Asụsụ Hadza
| Hadza | |
|---|---|
| Hazane | |
| A mụrụ ya | Tanzania |
| Ógbè | Mpaghara Singida, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi, ogige ndịda na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ; Mpaghara Manyara, Mpaghara Iramba na Mbulu; Mpagha Shinyanga, Mpagha Masawa. |
| Agbụrụ | 1,200-,300 Hazabee (ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2012) [1] |
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala
|
1,000+ (2012)[1] |
| Koodu asụsụ | |
| ISO 639-3 | hts
|
| Glottolog | hadz1240
|
| ELP | Hadza |
| Akụkọ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ | Hadza[2]
|
 Mgbasa nke asụsụ Hadza (ọcha ojii) na Tanzania
| |
 A na-ahazi Hadza dị ka Vulnerable site na UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas nke Asụsụ Ụwa Na-anọ n'Ihe Iche Ndụ | |
Hadza bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ihe dị ka 1,000 Ndị Hadza na-asụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi na Tanzania, ndị gụnyere ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta oge niile n'Africa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime naanị asụsụ atọ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ụdaume pịa. [3]'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ ya, iji asụsụ eme ihe siri ike, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka na-amụta ya, mana UNESCO na-ekewa asụsụ ahụ dị ka nke na-adịghị ike.
Aha ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hadza na-eji ọtụtụ aha n'akwụkwọ. Hadza n'onwe ya pụtara "mmadụ." Hazabee bụ otutu, na Hazaphii pụtara "ha bụ ụmụ nwoke". Hatza na Hatsa bụ mkpụrụedemede German ochie. A na-akọwa asụsụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Hazane, "nke Hadza". [citation needed]
Tindiga is from Swahili watindiga "people of the marsh grass" (from the large spring in Mangola) and kitindiga (their language). Kindiga is apparently a form of the same from one of the local Bantu languages, presumably Isanzu.Templeeti:Cn[citation needed] Kangeju (pronounced Kangeyu) is an obsolete German name of unclear origin. Wahi (pronounced Vahi) is the German spelling of the Sukuma name for either the Hadza west of the lake, or perhaps a Sukuma clan that traces its ancestry to the Hadza.[Tinye edensibịa]
Nchịkọta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hadza is a language isolate[4] (Starostin 2013). It was once classified by many linguists as a Khoisan language, along with its neighbour Sandawe, primarily because they both have click consonants. However, Hadza has very few proposed cognates with either Sandawe or the other putative Khoisan languages, and many of the ones that have been proposed appear doubtful. The links with Sandawe, for example, are Cushitic loan words, whereas the links with southern Africa are so few and so short (usually single consonant–vowel syllables) that they are most likely coincidental. A few words link it with Oropom, which may itself be spurious; the numerals itchâme /it͡ʃʰaame/ "one" and piye /pie/ "two" suggest a connection with Kwʼadza, an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)[Tinye edensibịa]
Enweghị olumba, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ okwu mpaghara, ọkachasị ego ndị Bantu, nke dị ọtụtụ na mpaghara ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ abụọ dị elu. [citation needed]
A na-egosi asụsụ ahụ dị ka "ihe na-eyi egwu" na Ethnologue . [5]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede Hadza na-ejedebe na CV, ma ọ bụ CVN ma ọ bụrụ na a na enyocha ụdaume imi dị ka coda imi. Mkpụrụ okwu mbido ụdaume anaghị apụta na mbụ, na etiti ha nwere ike ịbụ /hV / - ọ dịkarịa ala, ọ dịghị obere abụọ nke /h / vs efu a maara. [citation needed]
