Asụsụ Duala
Templeeti:Languages of Cameroon
| obere ụdị nke | Sawabantu  |
|---|---|
| mba/obodo | Kameroon |
| ụmụ amaala ka | Littoral, West, South |
| ụdị asụsụ | subject–verb–object |
| usoro ederede | Latin script |
| Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue | 3 Nkwukọrịta sara mbara |
| Koodu asụsụ Wikimedia | dua |
Templeeti:Narrow Bantu languagesDuala (Duala: ɓwambo ba duālā; a na-akpọkwa Douala, Diwala, Dwela, Dualla na Dwala) bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ ndị Duala Ndị Mungo nke Cameroon na-asụ. Douala sitere n'Ezinụlọ asụsụ Bantu, n'otu obere ìgwè a na-akpọ Sawabantu. Ọ bụ asụsụ ụdaolu nwere usoro okwu isiokwu-okwu-ihe. Maho (2009) na-emeso Douala dị ka ụyọkọ asụsụ ise: Douala n'onwe ya, Bodiman, Oli (Ewodi, Wuri), Pongo na Mongo. Ọ na-ekwukwa okwu a na-akpọ Jo nke dabeere na Douala.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mmalite nke Duala sitere [1] mbata nke ndị Duala n'oge narị afọ nke iri na isii site na Osimiri Congo gaa n'akụkụ osimiri nke ndịda Cameroon. [2] bụ ezie na ọ bụ asụsụ Bantu, Guthrie na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ka nwere ihe dị ka 14% nke mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Bantu.
Alfred Saker, onye ozi ala ọzọ na ọkà mmụta asụsụ Ndị Britain, dechara nsụgharị mbụ nke Bible na Duala na 1870. Mgbe ndị Germany weghaara Cameroon [1] 1885, ndị Basel Mission kwalitere Duala dị ka Asụsụ a na-asụkarị na ndịda Cameroon na nkwado nke ndị ọchịchị Germany. Karịsịa, Julius von Soden, Gọvanọ nke Cameroon na 1880s, kwadoro Duala dị ka asụsụ a ma ama na mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwenyesiri ike na German kwesịrị ịbụ asụsụ ntụziaka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi. [3]'afọ 1903, ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Basel malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa nke akpọrọ Mulée Ngéa . [1]
Ndị ozi ala ọzọ lekwasịrị anya n'iji Duala mee ihe n'ógbè ndị na-adịghị asụ ya n'ala, ndị ọrụ ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ lere ya anya dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ, n'ihi na ha na-atụ egwu na omume ahụ ga-eduga na Esemokwu agbụrụ site n'ibuli Duala ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ a ma ama. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị ozi ala ọzọ na-ejikwa Duala eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha, ọ na-esiri ndị Cameroon ike ịghọ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ ma nweta azụmahịa, nkuzi, ma ọ bụ ọkwa gọọmentị n'amaghị asụsụ ahụ. Nke a mere ka egwu ndị ọrụ Germany na-atụ maka agbụrụ Duala na-enweta ike dị ukwuu. Ya mere, mgbe ọ ghọrọ Gọvanọ nke Cameroon, Jesko von Puttkamer kpebiri ịkwụsị Duala na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ, dị ka Ewe na Togoland, ma kwalite German na mpaghara ahụ kama. Puttkamer boro ndị ozi ala ọzọ Protestant ụta maka enweghị asụsụ German na Cameroon, ma manye ha ka ha kwụsị iji Duala na ụlọ akwụkwọ ha na nkwukọrịta gọọmentị. [4]'afọ 1897, ọ malitere ịmanye ha ka ha gbanwee gaa na German, ma mesịa too ndị ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik nọ n'ókèala ahụ maka iji German.
N'afọ 1910, Gọvanọ Theodor Seitz wepụtara iwu na-eguzobe nchịkwa gọọmentị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị na mpaghara ahụ, gụnyere ndị ndị ozi ala ọzọ na-achị. Iwu ahụ mere ka o doo anya iji asụsụ German mee ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma machibido iji asụsụ ndị ọzọ niile dị na Europe. [5] na-egbochi ndị ozi ala ọzọ iji Duala eme ihe n'ala ọdịnala nke ndị Duala iji gbochie mgbasa nke asụsụ ahụ, dịka gọọmentị Germany chọrọ igbochi nkwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị otu mpaghara ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe.
Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, Njikọ Mba nyere iwu ka ọwụwa anyanwụ Cameroon gaa France ma nye iwu ka ọ bụrụ ọdịda anyanwụ Cameroon na United Kingdom. Gọọmentị France nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị French ka a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1920. Ndị Britain kwere ka ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ jiri Duala mee ihe, mana ụlọ akwụkwọ Bekee ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ihi mmetụta gọọmentị na-achị ala na enweghị ihe edere ede na Duala. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1950, nke a pụtara na ndị Cameroon na-eji Bekee dị ka asụsụ nkuzi na Duala dị ka asụsụ "chọọchị", ọbụlagodi na Duala abụghị asụsụ nne ha. [6]'ime afọ 1960 na 1970, ka Cameroon nwetara nnwere onwe, a nọgidere na-eji Duala eme ihe naanị n'okpukpe na n'ụzọ nkịtị, ka ndị ozi ala ọzọ nọgidere na'iji ya ma mepụta ederede Duala maka iji okpukpe eme ihe.
Ojiji Ọ na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe omume mahadum na Yaoundé na Douala, yana ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na-enye klas na Duala na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ahụ. A na-ejikwa Duala mee ihe n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ dị ka ụzọ isi nye ntụziaka praịmarị iji mee ka nghọta dị mfe. Ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Dan Broadcasting System na-agbasa mmemme na Duala. Otú [7] dị, a chọpụtala na mgbalị iwebata Duala na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ enwetawo mmegide ụfọdụ site n'aka ndị obodo ahụ, ebe ha anaghị ele ya anya dị ka ihe bara uru maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
Omenala a ma ama
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][8] Soul Makossa, yana egwu pop nke kwughachiri okwu ya, mere ka okwu Duala maka " (M) ịgba egwu", "makossa" bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'ụwa niile. A na-abụ abụ Alane nke onye na-ese ihe Wes Madiko na Duala ma ruo n'ọnọdụ 1 na ọ dịkarịa ala mba 10 na Europe.
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | ||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | |
| voiced | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | |||
| prenasal vl. | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | |||
| prenasal vd. | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | ||
| Fricative | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | |||
| Approximant | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | Templeeti:IPA link | |||
[9] na-anụ ụda /b, d, mb, nd/ dị ka ihe na-egosi [ɓ, ɗ], [mɓ, nɗ] mgbe tupu ụdaume /i, u/.
[10] na-anụ [r] dị ka ụdị /l/ na okwu ndị a gbazitere.
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]| Nnukwu mkpụrụedemede | A | B | Ọ bụ ihe efu | C | D | Ɗ | E | Ọ bụ | F | G | H | M | J | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | Ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmadụ ghara ịdị | O | Ọ bụ | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akara dị ala | a | b | ɓ | c | d | ka | na | Ọ bụ | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ŋ | ɲ | o | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | na | z |
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Duala - akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu German]
- Paul Helmlinger, Dictionnaire duala-français, sochiri okwu French-duala. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Duala - akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu French]
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Duala - German - French - English dictionary. Okwu mbido na-enyocha ref. 1 n'elu dị ka mkpirikpi, mana ọ dị mma, ebe ref. 2 nwere akara ụda na-efu efu na nke na-ezighị ezi.]
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [A grammar nke Duala.]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Obolo bụ aha ụmụ amaala nke obodo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Delta nke Osimiri Niger, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Andoni (mmalite
| National libraries | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Duala, Omniglot
- DUALA SUN: asụsụ na ọdịbendị
- Ya Jokwa Duala (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị mkpirikpi nke French - Duala)
- Asụsụ Duala
- Wiktionnaire, French - duala lemmas
- Map nke asụsụ Duala site na ọrụ LL-Map
- Ihe nkiri Ndị Kraịst na Douala (vidiyo)
- Ebe a na-anọ amụ ihe
- Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke asụsụ ndị ka nta
- Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Cameroon
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Appiah (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Fage (2013). A History of Africa., 4th, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781317797272.
- ↑ Gérard (1986). European-language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Akadémiai Kiadó, 621.
- ↑ Orosz (2008). Religious Conflict and the Evolution of Language Policy in German and French Cameroon, 1885-1939. Peter Lang. ISBN 9780820479095.
- ↑ Gwanfogbe (30 April 2018). Changing Regimes and Educational Development in Cameroon. Spears Media Press, 27–33. ISBN 9781942876236.
- ↑ Robinson (31 July 2013). Language Use in Rural Development: An African Perspective. De Gruyter, 114–117. ISBN 9783110869040.
- ↑ Jones (2015). Policy and planning for endangered languages. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107099227.
- ↑ TRANS Nr. 13: George Echu (Yaounde): Multilingualism as a Resource: the Lexical Appropriation of Cameroon Indigenous Languages by English and French. Inst.at. Retrieved on 2017-07-06.
- ↑ Paulian (1971). Esquisse phonologique du duala (République Fédérale du Cameroun). In Jacquot, André and Paulian, Christiane and Roulon-Doko, Paulette and Moñino, Yves (eds.), Etudes bantoues I: Paris: Société des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France (SELAF), 53-88.
- ↑ Helmlinger (1972)