Asụsụ Kordofan
Asụsụ Kordofan bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ ise a na-asụ na Ugwu Nuba nke mpaghara South Kordofan nke Sudan: Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban, Asụsụ Lafofa, Asụsụ Rashad, Asụsụ Katla na Asụsụ Kadu. A na-ewere ìgwè anọ mbụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka alaka nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, ebe a na-ahụkarị Kadu ugbu a dị ka alaka ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1963, Joseph Greenberg gbakwunyere ha n'Ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, na-emepụta atụmatụ Niger-Kordofanian ya. Asụsụ Kordofanian egosighi na ha nwere njikọ dị anya karịa alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo, Otú ọ dị, egosighịkwa na ha bụ otu dị mma. Taa, a na-ewepu Asụsụ Kadu, a na'etinyekarị ndị ọzọ na Niger-Congo n'onwe ya. [citation needed]
Roger Blench na-ekwu na ezinụlọ Talodi na Heiban nwere usoro klas aha nke Atlantic-Congo nke Niger-Congo mana asụsụ Katla abụọ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro dị otú ahụ. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Kadu na ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ Rashad yiri ka ha nwetara klas aha dị ka akụkụ nke Sprachbund kama iketa ha. Blench kwubiri na Talodi na Heiban bụ isi Niger-Congo ebe Katla na Rashad mejupụtara alaka dịpụrụ adịpụ n'akụkụ Mande. [citation needed]
Heiban, Katloid, na Talodi na-agbakọta ọnụ na nyocha kọmputa (ASJP 4) site na Müller et al. (2013). [1] Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emepụta nyocha ahụ na-akpaghị aka, ìgwè ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbazinye okwu ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][2] Heiban, nke a na-akpọkwa Koalib ma ọ bụ Koalib-Moro, na asụsụ Talodi, nke a makwaara dị ka Talodi-Masakin, bụ akụkụ nke otu Talodi-Heiban.
Asụsụ Lafofa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Lafofa (Tegem) bụ nke e kewara na Talodi ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana o yiri ka ọ bụ alaka dị iche nke Niger-Congo.
Asụsụ Rashad
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ Rashad, nke a na-akpọkwa Tegali-Tagoi, dịgasị iche n'etiti nkọwa, site na abụọ (Williams & Blench 2000), atọ (Ethnologue), ruo asatọ (Blench ms). Tagoi nwere usoro aha dị ka asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, nke o doro anya na ọ gbazitere, mana Tegali anaghị.
Asụsụ Katla
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Asụsụ Katla abụọ ahụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro aha aha Niger-Congo.
Asụsụ Kadu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Kemgbe ọrụ Thilo C. Schadeberg na 1981, a na-ahụkarị alaka "Tumtum" ma ọ bụ Kadu dị ka Nilo-Sahara. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe ahụ dị obere, na nhazi nke na-agbaso omenala ga-emeso ya dị ka ezinụlọ kwụụrụ onwe ya.
Ihe owuwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Quint (2020) na-atụ aro na enwere ike iwughachi Proto-Kordofanian site na asụsụ Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, na Lafofa. Ihe owuwu ya na Proto-Kordofanian bụ: [3]