A maara Hadza maka inwe ọkpụkpụ etiti (ọkpụkpụ n'ime morphemes). A na-ahụkwa nkesa a na asụsụ Sandawe na Asụsụ Nguni Bantu, mana ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Khoisan nke ndị Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị nwere ike ike ịpụta n'iche ihe mere eme site na ị na-egosi mbụ mbụ (ọtụtụ na-egosi na ha na- ụbụrụ reduplication lexicalised, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ na-esite na prefixes), mana ndị ọzọ bụ prefixes. opaque. Dị ka ọ dị na Sandawe, ọtụtụ n'ime mgbasa ozi ndị dị n'etiti bụ glottalized, Minca ọ bụghị ha niile: puche 'mkpịsị aka', tanche 'ịtụ anya', tacce 'mkpetụ egbugbere ọnụ mmadụ', laqo 'ịkwama mmadụ. ', sekhe-na 'slow', penqhenqhe ~ peqeqhe 'ịgba ọsọ', haq-ko 'nkume anya', ex 'ige ntĩ naxhi 'ịgbetụ", khaxxe binxo 'ị 'ịkwaga', 'ịkwagi', 'ịgbatịgbatịrị ọnụ'. [citation needed]
Ụda
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Enweghị ụda okwu ma ọ bụ ụda olu egosila maka Hadza. Enweghị ụdị okwu ole na ole a maara ma ọ bụ ojiji ụtọ asụsụ nke nrụgide / ụda. [citation needed]
Mkpụrụedemede
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hadza nwere ikeume ise, [i [i e a o u]]. esereseedemede ogologo nwere ike ịpụta mgbe e wepụrụ intervocalic [ɦ]. ለምሳሌ, [kʰaɦa] ma ọ bụ [kʰaː] 'ịgbago', mana okwu ụfọdụ gosiri [ɦ], dị ka [boːko] 'ya' vs [boko] 'ịrịa'. A na-eme ka ndịume niile bụ́ nke a na-eme n'ihu ụkwụume na ụkwụume, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-adịgasị iche ma ha na-anụ ha dị ka ụkwụ imi ma ọ bụ dị ka usoro VN. Coreedemede imi na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị ihe a na-egosi, na- sere, ọ bụgodị na ọ bụghị n'ihu ekiri ndị nwere ike ebe ike iji. N'ịbụ ndị dị otú ahụ, [CañCV] na [CVNCV] bụ allophones, mana ebe ọ bụ na VN akara ike ịpụta na njedebe nke okwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu ụkwụ glottal, ebe a na-ahụ naanị ụfọdụ imi, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ibuume imi bụ allophonic na VN na ọnọdụ niile. [citation needed]
Mkpụrụ okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Consonants n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndo na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego ma ọ bụ bụ usoro NC, nke na-apụtaghị na ọ bụ otu akụkụ mana edepụtara ebe a iji gosi usoro nka. (Enweghị ihe atụ bụ imi-pịa usoro n'etiti okwu: aspirated nch, nqh, nxh na tenuis ngc, ngq, ngx.)
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Ezé~alveolar | Postalveolar~palatalire ụtọ | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| etiti | n'akụkụ | etiti | n'akụkụ | ala dị larịị | egbugbere ọnụ | ||||
| Pịa | Ndị a chọrọ | __ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||||
| Tenuis | __ibo__ NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọAkụkụ nke ahụ bụỌdịdị | ||||||
| Ụgbọ imi | ([[[[[[[[kastilla simi]]]]]]]]) 1 |
__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ na-agụNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị | |||||
| Akpụkpọ ahụ na-agbapụta n'imi1 | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ ỌdịdịIhe omuma di icheỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Iri na itooluỌdịdị | ||||||
| Kwụsị | Ndị a chọrọ | NkọwaAkwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị | th'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akụrụngwa__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na__ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | ||||
| Tenuis | p'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú aNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ t'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdị | k'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | kw'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị | NkọwaN'ihi yaỌdịdị | ||||
| kwuru okwu | b b b bAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | __ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | ɡọ a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | ɡw a na-akpọ "Oké Anyanwụ"N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||||
| Ihe E Mere Eme | 2__ibo__ pʼ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ | ||||||||
| Mgbalị a na-achọ tupu ịlụ ditupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | N'ime oge__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ ole na oleIhe omuma aỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na__ibo____ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | ||||||
