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Alice Allison Dunnigan

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Alice Allison Dunnigan
mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
mba o sịNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
aha enyereAlice, Allison Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaDunnigan Dezie
ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya27 Eprel 1906 Dezie
Ebe ọmụmụRussellville Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya6 Mee 1983 Dezie
Ebe ọ nwụrụWashington, D.C. Dezie
ọrụ ọ na-arụonye ntaakụkọ Dezie
ebe agụmakwụkwọKentucky State University Dezie
agbụrụNdi Afrika nke Amerika Dezie
Archive naStuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library Dezie
Ihe nriteKentucky Women Remembered Dezie
onu akụkọ ihe mere eme naBlack Women Oral History Project Dezie

Alice Allison Dunnigan (Eprel 27, 1906 - May 6, 1983) [1] bụ onye nta akụkọ Amerika, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye edemede.[2][3] Dunnigan bụ nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ na-anata asambodo White House, na nwanyị ojii mbụ so na Sineti na Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ. O dere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke akpọrọ Alice A. Dunnigan: Ahụmahụ Nwanyị Oji . [4] A na-echeta ya site na akara Kentucky Historical Society.[4]

Alice kọrọ banyere ọdịda nke Jim Crow n'oge 1940s na 1950s, nke kpaliri ya ịghọ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. [2]A kpọbatara ya n'ụlọ ezumezu Kentucky na 1982. [5]

N'oge ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ ojii mbụ soro onye isi ala mgbe ọ na-eme njem, na-akọ akụkọ Harry S. Truman na 1948 njem mkpọsa.[5]

N'afọ 2022, Òtù Ndị nta akụkọ nke White House mepụtara Dunnigan-Payne Ihe nrite Mmeri Ndụ iji cheta Dunnigan na onye nta akụkọ White House Ethel Payne.[6]

Oge ọ malitere

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A mụrụ Alice Dunnigan n'Eprel 27, 1906, nso Russellville, Kentucky, nye Willie na Lena Pittman Allison.[5] Dunnigan bụ onye ojii, onye America, na agbụrụ ọcha, nwere njikọ na ezinụlọ ndị ohu na ndị nwere ohu..[7] Ọ bụ ezie na nna ya bụ onye na-eketa ihe, nne ya na-asakwa ákwà maka ndụ ya, ezinụlọ Dunnigan nwere "enwere nke ọma" n'ụzọ dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere ezinụlọ ndị isi ojii ndị ọzọ nọ n'ógbè ahụ; ha nwere ala nke aka ha ma nwee nnukwu ụlọ ha gbasaworo na ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. A zụlitere ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ ya, bụ́ Russell, n'ezinụlọ ndị na-akpachi anya, na-atụkwa anya na ha ga-arụsi ọrụ ike. O nwere ndị enyi ole na ole mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ma mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma amachibidoro inwe enyi nwoke. Ọ malitere ịga akwụkwọ otu ụbọchị n'izu mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ma mụta ịgụ ihe tupu ọ banye na klas nke mbụ.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ maka ndị ahụ Owensboro Enterprise . Nrọ ya bụ ịnwale ụwa site na ndụ onye nta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ.[8]

Alice gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Knob City High School [9] ma mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nkuzi na Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute, [10] ọ kụziri Kentucky History na Todd County School System, nke kewara ekewa n'oge ahụ. N'ịchọpụta na klas ya amaghị banyere onyinye ndị Afrịka Amerịka nyere na Commonwealth, ọ malitere ịkwadebe Akwụkwọ akụkọ Kentucky dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ederede achọrọ.[3] A chịkọtara ha ma mepụta ha n'ihe odide na 1939, ma mesịa bipụta ha na 1982 n'aha Akụkọ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke ojii Kentuckians: Ihe Nketa na Omenala Ha . [3][11]

Site na 1947 ruo 1961, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ụlọ ọrụ Washington nke jikọtara pịa Negro. N'afọ 1947 ọ bụ onye otu Senate na Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na 1948 ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya Ụlọ ọcha. N'afọ 1961, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ na Kọmitii Onye isi ala na Ohere Ịha nhata. Site na 1967 ruo 1970 ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Kọmitii Onye isi ala na Ohere Ndị Ntorobịa.

A họpụtara Dunnigan dị ka onye ndụmọdụ agụmakwụkwọ na Kọmitii Onye isi ala na Ohere Ọrụ Ịha nhata na 1961 ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Kọmiti Onye isi ala maka Ohere Ndị Ntorobịa site na 1967 ruo 1970. Dunnigan bụ nwanyị ojii mbụ so na Sineti na Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ (1947), na nwanyị ojii mbụ na-ede akwụkwọ na Ụlọ ọcha na 1948.