| Nkọwa | Proto-Kordofanian | Talodian | Heibanian | Lafofa | Katloid (Tima) | Rashadian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bark 1 (n.) | *-mVk- | *t-ə-??? | Koalib Mịmùl [alaghemùl] | Mmalite nke Mmbal | ||
| bark 2 (n.) | *k (V) VrE ~ *c (V) ВрE | c-iíri | kúúr | *g-ware | ||
| ịkụ / ịkụ | *-bV- | *-gob- / *kə-bɔ | *-bid̪- | ...biŋ | Orig bí (r) / Pú (ró) | |
| afọ | *-VrVk ~ *-Vk | *j-+-arag / *ca-rək | *g-+-aare | t̪-úur-i | na-akpọ ya | |
| na-ata / na-eri | *-CVk | *-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ | *-ee- | ...jiɛ | * Akụkụ | |
| ọbara | P* (C) iCPV | *ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk | Katla ija ~ iya | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe | ||
| ara | *CVmiC | *j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik | Tima kɨndì | *d-miɲ | ||
| uwe | *kErEC | *k-ɛrɛt̪ | *g-+-ered̪ | Tagoi kɛr (ɛ́) w | ||
| akọrọ | *-OndV | *-afọ d̪o | *-UnDo | *-uddi | ||
| ntị | *kVnV | *g-+-eenu / *k-__hau____hau____hau__ | *g- / n-+-aani | kɔ́.nɔ́ | Tagoi finin, Tegali (a) nuu | |
| enyí | *-VŋV (C) | *d-+-oŋor | yuːŋi | * (fV) ŋVn | ||
| anya | *?+-git | *j-+-igg / *c-it | Katla gɨgöt | *y-ngid | ||
| ụkwụ / ụkwụ | *-AkA (C) | *ts-+-agag | Koalib káakà [káagà] | l-ia-ga | *d-ɛgɛn | |
| ewu | *Em (b) iT | *w-+-emig / *u-mit | Eemi | Ọganihu | *mbɨt | |
| akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ / mmiri | *-iklV ~ *ijlV | *-eigla | b-ʊɒji-lli | Tagoi -ijilú, Tegali -ríge. | ||
| ntutu isi | *kaam ~ *gaam | *d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪ | Tima Kam | *g-aam | ||
| isi | *gaCDP ~ *CPaCDP | *j-+-ats, *c-ac | Gas Katla | *g-aj | ||
| aka ekpe (n'akụkụ) | *-CV- ~ *-CVur- | *-gule / *-gulɛ | *-ihe mgbagwoju anya | kúlɪ | *-awwir | |
| apịtị | *-ElO | Koalib kèlòo | Tima k-ʌ́lu | Mmalite ŋí̧lɔ́́ | ||
| nso | *-Et̪t̪OC | *-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t | Kolibttɔ́k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ́k] | Tima met̪ɛ́n | Tagoi gattɔŋ / nwunye ya | |
| otu | *attV ~ *addV | *-aDDe | Tima atjin | Mmalite nke wàttá | ||
| Mmiri ozuzo | *kaw ~ *kal | *k-abɪk | *g-+-aw | K-I-Y | * (y) na | |
| uhie | *-OrdE | *-oode[4] / *-d̪ɛ | *-Ure | Tima -rdí | *-araw | |
| atụrụ | V*kACVAC | *t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪ | Koalib káaŋàl | βaːŋi | (k) áŋàl | Mmalite nke Kagy |
| anwụrụ ọkụ (n.) | *-uCLVBbV | *g-+-ulu | c-oor-í | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ kʊ̀ | Tagoi k (ə) rək, Tegali tulɛ́ | |
| anyanwụ | N*-VCNV | *j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi | Ø-+*-aŋin | Ihe ndị China na-eme | *-aane | |
| ire | *-d̪Vŋl (V) ~ *-dʁVlVŋ (V) | *d̪-+- (V) lV__hau____hau____hau__ | d̪-+*-ŋela | l-íŋ-i | Ya onwe gị | *d-aŋil (-ag) |
| ịgbọ agbọ | *-UdA ~ *-UwA | -VddV / *uk-dɛ | *-wey- | lwâ-d̪aŋ... Lowa | -Hwʌ̀ | *VdVk |
Isoglosses nke okwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Starostin (2018) depụtara isoglosses ndị a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kordofanian. [5] na-egosipụta njikọ ndị nwere ike ịbụ na bold.