| Tenuis tupu amụọ ya | __ibo__ mp'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | nt'ihi yaNkọwaỌdịdị | Ihe eji eme iheN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ŋkw a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọỌdịdị | |||||
| Ụgbọ imi | __ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị | n'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ ŋ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ ŋw'ihi na ọ bụ n'afọ ndị ọzọ ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụỌdịdị | ||||
| Africate | Ndị a chọrọ | __ibo____ibo__ N'ihi ya,__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Akwụkwọ NsọỌdịdị | __ibo__ ỌdịdịỊna-ekwuỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 3 | |||||
| Tenuis | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ ỊnọỌdịdị n'anya | 3'ihi ya, ọ na-agụnye | ||||||
| Nkwupụta | __ibo__ ỌdịdịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Nke a bụ nke a na-akpọ__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdị | |||||||
| Ihe E Mere Eme | __ibo__ Ịnọ__ibo__ Ọdịdị n'anya | __ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo__ Ihe omuma aỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 3 | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị 4 | __ibo__ ỌdịdịN'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụỌdịdị | ||||
| Mgbalị a na-achọ tupu ịlụ di | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||||||
| Tenuis tupu amụọ ya | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | |||||||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | F.'afọ ndị ọzọ__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị | SINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Asụsụ ɬ n'OtuIhe omuma aỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | (Templeeti:IPA link Templeeti:Angbr)6 | ||||
| Ihe atụ | __ibo____ibo__ <span about="#mwt175" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"l"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAf4" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">l="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"ɾ"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAf0" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ɾ'ihi ya, n'ihi ya | <span about="#mwt17" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"j"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAgI" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">j (Ọ bụ n'afọ iri asaa) | <span about="#mwt17" class="IPA" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA link","href":"./Template:IPA_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"w"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAgg" lang="und-fonipa" typeof="mw:Transclusion">w (nke a na-akpọ) 7 | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'afọ 7 | |||||
- Nchịkọta imi nke Glottalized nasal clicks pụtara ìhè na ụdaume ndị bu ụzọ, mana ọ bụghị n'oge njide nke pịa n'onwe ya, nke na-adịghị ekwu okwu n'ihi mmechi glottal n'otu oge. A na-ahụ egbugbere ọnụ (ma ọ bụ) n'otu okwu mimetic ebe ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na [ŋ].
- A na-ahụ /pʼ/ naanị n'okwu ole na ole.
- Enwere ike ịkpọpụta affricates palatal na mmalite alveolar (/tō/ wdg.), mana nke a anaghị achọ.
- Velar ejective /kʹxʼ/ dịgasị iche n'etiti plosive [kʼ], a central affricate [kʼxʼ], a lateral affricate[kʼʼ], na a fricative [xʼ]. Africates ndị ọzọ dị n'etiti nwere ike ịpụta dị ka fricatives ejective (ya bụ [sʼ], [ʃʼ], [xʷʼ]).
- A na-achọta /l/ dị ka flap [ɾ] n'etiti ụdaume na mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị na okwu ngwa ngwa. <span class="Ala nowrap" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"[l]"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAjI" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">[l] bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na mkpụrụedemede a na-ekwughachi ugboro ugboro (dịka lola, sp. rabbit). [ɺ] pụkwara imezu flap n'akụkụ.
- A maara ụdaolu na-enweghị ụda [x] site na naanị otu okwu, ebe ọ na-agbanwe na /kʰ/.
- [u, i]
- Usoro [7] na-apụta naanị na ọnọdụ mmalite okwu na okwu mgbazinye. Ihe mgbochi ndị a na-ekwupụta na ụdaume imi /ɲ ŋ ŋʷ d ɡ ɡʷ dʒ/ na ikekwe /dz/ (n'azụ gbara ọchịchịrị) yiri ka a gbazitere ha.
