụ na ụba (EIT). Annex II na-ezo aka na mba ndị dị na OECD mana ọ bụghị EIT. Ndị otu a chọrọ ka ha nyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka n'ụzọ ego. A na-atụkwa anya na ha ga-emekwu usoro iji gbanwee gaa na teknụzụ ihu igwe na-emekọrịta ihe iji belata ikuku ikuku griin haus. Mba ndị na-abụghị nke mgbakwunye na-etolite na nke kachasị mfe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ihi ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ okwu ndị ọzọ etinyere n'ime obodo ahụ. Aha ọzọ bụ "mba ndị mepere emepe kacha nta.[13] Nke a na-egosi na mba ahụ nwere ike ịzaghachi nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe. Akara a na-egosi ndị ọzọ ọkwa nkwado dị mkpa.

Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ

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Òtù ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ gụnyere United Nations Systems na ụlọ ọrụ ya pụrụ iche, òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gọọmentị (IGOs), na òtù ndị na'abụghị gọọmentị.[14] Òtù ndị na-ekiri ihe ga-etinye akwụkwọ ma bụrụ ndị COP nabatara iji zipụ ndị nnọchiteanya na nzukọ ma ọ bụ ngosi ọ bụla metụtara UNFCCC. NGO nwere ike ịbụ azụmaahịa, òtù ndị ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ amaala, ìgwè ndị metụtara nwoke na nwanyị, ìgwè ndị ntorobịa, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ndị ọrụ ugwo.[14] A nabatara ihe dị ka 2,000 NGO na 100 IGOs na nzukọ 2016. Ozugbo a nabatara otu nzukọ, ha agaghị etinye akwụkwọ ọzọ maka nzukọ na-esonụ.[15] Ndị nleba anya nwere ike nyefee nzaghachi, n'aha nzukọ ha dum, metụtara isiokwu ma ọ bụ iwu n'ime ọgbakọ ahụ.

Ebumnuche nke COP22

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Ebumnuche COP ọ bụla bụ iji jikọọ aka kpebie otu esi emeso mgbanwe ihu igwe ma belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, kwa afọ a na-ahọrọ isiokwu dị iche ma lekwasị anya na ya. Isi okwu nke nnọkọ nke iri abụọ na abụọ bụ maka njikwa mmiri na decarbonizing ike.[16] COP22 mere na 14 na 15 Nọvemba n'oge UNFCCC na Marrakech.[16] Ụzọ a ga-esi tinye nkwekọrịta Paris n'ọrụ, yana usoro maka mkparịta ụka, nọ na usoro maka COP22. Nik Gowing, onye a maara dị ka onye nta akụkọ Britain, duziri ihe omume ahụ.

Mgbasa Africa ruo COP22

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N'akụkụ COP22, nzuko nke metụtara "gburugburu ndị isi obodo 30 nke Africa" ​​mere na 16 Nọvemba 2016 na Marrakesh. Mgbakọ a lekwasịrị anya na mkparita uka ihu igwe, n'azụ Africa bụ akụkụ nke ụwa nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eyi egwu. N'okwu mpaghara ọzọ, obodo Marrakesh nyekwara ohere ịmepụta onwe ya ihe oyiyi greener; dịka ọmụmaatụ, o nyela igwe igwe 300 maka iji ọha na eze mee ihe dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ ịkesa igwe kwụ otu ebe nke obodo..[17]

Nkwupụta nke SuRe bụ Ụkpụrụ maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-eguzogide

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N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọ ọrụ Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation (GIB) gosipụtara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka akụrụngwa na-adịgide adịgide na Resilient na Climate Summit for Local and Regional Leaders.[18] GIB sonyeere na mkparịta ụka maka "ịkwanye ego mgbanwe mpaghara na-adigide" iji tinye aka na nkọwa Marrakech Roadmap maka Action.