Okwu ntụnyere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke alaka Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, na Lafofa:
Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
| Asụsụ | anya | ntị | imi | ezé | ire | ọnụ | ọbara | ọkpụkpụ | osisi | mmiri | Iri nri | aha |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-Heiban[6] | *ay / g-,j- | *-aani | *-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n- | *-ŋad̪ / li-,j- | *-ŋela; *-iŋla? / D-,d- | *-uuɲu | *-mmeri / ŋ- | *-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) | *-aʹe / gu-,j- (WC) | *-aw / ŋ- | *-id̪d̪- | *-iriɲ / j- |
| Proto-Talodi[7] | *c-it / k- | *k- sasa / 0- | *k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n- | *c-ə-ɲit / k- | * * * *nnukwu / ḷə- | *t-̪ Liver̪ / ḷ- | *ŋ-ɪccʊk | *c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m- | *p-ɪda / k- | *ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ | *ḷə-ɡɔ | *k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ma ọ bụ *...n̪) |
| Proto-Katloid[8] | *g-ɪged̪ | *-Nke a na-eme | *gɪ-lɛd̪ | *-Troad-Troad | *i-ju (u) | *-ʌ-lV- | ||||||
| Tagoi[9] | Yigət / ŋə́gət | fənín / fənédit | Ydir / ŋə́dər | tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən | táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt | kajər / hájɛrət | Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri | kuh / huh | kafɔ́ / hafɔ́ | ŋay | Ohu ya | N'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụ |
| Turjok[[9]] | na-aghọ ndị mmeghe | fəniín / fəníínət | indər / ŋəndər | M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin | taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt | kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr (g) ɔt | Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri | kus / ya | kafɔ / safɔ́ | Isi iyi | pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn | |
| Tagom[9] | Gaddaa / Gaddaa | nu ~ Jọ / Nọ ~ Nọ | ndr̀ / ndr̀re | ɲîn / ɲîne | aŋa / aŋún | ̩ɲjár / (a) ɲjáre | óyá / óyo̍n | uru / urûn | lásɛ | ega | Ohu ya | ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn |
| Tegem[10] | ṭ-ì, China- | ká-ràŋ (ì) / a- | ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ (ì) / k- | l-iаŋ (ì) | k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi | ɲɪ̀ | ṭ-uɔ́m (ì) / m- | kuwö (ì) / bɔɔ (ì) | ɲììì | kɪ́rɪ́k | ku-ruwáŋ / a- | |
| El Amira[10] | lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ | wimu | t-aɲ / k- | Ịnọgide | kiɲ | Isi iyi | tuwam | kwa | Isi iyi | palith |
Ọnụ ọgụgụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: [11]
| Nchịkọta | Asụsụ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Katla | Katla | Akụkọ a na-akpọ | cík | ʌ́t̪ʌ́t. | A na-ahụkarị ya | ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n | ɟɔ́lị | ɟɔ́lɪ́k | t̪ʌŋɡɪ̀l | ɟʌ́lbʌ́n | rak͡pác |
| Katla | Tima | ʌt̪een / at̪ɪn | ihe | ihwʌy | ihʌlʌm | Idulian | ɪntədakwalɔŋ | ɪnt̪atɪŋ Diablo | ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy | int̪ʌhʌdʌkun | ihedʌkún |
| Rashad | Tagoi (Orig) | -wàttá / ùttá | jiekkók | Mọlitha | wàrʊ̀m | Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ | ɲérérér | ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́ | Tuppá | kʊ́mnàsá (n) | kʊ́mán |
| Rashad | Tegali | m̪t̪a | rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ | d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a | aːrəm | Ọchịchọ | ɲe | ʊmmərkʊ | __ibo__ Ọdịdị | N'oge a na-adịghị anya | N'oge a na-adịghị anya |
| Heiban | Warnang (Werni/Wernang) | Asụsụ | ŋèrccáccény | ŋèrráttén | ŋelàmlàŋ | ŋera ŋo'or | ŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋoʹoʹor (5+1?) | ŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) | ŋelamlaa Мәсих (4 x 2 ?) | ŋera ŋoʹor wanoe (1- ?) | kiccukurrɐ |
| Heiban | Moro | ɡónto | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a mara ya | marlọn | ðénə́ŋ | ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) | ðénə́́́́ŋ ቛንቋ (5+ 2) | ðénə́́́́ŋ Xinghezi (5+ 3) | ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) | Nri nri |
| Heiban | Ịdọrọ | Mkpụrụ osisi | __ibo__ Ọdịdị | __ibo__ Akụkụ nke afọ | Maɬʊ̀ | ðɛ́nɛ́ | Shiazùzùzụ́ (3+3) | __ibo__ Maɬɪɪ́n (4+3) | Ọbːɔ́ | ðɛ́nɛ́ n̪maɬʊ̀ (5+4) | ʊ́rːɪ̀ |
| Heiban | Laro | kwɛ̀tɛ̀ | rɔ́m | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | Onye Kraịst | tʊ̀dìní | ɲə̀rlə̀l | kwɔ̀ɾátəɾìl (4+3) | ɗúbə̀ | __ibo__ Onye Kraịst nke ukwuu (5+ 4) | di |
| Heiban | Otoro | Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ | kútèn | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | Ọ na-aga n'ihu | t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ | Isiokwu | __ibo__ Ihe osise (4+3) | Dubə | t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ́ɔŋ (5+ 4) | Oge: |
| Heiban | Koalib (1) | kweta:ɛ | kwi na-acha | Nkọwapụta | Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri | tuðní | шalanụ | Kunəð huduβə | Yenuβaβuŋa | Kunəðɗi | n'ebe ahụ |