Ọrụ

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Dunnigan kọrọ na ndị omeiwu na ege ntị ebe a na-akpọ ndị isi ojii "ndị ojii," ka a machibidoro ikpuchi okwu nke Onye isi ala Dwight D. Eisenhower na ụlọ ihe nkiri naanị ndị ọcha, a naghịkwa ekwe ka ya na ndị nta akụkọ nọrọ iji kpuchie olili ozu sinator Robert A. Taft - ọ kpuchiri ihe omume ahụ site n'oche na ngalaba onye ọrụ ahụ. A maara Dunnigan maka ụdị akụkọ ya na-agbapụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ezere ịza ajụjụ ya siri ike, nke na emetụtakarị okwu agbụrụ.

Ọrụ Dunnigan na nta akụkọ malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, mgbe ọ malitere ide akụkọ otu ahịrịokwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Owensboro Enterprise mpaghara. Ọ gụchara afọ iri dịịrị ndị isi ojii na usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ Russellville kewapụrụ iche, mana ndị mụrụ ya ahụghị uru ọ bụla n'ikwe ka nwa ha nwanyị gaa n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya. Otu onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Sunday tinyere aka, e kwekwara Dunnigan ịga mahadum. Ka ọ na-erule na mahadum, Dunnigan etinyela uche ya n'ịghọ onye nkuzi, wee gụchaa nkuzi na mahadum steeti Kentucky ugbu a. Dunnigan bụ onye nkụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na Kentucky malite na 1924 ruo 1942. Alụmdi na nwunye were afọ anọ na Walter Dickenson nke Ugwu Pisgeh kwụsịrị n'ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1930. Ọ lụrụ Charles Dunnigan, bụ́ enyi ha bụ nwata, na January 8, 1932. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere otu nwa. , Robert William, wee kewaa na 1953..

Dịka onye nkuzi na-eto eto na sistemu ụlọ akwụkwọ Todd County kewapụrụ iche, Dunnigan kuziri nkuzi na akụkọ Kentucky. Ọ matara ngwa ngwa na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ha amataghị onyinye akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị America America na steeti Kentucky. Ọ malitere ịkwadebe "Kentucky Fact Sheets" na-enyefe ha ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbakwunye na ederede achọrọ. E           chịkọta                                        chikota                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ›› an ] akw `` `` ``. Associated Publishers Inc. mechara bipụta akụkọ ndị ahụ na 1982 dị ka Akụkọ Na-atọ ụtọ nke Ndị Kentuckians ojii: Ihe Nketa na Omenala Ha. Obere ụgwọ ọ na-enweta n'ịkụzi manyere ya ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma n'ime ọnwa okpomọkụ, mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-anọghị na nnọkọ. Ọ na-asa nkume ili ndị dị n’ili ndị ọcha ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ awa anọ kwa ụbọchị n’ebe a na-asa mmiri ara ehi, na-ehicha ụlọ maka otu ezinụlọ, na-asakwara ezinụlọ ọzọ aka n’abalị, na-enweta ngụkọta nke ihe dị ka dollar asaa kwa izu.

Oku maka ndị ọrụ gọọmentị pụtara na 1942, Dunnigan kwagara Washington, D.C., n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na-achọ ụgwọ ka mma na ọrụ gọọmentị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị etiti site na 1942 ruo 1946, wee were otu afọ nkuzi abalị na Mahadum Howard. N'afọ 1946, e nyere ya ọrụ ide akwụkwọ maka The Chicago Defender dị ka onye nta akụkọ Washington. Onye na-agbachitere bụ kwa izu nke ndị ojii na-ejighị okwu "Negro" ma ọ bụ "oji" na ibe ya. Kama nke ahụ, a na-akpọ ndị Afrịka Amerịka dị ka "Race" na ndị nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka "ndị ikom na ndị inyom agbụrụ." N'ejighị n'aka na Dunnigan nwere ikike, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Onye agbachitere kwụrụ ya obere ego karịa ndị ogbo ya nwoke ruo mgbe ọ ga-egosipụta uru ya. O ji ọrụ ide ihe gbakwunyere ego ọ na-enweta.

Dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ maka ọrụ akụkọ Associated Negro Press, Dunnigan chọrọ nzere ndị nta akụkọ iji kpuchie Congress na Senate. Kọmiti na-ahụ maka ndị nta akụkọ (ndị nta akụkọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Congress) jụrụ arịrịọ ya n'ihi na ọ na-ede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, na ndị nta akụkọ na-ekpuchi US Capitol na-achọ ka ha dee maka mbipụta kwa ụbọchị. Otú ọ dị, ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị, e nyere ya ikike nke akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ Afrika-Amerịka iji nweta nzere ntozu. N'afọ 1947, a kpọrọ ya onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Associate Negro Press, ọnọdụ ọ nọrọ afọ 14.

Na 1948 Dunnigan bụ otu n'ime ndị Afrịka atọ na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nọ n'òtù ndị nta akụkọ na-esochi mkpọsa nke President Harry S. Truman nke Western, na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ya iji mee ya. N'afọ ahụ kwa, ọ ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ nwanyị Amerịka-Amerịka nke mbụ na White House, ma bụrụkwa nwanyị ojii mbụ a họpụtara na Women's National Press Club. Mkpakọrịta ya na nke a na òtù ndị ọzọ nyere ya ohere ịga njem dị ukwuu na United States na Canada, Israel, South Amerịka, Afrịka, Mexico, na Caribbean. Onye isi ala Haiti François Duvalier kwanyere ya ugwu maka akụkọ ya gbasara Haiti.

Ihe oyiyi nke nwanyị Africa America mbụ a nabatara na White House press corps

N'ime afọ ya na-ekpuchi White House, Dunnigan tara ahụhụ ọtụtụ n'ime mkparị agbụrụ nke oge ahụ, ma nwetakwara aha dị ka onye nta akụkọ siri ike. E gbochiri ya ịbanye n'ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ iji kpuchie Onye isi ala Eisenhower, ma soro ndị ohu ya nọkọọ iji kpuchie olili ozu Senator Taft. Mgbe ọ gara ọrụ nke White House, o hiere ụzọ dị ka nwunye onye ọbịa ọbịa; ọ dịghị onye nwere ike iche n'echiche nwanyị ojii na-aga emume dị otú ahụ n'onwe ya. N'oge ọchịchị abụọ nke Eisenhower, onye isi ala malitere ibu ụzọ ghara ịkpọ ya ma mesịa jụọ ya ajụjụ tupu oge eruo n'ihi na a ma na ọ na-ajụ ajụjụ ndị siri ike, na-emekarị banyere agbụrụ. Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ so n'òtù ndị nta akụkọ a chọrọ ka ha nyefee ajụjụ ha tupu e nwee ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ, Dunnigan jụrụ. Mgbe Kennedy wetara n'ọkwa, ọ nabatara ajụjụ siri ike Dunnigan wee zaa ha n'ezoghị ọnụ.

Na 1960 Dunnigan hapụrụ oche ya na veranda ndị nta akụkọ ka ọ were ọnọdụ na mkpọsa Lyndon B. Johnson maka nhọpụta Democratic. John F. Kennedy meriri nhọpụta ahụ, mana ọ họọrọ Johnson ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ ya wee kpọọ Dunnigan onye ndụmọdụ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ nke Kọmitii Onye isi ala na ohere nha nhata. Ọ nọgidere na kọmitii ahụ ruo 1965. N'agbata 1966 na 1967 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ọkachamara ozi maka Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na mgbe ahụ dị ka onye na-enyere aka nchịkọta akụkọ maka Onye isi oche Council of Youth Opportunity. Mgbe Richard M. Nixon weghaara onye isi ala na 1968, Dunnigan, yana ndị ọchịchị Democratic ndị ọzọ, chọtara onwe ha na-apụ na White House ka ha nwee ohere maka otu Nixon's Republican.

Mgbe ụbọchị White House gasịrị, Dunnigan laghachiri ide ihe, oge a banyere onwe ya. Akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Ahụmahụ Nwanyị Nwanyị: Site na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ruo White House, ka e bipụtara na 1974. Dị ka aha ya na-egosi, akwụkwọ ahụ bụ nyocha nke ndụ Dunnigan site na nwata ya na Kentucky ruo n'ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya ma na-ekpuchi White House na n'ime ya. . E wepụtara mbipụta akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1974 ọhụrụ n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2015. Nke a bụ aha ya bụ Alone Atop of the Hill: The Autobiography of Alice Dunnigan, Pioneer of the National Black Press [12] N'oge ezumike nka ya, o dekwara akụkọ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke ndị Black Kentuckians na 1982. [13]

N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ọrụ ya na gọọmentị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Dunnigan nwere obi ụtọ maka ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ma nweta ihe nrite akwụkwọ akụkọ 50. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa afọ ischemic na May 6, 1983, na Washington, D.C.[12]