14 Nọvemba

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Nzukọ Nchịkwa Mmiri na Nchekwa

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Okwu zuru ezu metụtara njem mmiri, akụrụngwa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa mmiri, nkesa na-adịgide adịgide, ihe ọhụrụ maka nchekwa, na ime ka mbọ maka teknụzụ ọhụrụ dị ngwa. E nwere ndị nhazi anọ nke ihe omume ahụ: Raymond van Ermen, onye Belgian so na European Water Partnership; Masagos Zulkifli, Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri nke Singapore; Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Minista nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ike na Costa Rica na onyeisi oche, UNEA; Susan Mboya, Onye isi oche nke Coca-Cola Africa Foundation.[19]

Decarbonization nke Ngwongwo Ike Keynote Panel

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Kọmitii a kwuru okwu banyere ojiji nke ihe onwunwe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, otu esi eji iwu mee ihe iji kwalite ahịa ike ndị na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, yana otu esi emeziwanye akụrụngwa iji kwado mgbanwe ndị a. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Nik Gowing, onye nta akụkọ Britain; H.E. Fatima Al Foora nke United Arab Emirates; Lord Gregory Baker nke United Kingdom; Andreas Regnell nke Sweden, na Jan Rabe nke Siemens AG.[19]

Nkwurịta Okwu Na-eme ka Obodo Njem Dị N'Otu

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Ịgagharị, ọkachasị njem ọha na eze, bụ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na nnọkọ a. Ndị otu ahụ kwurịtara ohere maka nhọrọ njem ọha na eze na-adịgide adịgide nke na-adọrọ mmasị onye ọrụ. Ebumnuche bụ isi bụ ịmepụta ụzọ njem ọha na eze nwere ike isi bụrụ ikuku efu. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Nik Gowing, United Kingdom; Andreas Klugescheid, United States; Lan Marie Nguyen Berg, Norway; Glen R. Murray, Canada; Matt Rodriquez, United States.[19]

Nkwado Ego Omume ihu igwe Nkwụsị Isiokwu Panel

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Otu panel a tụlere ịkwalite ngwaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara ego, ebe ọ na-etinyekwa nlebara anya ihu igwe n'oge usoro akụ na ụba. Ndị otu panel gụnyere Eric Usher, Canada; Jochen Flasbarth, Germany; Christian Grossman, Germany; Frederic Samama, France; Mustapha Bakkoury, Morocco; Monica Scatasta, Luxembourg.[19]

15 Nọvemba

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Low Carbon Innovation na Mpaghara Na-apụta apụ Keynote Panel

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Ndị otu ahụ tụlere ka enwere ike jikọta teknụzụ ikuku dị ala n'ime akụrụngwa dị adị, ka ndị na-eme amụma ga-esi mejuputa teknụzụ n'enweghị nsogbu, yana otu UNFCCC nwere ike isi nyere azụmaahịa mpaghara aka na mgbanwe gaa na ike ndụ ndụ. Ndị nhazi ahụ gụnyere Janos Pasztor, Hungarian; H.E. Nestor Batio Bassiere, Burkina Faso; Diego Pavia; Mafalda Duarte, United States; Elham Ibrahim, Afrịka.[19]

Azụmaahịa Na-adịgide Adịgide Dị ka Onye Na-akwọ Mgbanwe

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Nzukọ a mepụtara echiche maka otu esi emepụta ụdị azụmahịa nke hapụrụ obere carbon akara n'ụwa. Ndị nhazi ahụ gụnyere Philippe Joubert, Nigeria; Peter Wheeler, UK; Pertti Korhonen, Finland; Paul Simpson, UK; Eprel Crow, US.[19]

Mmetụta na-emetụta ihe ọhụrụ: Ịkwalite uto agụmakwụkwọ Green

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Nzukọ a tụlere ka teknụzụ ọhụrụ na ihe ọhụrụ ga-esi egosipụta àgwà enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na mgbakwunye, ha kwesịrị inye aka mepụta ọrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma nwee ike itinye ha n'ahịa ndị dịbu adị. Ndị nhazi gụnyere Sue Reid, Indonesia; Paul Isaac Musasizi, Uganda; Eric Olson, US; Yoshioka Tatsuya, Japan.[19]

17 Nọvemba

Ụmụ nwanyị Na-ahazi Mgbanwe na Ọrụ Ugbo na Nchịkwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ (WOCAN)