Orthography
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Miller na Anyawire chepụtara orthography bara uru. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Hadza anaghị eji orthography a eme ihe, ya mere ọ bara uru dị nta maka nkwurịta okwu na Hadza. Ọ dị nnọọ ka orthographies nke asụsụ ndị agbata obi dị ka Swahili, Isanzu, Iraqw, na Sandawe. A naghị eji apostrophe, nke juru ebe niile na ndegharị na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mmadụ mana na-akpata nsogbu na agụmagụ, anaghị eji usoro ụdaume egosipụta (ya bụ, /beʔe/ e dere ⟨bee⟩, dị ka ọ dị na ⟨Hazabee⟩ /ɦadzabeʔe/ 'the Hadza'), bụ nke ezi ụdaume nke y ma ọ bụ w kewapụrụ (ya bụ, /pie/ 'abụ'' ka e dere ⟨piye⟩), n'agbanyeghị na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, h nwere ike izi ezi, na ejectives na glottalized clicks site gemination. (ewezuga ⟨dl⟩ belatara kama *ddl maka /c𝼆ʼ/). Ejectives na-adabere na consonants ndị a na-ekwu, ⟨bb zz jj dl gg ggw⟩, n'ihi na a na-ahụta ihe ndị a na-abụkarị n'ịgbazinye ego, yabụ na ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị. Tc /tʃ/ na tch /tʃʰ/ dị ka ọ dị na Sandawe, sl /ɬ/ dị ka ọ dị na Iraqw. (Nke a bụ mgbakọ French n'ikpeazụ.) Udaume nasalized / VN rimes bụ ⟨an en na un⟩. Udaume ogologo bụ ⟨â⟩, ma ọ bụ ⟨aha⟩ ebe ha ruru n'ihi elided /ɦ/. Enwere ike iji nnukwu ụda dee syllable tonic, ⟨á⟩, mana anaghị etinye ya akara. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] [citation needed]
Asụsụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Maka ozi ndị ọzọ, lee
Hadza bụ asụsụ na-egosi isi na ahịrịokwu na ahịrị okwu aha. Usoro okwu na agbanwe agbanwe; usoro ndabara bụ VSO, ọ bụ ebe na VOS na ihu SVO bụ ihe a na-amata. Usoro nke onye na egosi, aha, na ike Ịdị iche iche, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na enwe ike ndị. Enwere ọnụọgụ na ikike okike na ike abụọ (maka aha isi) na ngwaa (maka isiokwu).
A na eji reduplication nke ihe mbụ nke okwu, nke na enwekarị ikeume na ụkwụ ogologo, egosi 'naanị' (nke ọnụ ma ọ bụ 'naanị') ma bụrụ ihe a na azụ. -ya- na- egwu na aha na ngwaa, a ofufe iji reduplication mee ka ihe ndị ọzọ pụta ìhè, dị ka mgbaàmà -he- ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ infix.
Aha na nnọchiaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Aha nwere okike (nwoke na enyo) na ọnụ ọgụgụ (otu na ọtụtụ). A na eji eji dị ka ndị a:
| Ogologo oge | pl | |
|---|---|---|
| m | -bii | |
| f | -ko | -anụ ọhịa |
A na-eji ọnụọgụ nọmba eme ihe maka ihe okike, dịka na Hazabee 'the Hadza'. Maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ, otu ụdị bụ transnumeric, dịka na Bekee: Dongoko 'zebra' (ma ọ bụ otu ma ọ bụ otu). Akọ nwoke nwere ike sereta mgbakaume: Xhosabee 'zebras' (ibu dị iche iche), dungubii 'zebra bucks'. Okwu ndị ikwu abụọ na obere olu -nakwe na-ewere -te na m.sg., nke na-achọ akara.
A na-eji nwoke na-egosi eme ihe n'ụzọ ihe atụ, na-eke okwu ụmụ eme ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ha dị gịrịgịrị, na okwu ụmụ eme ihe ụmụ anụmanụ ma ọ na-ahụ na ha dị gburugburu. Mmekọahụ na-egosikwa ihe dị ka osisi ikpe (m) na tubers ha (f), ma ọ bụ osisi berry (f) na mmetụta osisi ha (m). Aha ndị buru ibu na-ọtụtụ n'asụsụ, dị ka ati 'mmiri' (cf. ati 'mmiri ozuzo', atiko 'isi iyi').
Aha ndị a kọrọ maka anụmanụ anwụ anwụ, usoro usoro a. Ịdọrọ uche gaa na zebra anwụ anwụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji ụdị hantayii (nwoke hantayee, otutu (rar) hantayetee na hantayitchii). Nke -si bụ n'ihi na ụdị ndị na-akpata aha, kama ngwaa dị mkpa; anụ ahụ doro anya n'ọtụtụ dị mkpa, mgbe ị na-agwa ihe nwata otu onye okwu: hantatate, hantâte, hantayetate, hantayitchate (na- አምስት -ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị -te ikpeazụ mgbe ị na'agwa naanị ụmụ nwoke okwu; lee n'okpuru maka okwu -ta-, -a-, -eta-, -itcha-).
Mmekọahụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụdị -pe na -pi nke aha ndị a na-ahụkarị n'akwụkwọ anthropological (n'ezie -Phee na -phii) bụ ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ: Dongophee 'ha bụ zebras'. Mgbakwunye ndị na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti okike n'ime mmadụ niile yana clusivity na onye nke mbụ. Ha bụ:
| m.sg. | f.sg. | f.pl. | m.pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.ex | -nee | -neko | 'Ofi | 'uphii' |
| 1.in | -nwa aṅụ | -bibii | ||
| 2 | -tee | -teko | -tetee | -titii |
| 3 | -a | -ako | -Phee | -phii |
Ụdị ndị nwere ụdaume dị elu (i, u) na-ebuli ụdaume dị n'etiti tupu ha elu, dịka -bii na-eme. 3.sg copula na-ada ka w">-ya (ko) ma ọ bụ -wa (ko) mgbe ụdaume dị elu na nke dị n'etiti: /oa, ea/ ≈ [owa, eja], na transcriptions na w na y bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akwụkwọ.
Aha nnọchiaha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị nnọchiaha onwe onye na ndị na-egosi bụ:
| otu | ọtụtụ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masc | nwanyị | nwanyị | masc | ||
| Onye nke mbụ |
pụrụ iche | ya | onoko | Obee | Ubi |
| gụnyere | otu aṅụ | unibii | |||
| Onye nke abụọ | na | Ọnụ ego | ethebee | ithibii | |
| Onye nke atọ |
proximal | hama | hako | habee | habii |
| nyere | bami | bôko | aṅụ | bii | |
| distal | naha | Na-eme ihe nkiri | Nabee | Nabi | |
| Ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya | himiggê | himiggîko | himiggêbee | himiggîbii | |
E nwere ụfọdụ nnọchiaha ndị ọzọ nke onye nke atọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụdị ngwakọta. A na-emepụta adverbs site na ụdị onye nke atọ site na ịgbakwunye locative -na: hamana 'ebe a', beena 'ebe ahụ', naná 'n'elu ebe ahụ', himiggéna 'n'ime / n'azụ ebe ahụ'.
Ngwaa na adjectives
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]infix, ebe V bụ ụdaume na-ekwughachi, na-apụta mgbe nkeji okwu mbụ nke ngwaa gasịrị iji gosipụta ọtụtụ.
A na-ekpuchi iko ahụ n'elu. Hadza nwere ọtụtụ ngwaa enyemaka: usoro ka- na iYa-' ~ ya- 'na mgbe ahụ', akhwa- na-adịghị mma 'ọ bụghị', na subjunctive i-. Mgbanwe ha nwere ike ịbụ nke na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nwee njedebe mgbanwe dị iche iche site na nke ngwaa lexical, [7] nke dị ka ndị a:
| gara aga / na-abụghị nke gara aga |
n'azụ / n'oge gara aga |
ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe |
eziokwu |
imperative/hortative<ubi id="mwA0c"/> | Purpositive (subjunctive) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | -ụya | -naa | -nee | -nikwi | -na | |
| 1.ex | - 'Otu | 'aa | 'ee | 'Ukwuka | -ya | |
| 1.in | -mgbasa ozi | -baa | -anụ ọhịa | -bikwi | (iji 2pl) | -ba |
| 2sg | -tita ~ -ita | -taa | -tee | -tikwi | - 'V' | -ta |
| 2f.pl | - (e) isi | - (e) tii | -mgbe ahụ | -ˆtîkwi | - (ˆ) | |
| 2m.pl | - (i) Tiita | - (i) nwanne nne | -itii | - (ˆ) ma ọ bụrụ na | ||
| 3m.sg | -eya | -nna nwoke | -heso | -kwiso | -ka | -ya mere |
| 3f.sg | -ako | -akwa | -heko | -kwiko | -kota | -ko |
| 3f.pl | -ephee | -ame | -hese | -kwado | -keta | -se |
| 3m.pl | -iphii | -enyi | -hisi | -kwisi | -kitcha | -si |
Ọrụ nke anterior na posterior dị iche n'etiti auxiliaries; na ngwaa lexical, ha abụghị ndị gara aga na ndị gara aga. Ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike na eziokwu na-egosipụta ogo nke ihe doro anya na ihe ga-eme. 1sg.npst --ụya na ụdị abụọ ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ụdaume bu ụzọ dị ogologo. Ụdị 1.ex ma e wezụga -ya na-amalite site na nkwụsị glottal. Impr.sg bụ nkwụsị glottal na-esote ụdaume echo.