Ihe Nketa

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A kpọbatara Dunnigan n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị Black Journalist na 1985 afọ abụọ ka ọ nwụsịrị. [12]

Ihe oyiyi ọla nchara buru ibu bụ akụkụ nke Alice Dunnigan Memorial Park na Russellville, Kentucky.[14] Onye na-ese ihe bụ Amanda Matthews mepụtara ihe ncheta ọla nchara ahụ ma kpụọ ya na Prometheus Foundry, LLC. A kpughere ihe oyiyi ahụ na Newseum na Septemba 21, 2018. Mgbe a na-asọpụrụ ya n'ebe ahụ maka ọtụtụ oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2018, a kwagara ya na Kentucky.[15] Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na Mahadum Kentucky, wee bugharịa ya ọzọ ka egosipụta ya na Ọbá akwụkwọ Onye isi ala Truman na Independence, Missouri..[16] N'August 2019, ihe ncheta Dunnigan mere ụzọ ụlọ ya na Russelville ebe o bi na Alice Dunnigan Memorial Park aha ya bụ. E kpughere ya ọzọ n'oge ememe nke gụnyere ụmụ Alice Allison Dunnigan.[3] Ogige Ncheta Alice Dunnigan dị na Russellville Historic District ma bụrụ akụkụ nke West Kentucky Ebe Afrịka Amerikan Heritage Center . [17]

N'afọ 2022, Òtù Ndị nta akụkọ nke White House mepụtara Dunnigan-Payne Lifetime Achievement Award iji cheta Dunnigan na onye nta akụkọ White House Ethel Payne, ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụọ mbụ na Ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi White House.[18][6]

N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2023, White House kpọrọ ụlọ ntuziaka ya Dunnigan-Payne iji sọpụrụ Alice Dunnigan na Ethel Payne, ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụọ mbụ nọ na Ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi White House.[18]

Akwụkwọ

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  • Akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke Black Kentuckians (Associated Publishers, 1982)
  • Ahụmahụ Nwaanyị Ojii: Site n'Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ruo White House, (Dorrance, 1974)
  • Ajụjụ ọnụ na Alice Dunnigan, (Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, 1979)
  • "Alice Allison Dunnigan," www.goddesscafe.com/FEMJOUR/dunnigan.html Writing for Social Change: Women Journalists, a project for young girls, Goddess Café
  • "Alice Allison Dunnigan," Great Black Kentuckians, Kentucky Commission on Human RightsKọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Kentucky
  • Biography File nke Fisk University Library, Nashville, Tennessee
  • Akwụkwọ nke Alice A. Dunnigan, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C.
  • Alone Atop the Hill, Alice Allison Dunnigan, University of Georgia Press (2015).

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ Carraco, p. 53.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 James, p. 183.
  3. ↑ Black History Month Spotlight: Alice Allison Dunnigan (en-GB). Impact Magazine (2022-10-27). Retrieved on 2022-11-26.
  4. ↑ Waymarking (accessed April 28, 2009).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kleber, p. 274.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "First two Black women in White House press corps honored with lifetime achievement awards", CBS News, 2022-03-29. Retrieved on 2022-05-01. (in en-US) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ Dunnigan (2015). Alone atop the Hill: The Autobiography of Alice Dunnigan, Pioneer of the National Black Press (in en). University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4860-5. 
  8. ↑ Streitmatter, p. 108.
  9. ↑ Talbott. Alice Allison Dunnigan (en). ExploreKYHistory. Retrieved on 2020-11-18.
  10. ↑ Carraco, p. 54.
  11. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WIK
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Meet the first two African American women in the White House press corps", Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved on March 5, 2017. (in en) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Columbia Journalism Review" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Robinson (2018-09-22). Alice Allison Dunnigan (1906-1983) (en-US). Retrieved on 2020-04-19.
  14. ↑ Gilliam. Black journalist Alice Allison Dunnigan is an inspiration to female journalists like me (en-US). USA TODAY. Retrieved on 2022-11-26.
  15. ↑ Zraick. "Alice Dunnigan, First Black Woman to Cover White House, Will Get Statue at Newseum", The New York Times, 2018-08-23. Retrieved on 2020-04-19. (in en-US)
  16. ↑ Vandiver. 'Where she belongs': Alice Dunnigan statue now in permanent Russellville location (en). The Kentucky Kernel. Retrieved on 2020-04-19.
  17. ↑ News Democrat Leader | Dunnigan to be honored with bronze statue. Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved on 2016-11-05.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Press Briefing by Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre and NSC Coordinator for Strategic Communications John Kirby, November 30, 2023.

Edensibia

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Templeeti:Kentucky Women Remembered

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