| Heiban | Koalib (2) | -ɛ́t̪tɛ̀ | -Ike a na-akpọ | Akwụkwọ edemede | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ | ruo mgbe | ɲerlel | Ọdịdị | ɗòvɔ́kkwóppà | kwúnɐttùrrí | rúi |
| Talodi | Dagik | j-ɜlːʊ | j-ɛːa | j-nchekwa:nchekwa | na-adị | si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː otu aka) | na-j-ɜːlʊ (5 + 1) | na j-ɛːa (5 + 2) | na j-ɜt̪ːɜkʹ (5 + 3) | na bīandɔ (5 + 4) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ |
| Talodi | Onye na-agba ọsọ | bulluk | na-agụ | wʌt̪t̪ʌk | na-adị | лиrɡuŋ zulluk (n'ụzọ nkịtị: 'otu aka') | лиrɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ "Lyrnuŋ Zulluk" (5 + 2) | лиrɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) | N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n"ụlọ mkpọrọ ka a na-akpọ zulluk (5 + 4) | ɡurruŋ |
| Talodi | Lumun | cʊ́kʊ̂ | Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akpọ | __ibo__ m̀bụrụ | Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'afọ | mʊ́ɣʊ́k | __ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị | M̀̀̀̀ bụ otú ahụ? | mámɔ́ɾmɔ́ɾ (2 x 4)? | mʊ́ɣʊ́llájɔ̀n (5 + 4) | [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] |
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]gụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett & Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke Benue-Congo kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain
- ↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela.
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008.
- ↑ Quint, Nicolas (2020).
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.
- ↑ Starostin, George.
- ↑ Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981.
- ↑ Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki.
- ↑ Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press).
- 1 2 3 Schadeberg, Thilo.
- 1 2 Blench, Roger.
- ↑ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
Akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Herman Bell 1995. Ugwu Nuba: Ònye kwuru Gịnị na 1976? (njikọ ihe ndekọ). Ịbụ ọmụmụ nke nsonaazụ e bipụtara site na nnukwu ọrụ nke Institute of African and Asian Studies: The Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains.
- Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. Kordofanian ọ bụ otu ìgwè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ebee ka asụsụ ya dabara na Niger-Congo?
- Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. Kordofanian na Niger-Congo: ihe akaebe ọhụrụ na nke e degharịrị edegharị.
- Roger Blench, 2011, Kpọọrọ Kordofaani nkewa?Kordofaani kwesịrị kewaa?, Nzukọ Nuba Hills, Leiden
- P. A. na D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. "Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba." Sudan Notes and Records 14: 149-162.
- Carl Meinhof 1915-1919. "Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan". Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 9-9. "1. Tagoy. 6: 164-161. "2. Tumale". 6:182-205. "11. Tegele" 7:110-131. "12. Rashad. 7:132.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981a. Nnyocha nke Kordofanian. SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981b. "Das Kordofanische". Die Sprachen Afrikas. Ìgwè 1: Niger-Kordofanisch, de. site na Bernd Heine, T. C. Schadeberg, Ekkehard Wolff, peeji nke 117-28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
- Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981c. "Nchịkọta nke otu asụsụ Kadugli". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] site na T. C. Schadeberg na M. Lionel Bender, peeji nke 291-305. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
- Brenda Z. Seligmann 1910-11. "Ihe odide banyere asụsụ nke Nubas nke Southern Kordofan." Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen 1:167-188.
- Roland C. Stevenson 1956-57. "Nnyocha nke ụdaolu na nhazi ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Ugwu Nuba, na-ezo aka na Otoro, Katcha, na Nyimang." Afrika na Übersee 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
- Tucker, A. N. na M. A. Bryan. 1956. Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa. (Handbook of African Languages, Nkebi nke Atọ) Oxford University Press: London.
- A. N. Tucker na M. A. Bryan. 1966. Nnyocha Asụsụ / Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa. (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press: London.
- Tutschek, Lorenz 1848. "Über die Tumale-Sprache." Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. N. 91-93; Spalten 729-52. (=Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
- Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848-50. "N'asụsụ Tumali". Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1846-47 na 1847-48. Ụgbọelu 3:239-54. Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1848-49 na 1849-50. Izu ohi 4:138-9.
Njikọ mpụga
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbasa ozi metụtaraAsụsụ Kordofanna Wikimedia Commons