Ụdị ndị -ya na-ahụkarị na-ewere -he, nke na-ebelata na ụdaume ogologo, tupu njedebe ndị a. -ya'ime ngwaa ụfọdụ, omenala aghọwo lexicalised (na-egosi ụdị 3.POST na nkwụsị glottal), ya mere omenala n'ezie na-ewe -he nke abụọ. Ụdị ọnọdụ dị iche iche na-eme site na okpukpu abụọ nke njedebe ntụgharị. E nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke a na-arụbeghị.
Njedebe ntụgharị bụ clitics ma nwee ike ịpụta na adverb n'ihu ngwaa, na-ahapụ ogwe aka na-enweghị ihe (mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa gbakwunyere nsonaazụ ihe).
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ógbè ahụ, e nwere naanị adjectives ole na ole na Hadza, dị ka Pakapaa 'nnukwu'. Ọtụtụ ụdị njirimara na-e nsonaazụ na akara ọnụọgụ nwoke na nwanyị: -e (m.sg. na f.pl.) ma ọ bụ -i (f.sg. and m.pl.). Ndị a kwekọrọ na aha ha na-agbanwe. Ụdị -i na-akpali nkwekọrịta ụdaume, nke mere na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, adjective otu-- 'sweet' nwere ụdị ndị a:
| otu | ọtụtụ | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | onê (otu) | unîbii |
| nwanyị | unîko | onêbee |
Enwere ike e/i copula dochie njedebe -kobee/-bii, mana akara akara e / i cross-number gender ka dị.
Ihe ngosi, adjectives, na njirimara ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịpụta tupu ma ọ bụ mgbe aha gasịrị, mana aha na-ewere njedebe nke ọnụọgụ okike ha mgbe ha pụtara na mbụ na ahịrịokwu aha: Ondoshibii unîbii 'mkpụrụ osisi cordia dị ụtọ',__wol____wol____wol__ unîko 'anụ dị ụtọ', mana unîbii ondoshi na unîko mana. N'otu aka ahụ, Dongoko bôko ma bôko Xhosa 'anụ ọhịa bea ndị ahụ'.
A pụkwara ime ka ngwaa bụrụ ihe na-egosi: Duuzîko akwiti 'nwaanyị (akwitiko) na-ekwu okwu', site na dlozo 'ịsị'. A na-eji ụdị njirimara a na copula iji mepụta akụkụ na-aga n'ihu: ቮzênee 'M na-ekwu okwu' (nwoke na-ekwuchitere), 'M na'ekwu okwu'
Ihe akara
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ngwaa nwere ike iwere ihe abụọ, maka ihe kpọmkwem (DO) na ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè (IO). Ndị a dị iche na 1ex na 3sg. A na-ejikwa nsonaazụ IO mee ihe na aha iji gosipụta nnweta (mako-kwa ' ite m', mako-a-kwa 'ọ bụ ite m').
| na-abụ abụ. | ọtụtụ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DO | IO | DO | IO | |
| 1.ex | -kwa | -oba | -ya | |
| 1.in | -ona ~ -yona | |||
| 2m | -ena | -ina | ||
| 2f | -na | |||
| 3m | -a ~ -ya ~ -na | -ma | -itcha | |
| 3f | -ta | -sa | -eta | |
A na-ekwe ka ihe abụọ na-esote naanị ma ọ bụrụ na nke mbụ (DO) bụ onye nke atọ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, DO na-e n'ụdị nsonaazụ njirimara: -e (m.sg. / f.pl.) ma ọ bụ -i (f.sg./m.pl.); naanị ihe gbara ya gburugburu na-agwa njikọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na okike ka a na-ezube. Ihe ndị dị n'otu n'otu na-ebelata n'ụdị a n'otu; 3rd-plural na-agbanwe ụdaume ha mana ha anaghị ejikọta na otu: lee 'dead zebra' n'okpuru aha dị n'elu maka ihe atụ nke ụdị.
