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Asụsụ Benue-Congo

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Benue-Congo (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ East Benue–Congo) bụ ngalaba bụ isi nke asụsụ Volta-Congo nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa.

Nkewa dị iche iche

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Central Nigeria (ma ọ bụ Platoid) nwere ezinaụlọ Plateau, Jukunoid na Kainji, yana Bantoid–Cross jikọtara otu Bantoid na Cross River.

Bantoid bụ naanị okwu mkpokọta maka ezinụlọ ọ bụla nke Bantoid-Cross ma e wezụga Cross River, a naghịzi ahụ nke a dị ka ịmepụta alaka dị mma, agbanyeghị otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị dị n'okpuru, Southern Bantoid, ka a na-ewere ya dị ka nke ziri ezi. Ọ bụ Southern Bantoid nke nwere asụsụ Bantu, nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Sub-Saharan Africa. Nke a na-eme ka Benue-Congo bụrụ otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo, ma n'ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ, nke Ethnologue nwere 976 (2017), na ndị na-ekwu okwu, nke nwere ike ịbụ nde 350. Benue–Congo gụnyekwara obere mpụ dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpaghara Nigeria–Cameroon, mana ezigbo mmekọrịta ha ejighị n'aka.

A na-akpọ alaka Volta – Niger nke dị na Nigeria na Benin mgbe ụfọdụ "West Benue–Congo", mana ọ naghị etolite alaka ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara ọnụ na Benue-Congo. Mgbe mbụ Joseph Greenberg tụpụtara Benue–Congo (1963), ọ gụnyere Volta–Niger (dị ka West Benue–Congo); ókèala dị n'etiti Volta-Niger na Kwa agbagoro arụmụka ugboro ugboro. [1] (2012) na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere Benue-Congo dị ka "asụsụ aha dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu nke Niger", o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ otu dị mma, ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ngosipụta nke a na mbipụta.   A na-eche na alaka nke ezinụlọ Benue-Congo dị ka ndị a:

  • Asụsụ Bantoid-Cross
  • Asụsụ ndị dị n'etiti Naịjirịa, nke a makwaara dị ka Platoid

Ukaan nwekwara njikọ na Benue-Congo; Roger Blench na-eche na ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Benue-Kongo kachasị dị iche (East) ma ọ bụ onye ikwu Benue-Кongo.

Fali nke Baissa na Tita bụkwa Benue-Congo mana ha anaghị ahapụ ha.

Obodo Benue-Congo na mgbasa nke alaka ndị ọzọ [2]
Nkesa nke alaka Benue-Congo na Naịjirịa[3]
Alaka Ebe ndị bụ isi
Osimiri Cross Cross River, Akwa Ibom, na Rivers States
Bendi Obudu na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River StateSteeti Cross River
Mambiloid Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon
Dakoid Mayo Belwa LGA, Taraba State na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu
Jukunoid Steeti Taraba
Yukubenic Takum LGA, Taraba StateSteeti Taraba
Kainji Kauru LGA, Kaduna State na Bassa LGA, Plateau State; Kainji Lake area
Ala dị larịị Ala dị larịị, Kaduna, na Steeti Nasarawa
Tivoid Obudu LGA, Cross River State na Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon
Nwa beboid Takum LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon
Ekoid Ikom na Ogoja LGAs, Cross River State; Cameroon
Ubi ahịhịa Sardauna LGA, Taraba State; Cameroon
Jarawan Bauchi, Plateau, Adamawa, na Taraba Steeti

Okwu ntụnyere

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Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi maka asụsụ proto-asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka Benue-Congo dị iche iche:

Alaka Asụsụ anya ntị imi ezé ire ọnụ ọbara ọkpụkpụ osisi mmiri Iri nri aha
Benue-Congo Proto-Benue-Congo[4] *-mkpu *-tuŋi *-Zua *-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo *-Lemi; *-ọdọ mmiri *-zi; *-luŋ *-kupe *-titi; *-kwon *-izi; *-ni *-zina
Kainji Proto-Northern Jos[5] **iji (lì-/à-) *toŋ (ebe-/tì-) *nyimu (bì-/ì-) *ʔini (lì-/à-) *lelem (lì-/à-) *nua (ebe-/tì-) *nyì (aw) (mà-) *ti (nke nwere reduplication) (ù-/tì-) *nyi (ma-) *lia *ji (a) (lì-/sì-)
Ala dị larịị Proto-Jukunoid[6] *giP (ri-/a-) *tóŋ (ku-/a-) *wíǹ (ri-/a-) *baŋ (ku-/a-); *gyín (ri-/a-) *dema (ri-/a-) *ndut (u-/i-) *yíŋ (ma-) *kup (ku-/a-) *kun (ku-/i-) *Mgbapụta *dyi *gyin (ri-/a-)
Ala dị larịị Proto-Kagoro[7] *-gi *-abụọ *nii[ŋ] *-dyam *-nu[ŋ] *-suka *-kup *-kwan *-sii
Ala dị larịị Proto-Jaba[7] *gu-su *gu-to[ŋ] *-gi[ŋ] *ga-lem *ga-nyu *ba-zi *gu-kup
Ala dị larịị Proto-Beromic[7] *-gis *-toŋ *- a na-akpọ *-lyam *-agba ọtọ *ịdị elu *-kup *-kon *-sii
Ala dị larịị Proto-Ninzic[7] *ki-sị́ *ku-tóŋ *ki-Nyin / *-Nyir *ì-rem *-nuŋ / *-n[y]uŋ *ma-ɣì *Stu-k site na *ebe-kon *a-ma-sit
Obe Proto-Upper Cross[] *dyèná *-ttóŋ (ì) *dyòna *-ttân *-dák *-ma *-de; *-yìŋ *-kúpà *-tté *-ụmụaka *dyá *-n'ihu
Obe [8] nke ala [1] *ɛ́-ɲɛ́n / *a- *ú-tɔ́ŋ / *a- *í-búkó *é-dɛ̀t / *a- *ɛ́-lɛ́mɛ́ / *a- *í-na *-ɟìːp *Rory *Ọ bụ nwanne nna *Akwụkwọ-mɔ́́́ːŋ *ebe ahụ *ɛ́-ɟɛ́n
Obe Proto-Ogoni[9] *Adeɛ̃ *ɔ́́́́̃ *m̀ bĩɔ́̃ *àdáNa *Adighi nke ọma *m̀ miNi, *m̀ muNu *ákpogó *Onye na-eto eto N'ihi ya, m na-amụta *Dede *ụmụ anụmanụ
Ubi ahịhịa [10]Ubi ahịhịa [1] *Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga *túŋ-li *L (u) Na-aga n'ihu *sòŋ' *ikike nke nta *ebe ole na ole Ihe na-eme n'ụzọ dị mfe *gÚp; *kúi (n) ' *tí' *Ib; *Ìk'; *mò' *Ide Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ dị
Ubi ahịhịa [11] aka [1] *Gịnị *ndị ọzọ *Duuì, *tɔ́ŋ Onye Kraịst gị, onye Kraịst gị *dɔ́mì, *dídè *Duò *dúŋá, *káŋù *gúpɛ́́ Akara na-aga n'ihu *Múɔ̀ *Duò *dítɔ́, *gíd'
Bantu -Bantu [1] *i=jico *kʊ= avi *i=jʊ́lʊ *i=jino; *i=gego *lʊ=lɪ́mi *ka=nʊa; *mʊ=ọnụ *ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí); *mʊ=lopa; *ma =ɲínga *i=kúpa *mʊ=tɪ́ *ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?) *=lɪ́ -a *i=jina
Bantu Swahili jicho sikio pua Yaụ Ugboro Kinyawa [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọkpụkpụ Mkpụrụ ego Onye isi ala la Jena

Edensibia

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  1. Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
  2. Watters (2018). East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs (pdf), Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1314306. ISBN 978-3-96110-100-9. 
  3. Blench (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages, 4th, Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. 
  4. de wolf, Paul. 1971. The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo. Janua Linguarum. Series Practica 167. The Hague: Mouton.
  5. Shimizu (1982). "Die Nord-Jos-Grüppe der Plateau-Sprachen Nigerias" (in de). Afrika und Übersee 65 (2): 161–210. ISSN 0002-0427. 
  6. Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1980. Comparative Jukunoid, 3 vols. (Veröffentlichungen der Institute für Afrikanistik und Ägyptologie der Universität Wien 7–9. Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 5–7). Vienna: Afro-Pub.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Gerhardt (1983). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Sprachen des Nigerianischen Plateaus, Afrikanistische Forschungen (in de). Glückstadt: J. J. Augustin. ISBN 3-87030-062-0. 
  8. Connell, Bruce. n.d. Comparative Lower Cross wordlist. Unpublished manuscript.
  9. Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2008. The Ogoni languages: comparative word list and historical reconstructions.
  10. Hyman, L.M. 1979. Index of Proto-Grassfields Bantu roots. Ms. U.S.C.; CBOLD; accessed from Comparalex.
  11. Paulin, Pascale. 1995. Etude comparative des langues du groupe Ring: langues Grassfields de l'ouest, Cameroun. MA thesis, Université Lumière Lyon 2.
  • Wolf, Paul Polydoor nke (1971) The Noun Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo (Thesis, Mahadum Leiden). The Hague/Paris: Atụrụ.
  • Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Benue-Congo Overview', peeji nke 248-274 na Bendor-Samuel, John & Rhonda L. Hartell (ed.) The Niger-Congo Languages - Nchịkọta na nkọwa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa.  Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.

Njikọ mpụga

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