Ihe a na-atụle na-aba uru: Ịkpali akpali na Ịtụle Mmetụta Mmekọahụ Maka Ọdịdị na Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide

W + Standard na-enweta 2016 UNFCCC's Momentum for Change Award; Jeannettee Gurung, Phd, Lee A. West.[20]

Nkatọ na ihe ndọghachi azụ

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Ntinye nke ndị otu lobby fossil fuel nwere ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri, gụnyere World Coal Association, Business Council of Australia, Business Europe, na Business Roundtable, ejirila nkatọ zute.[21] Ndị nyocha tụrụ aro na nhọpụta Donald Trump n'afọ 2016 United States Presidential race gbochiri mgbalị na congress n'ihi echiche ya banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. A maghị nguzo ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[22][23]

Nkatọ ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka ndị mgbasa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ndị rụrụ ụka na Nzukọ ahụ "dị arọ na nkwupụta okwu na ìhè na ezi ọganihu." A na-ahụ ogbako na Paris afọ gara aga dị ka nke na-enye ntọala maka ọganihu n'ọdịnihu, na ihe omume na-aga nke ọma na Marrakesh kwesiri na-atụgharị nkwa ndị ahụ n'ọrụ. Nkatọ ndị ọzọ gosiri na mba ndị na-emepe emepe anaghị enweta ego zuru oke iji nyere ha aka ime mgbanwe na "mgbanwe ndị na-emelarị n'ihi okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ.[24]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Change. Marrakech Climate Change Conference - November 2016. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-21.
  2. ↑ Xinhua. Maroc - Les préparatifs vont bon train à Marrakech pour la tenue de la COP22 en 2016 - Maghreb Emergent. www.maghrebemergent.com. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  3. ↑ Nisha Onta (2017-01-13). "Wocan 2016 highlights". 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Change. Introduction to the Convention. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  5. ↑ Change. A Summary of the Kyoto Protocol. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Change. Kyoto Protocol. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unfccc.int" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Change. The Paris Agreement - main page. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  8. ↑ "Why did Copenhagen fail to deliver a climate deal?", BBC News, 22 December 2009. Retrieved on 3 June 2019.
  9. ↑ Vidal. "Low targets, goals dropped: Copenhagen ends in failure", The Guardian, 2009-12-18. Retrieved on 2016-11-10. (in en-GB)
  10. ↑ Change. Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  11. ↑ (2014) Conference of the parties. 
  12. ↑ Paris Agreement - European Commission. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  13. ↑ Change. Parties & Observers. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Change. Observer organizations and civil society. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  15. ↑ Change. Non-admitted NGOs and IGOs. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | COP22 Marrakech. www.cop22.org. Retrieved on 2017-02-20.
  17. ↑ "Cop22: 300 vélos libre-service à Marrakech", Aujourd'hui le Maroc. Retrieved on 2016-11-10.
  18. ↑ Global Infrastructure Basel - The Sustainable Infrastructure Financing Forum and Summit. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved on 3 January 2017.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda | COP22 Marrakech. www.cop22.org. Retrieved on 2017-03-03."COP22 Marrakech Morocco - Sustainable Innovation Forum in partnership with United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Agenda | COP22 Marrakech". www.cop22.org. Retrieved 2017-03-03. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  20. ↑ The W+ Standard Wins the 2016 UNFCCC’s Momentum for Change Award! - WOCAN (en-US) (2016-11-15). Retrieved on 2022-08-22.
  21. ↑ Slezak. "Marrakech climate talks: giving the fossil fuel lobby a seat at the table", The Guardian, 6 November 2016. Retrieved on 2016-11-07.
  22. ↑ Chomsky. Noam Chomsky on the new Trump era. Youtube. Al Jazeera Upfront. Retrieved on 2 December 2016.
  23. ↑ Victor. "How Bad Will Trump Be for Climate Policy?", MIT Technology Review, 14 November 2016. Retrieved on 19 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "Climate campaigners are 'extremely disappointed' in the outcome of COP22 summit", The Independent, 2016-11-19. Retrieved on 2017-02-25. (in en-GB)
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