Usoro okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]A maghị ihe ndị na-achịkwa usoro okwu n'ime ahịrịokwu aha. Usoro ndị mejupụtara ya na-abụkarị SXVO (ebe X bụ onye enyemaka) maka isiokwu ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwusi ike, na isiokwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu (XSVO, XVSO, na XVOS), ma ọ bụ naanị na a kpọghị ya aha (XVO) ka ọ ka mma. Ebe ihe gbara ya gburugburu, semantics, na nsonaazụ okwu na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, a na-aghọta ngwaa-aha-aha ka ọ bụrụ VSO.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hadza agụghị tupu iwebata Asụsụ Swahili. Nọmba ndị a bụ itchâme 'otu' na Pi 'abụọ'. Sámaka 'atọ' bụ mgbazinye Datooga, ọkpụkpụ 'anọ', bothano 'isi', na Ikhumị 'iri' bụ Sukuma. A na-ejikarị Aso 'ọtụtụ' eme ihe kama bothano maka 'isi'. Enweghị ụzọ a haziri ahazi iji gosipụta nọmba ndị ọzọ na-enweghị iji Swahili.
Dorothea Bleek tụrụ aro na Pi 'abụọ' nwere ike ịnwe isi iyi Bantu; nke kacha nso na mpaghara na Nyaturu -β nombre. (Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ nwere l / r n'etiti ụdaume.) Sands bu ụzọ mata myirịta nke 'otu' na 'abụọ' na Kwʼadza kwuru n'elu.
Aha anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Hadza enwetala nlebara anya [8] maka aha iri na abụọ 'ememe' ma ọ bụ 'mmeri' maka ụmụ anụmanụ nwụrụ anwụ. A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe iji kwupụta igbu ọchụ. Ha bụ (n'otu):
| Anụmanụ | Aha a na-akpọkarị | Aha mmeri |
|---|---|---|
| zebra | dóngoko | hantáyii |
| Anụ ọhịa | zzókwanako | háwayii |
| atụ | naggomako | tíslii |
| agụ owuru | nqe, tcanjai | henqêe |
| ọdụm | séseme | hubuwee |
| eland | khomatiko | hubuwii |
| impala | p(h)óphoko | dlunkúwii |
| wildebeesthartebeest |
bisoko qqeleko |
zzonowii |
| nnukwu antelope ọzọ | hephêe | |
| obere antelope | hingcíyee | |
| Rhinoceros | tlhákate | hukhúwee |
| enyí |
beggáuko wezzáyiko |
kapuláyii |
| Ogwu ogwu |
dláha kwa'i |
hatcháyee |
| Nnụnụ | neeko | nqokhówii |
| nnụnụ | khenangu | hushúwee |
Okwu ndị a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị: enwere ike iji henqêe mee ihe maka nwamba ọ bụla nwere ntụpọ, hushuwee maka nnụnụ ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ. 'Ọdụm' na 'ala' na-eji otu mgbọrọgwụ. chere na nke a nwere ike inwe ihe jikọrọ ya na eland a na-ewere dị ka anwansi na mpaghara ahụ.
Enwere ike iji nsonaazụ IO mee ihe iji zoo aka na onye gburu ya. Jiri hanta- 'zebra' tụnyere ngwaa ndị ọzọ, qhasha 'ibu' na kw- 'inye', n'otu na ọtụtụ: Templeeti:InterlinearTempleeti:Interlinear
Nkọwa banyere asụsụ mmadụ mbụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 2003, ndị nta akụkọ kọrọ aro Alec Knight na Joanna Mountain nke Mahadum Stanford na asụsụ mmadụ mbụ nwere ike ịnwe clicks. Ihe akaebe a na-ekwu maka nke a bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa: ndị na-asụ asụsụ Juá'hoan na Ọhịa nwere DNA mitochondrial kachasị dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ ọ bụla, na-atụ aro na ha bụ ndị mbụ, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'etiti ndị mbụ, ndị dị ndụ kewara n'osisi ezinụlọ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, nkewa atọ bụ isi nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ bụ Hadza, Juń'hoan na ndị ikwu, na onye ọ bụla ọzọ. N'ihi na abụọ n'ime ìgwè atọ ahụ na-asụ asụsụ na-agbanye, ikekwe asụsụ nna nna ha, nke na-egosi na ọ bụ asụsụ nna nna maka ụmụ mmadụ niile, nwekwara clicks.
Otú ọ dị, ma e wezụga nkọwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, nkwubi okwu a dabere na ọtụtụ echiche na-enweghị nkwado:
- Ìgwè abụọ ahụ anọgidewo na-asụ asụsụ ha, n'enweghị Mgbanwe asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha kewapụrụ onwe ha n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ ndị ọzọ.
- Mgbanwe ụda, ihe a na-ahụkarị, emetụtaghị asụsụ ọ bụla ruo n'ókè nke na ụdaume mbụ ya ghọrọ ihe a na'amaghị ama.
- Ọ dịghị otu ìgwè ọ bụla gbaziri clicks dị ka akụkụ nke sprachbund, dị ka asụsụ Bantu Nguni (Zulu, Xhosa wdg) na Yeyi mere; na
- Ma ndị nna nna nke Juʹhoan ma ọ bụ ndị nke Hadza mepụtara clicks n'onwe ha, dị ka ndị okike nke Damin mere.
Enweghị ihe akaebe na nke ọ bụla n'ime echiche ndị a ziri ezi, ma ọ bụ ọbụna o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ. Echiche asụsụ bụ na ụdaume ịpị nwere ike ịbụ mmepe na-egbu oge n'asụsụ mmadụ, na ha anaghịzi eguzogide mgbanwe ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ ihe ncheta asụsụ karịa ụda okwu ndị ọzọ, nakwa na a na-agbaziri ha n'ụzọ dị mfe: ọ dịkarịa ala otu asụsụ Khoisan, a kwenyere na ọ gbaziri ụda ndị sitere n'asụsụ Bantu, nke gbaziri ha n"asụsụ Khoisan, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Akụkọ Knight Mountain bụ nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ime ogologo ahịrị nke ịkọ nkọ banyere mmalite mbụ nke ụdaume pịa, nke echiche ochie na-akpali akpali na ndị mbụ na-asụ asụsụ mbụ, nke na-enweghị nkwado.
N'omenala a ma ama
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- N'akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị nke Peter Watts bụ Blindsight, a na-egosi Hadza dị ka asụsụ mmadụ nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ nna nna nke ndị vampire, [9] na-ezo aka n'echiche a na-agbagha na ịpị dị mma maka ịchụ nta.
Ihe odide
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Skaanes (2015)
- ↑ Glottopedia article on Hadza language.
- ↑ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger.
- ↑ Sands 1998.
- ↑ Hadza. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved on 2017-01-17.
- ↑ Consonants in shaded cells appear only in loanwords or are NC sequences, which do not appear to be single segments but are listed here to illustrate the orthography. (Not illustrated are nasal–click sequences in the middle of words: aspirated nch, nqh, nxh and tenuis ngc, ngq, ngx.)
- ↑ Ya and ka take -ˆto, -tikwa, -ˆte, -ˆti in the 3rd-person posterior rather than -amo, -akwa, -ame, -ami, for example. In lexical verbs, those endings are used with habitual -he- to emphasize it.
- ↑ Parkvall (2006). Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages. Battlebridge Publications. ISBN 9781903292044.
- ↑ Blindsight, with notes at Watts' website
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Elderkin (1978). "Loans in Hadza: internal evidence from consonants". Occasional Papers 3.
- Miller (2013). in Miller: A Hadza Lexicon.
- Pennisi (2004). "The first language?". Science 303 (5662): 1319–1320. DOI:10.1126/science.303.5662.1319. PMID 14988547.
- Sands (2013). in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
- Sands (2013). "Phonetics and phonology", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
- Sands (2013). "Tonology", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
- Sands (2013). "Morphology", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
- Sands (2013). "Syntax", in Vossen: The Khoesan Languages. Oxford: Routledge.
- Sands (2009). "What Click Languages Can and Can't Tell us About Language Origins", in Botha: The Cradle of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199545865.
- Sands (June 1993). "The Phonetic Structures of Hadza". UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 84: 67–88.
- Skaanes (2015). "Notes on Hadza cosmology: Epeme, objects and rituals". Hunter Gatherer Research 1 (2): 247–267. DOI:10.3828/hgr.2015.13.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Hadza na Glottopedia
- Akwụkwọ Hadza
- Ntinye Hadza na Wiktionary
- Ndepụta okwu Hadza na faịlụ ụda.Ladefoged (1991). Hadza. UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved on 2015-12-14.
- Sands (1993). "The phonetic structures of Hadza", Fieldwork studies of targeted languages, UCLA working papers in phonetics, 67–87.
- Edenmyr (2004). "The semantics of Hadza gender assignment: a few notes from the field". Africa & Asia (4): 3–19.
- Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Hadza na Global Lexicostatistical Database