Asụsụ Saramaccan
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Saramacca (Saamáka) bụ Asụsụ Creole nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 58,000 sitere na West Africa na-asụ na nso Saramacca na elu Suriname_River" id="mwDg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Suriname River">Osimiri Suriname, yana na Paramaribo, isi obodo Suriname (nke a makwaara dị ka Dutch Guiana). Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara ndị [1]-asụ 25,000 na French Guiana na 8,000 na Netherlands. O nwere asụsụ atọ dị mkpa. Ndị na-asụ ya bụ ụmụ nke ndị ohu na-agba ọsọ bụ ndị a mụrụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na Central Africa; ha mejupụtara otu a na-akpọ Saamacca, nke a na-asụgharịkwa Saramaka.
Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ewere Saramaccan dị ka ihe a ma ama n'ihi na okwu ya dabere na asụsụ abụọ sitere na Europe, Bekee (30%) na Portuguese (20%), na asụsụ dị iche iche nke West na Central Africa (50%), mana ọ dị iche na ha niile. Akụkụ Afrịka na-akpata ihe dị ka 50% ozugbo a tụlere iji ememe eme ihe, pasent kachasị elu na Amerịka. [2] sitere na Asụsụ Niger-Congo nke West Africa, ọkachasị Fon na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Gbe, yana asụsụ Akan na Central Africa dịka Kikongo.
Mmalite ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
[3] a sitere na Plantation Creole nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Sranan Tongo, mana alaka ya kewara n'ihe dị ka 1690 ma gbanwee iche iche. A na-esite na Bekee, Portuguese, na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, Dutch, n'etiti asụsụ Europe, na Asụsụ Niger-Congo nke West Africa, ọkachasị Fon na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Gbe, Akan, na asụsụ Central Africa, dị ka KiKongo. Akụkụ Afrịka mejupụtara ihe [2] ka 50% nke ngụkọta.
Phonology Saramaccan nwere àgwà yiri nke asụsụ nke West Africa. Ọ mepụtara iji Ụda olu, nke a na-ahụkarị n'Africa, karịa nrụgide, nke bụ ihe a na-ejikarị asụsụ Europe.
Ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu sitere na Bekee. A na-ekwenye n'ozuzu na mmetụta Portuguese sitere n'aka ndị ohu bi n'ubi na ndị nna ukwu Portuguese na ikekwe na ndị ohu ndị ọzọ na-asụ Portuguese Creole. Ndị n[4] ukwu nwere ike iweta nke ikpeazụ site na Brazil ịkwaga Suriname. Ndị [4]-emepụta Saramaccan malitere site na ụdị mbụ nke Sranan Tongo, asụsụ Creole nke dabeere na Bekee, ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Creole ọhụrụ site na mbata Portuguese, jikọtara ya na mmetụta sitere na ụtọ Asụsụ Gbe Fongbe na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Gbe. [1]
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ekewa Saramaccan n'asụsụ abụọ. Ndị otu Agbụrụ Saramaccan na-asụ asụsụ Upper Suriname River na Lower Suriname Osimiri. Site n'aka ndị Surinam bi na mba Caribbean iri na abụọ na-asụ Bekee nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwere mmekọrịta mba ọzọ na Republic of Suriname: Antigua na Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts na Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent na Grenadines na Trinidad na Tobago.
Akwụkwọ Nsọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Okwu Saramaccan sitere na 30% site na Bekee, 20% site na Portuguese. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Creole ole na ole a maara iji nweta pasent dị ukwuu nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ya site na ihe karịrị otu isi iyi (ọtụtụ Creole nwere otu asụsụ isi okwu). [9], a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ma asụsụ Creole nke Bekee ma asụsụ Creole nke Portuguese. [1]
Ihe [2] ka 50% nke okwu nke Saramaccan sitere na Africa, [1] pasent kachasị nke Creole ọ bụla na Amerịka. [9] ndị a gụnyere Kikongo, Asụsụ Gbe, na Twi.
Ihe Nlereanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nye ndị na-asụ Bekee na-amaghị ya, ntọala Bekee nke Saramaccan fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịmata amata. Ndị a bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ahịrịokwu Saramaccan nke e si na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu SIL nweta:
Ihe aki nke okwu sitere na Portuguese 'mas lyọ bụ Portuguese creole bụ Mujee (da-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"lang","href":"./Template:Lang"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"pt"},"2":{"wt":"mulher"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwAX4" title="Portuguese-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">nwanyị) "nwanyi", womi (ma ọ bụ o homem), da (dar) "dar", Nunu (bom) "ezi", 'Liba' (acabar) "ịkwụsị", ku (com) "na", kuma (como, cf. vernacular Brazilian cuma? for como é?, "come again?") "as, like", faka (faca) "knife", (aqui) "but", kendi (quente ly (hotri) "ove".
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Saramaccan [2][3] akụkọ ihe mere eme bara ụba nke ọrụ ndị e bipụtara, gụnyere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ndị a: Christian Schumann's 1778, Saramaccanoisch Deutsches Worter-Buch, [4] Johannes Riemer's 1779 Wörterbuch zur Erlernung der Saramakka-Neger-Sprache, mbipụta Schumann, [5] Jan Voorhoeve na Antoon Donicie's 1963 wordlist, [6] Antoon de Groot's, Woordamaccan Deutsches Worder-Nederlands-Swedankank (NNNNerdakers) [7] Nederlands-NNNord
The Instituut voor Taalwetenschap ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ịgụ na ide na nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala nke ndị Saramaccans dere na nsụgharị zuru ezu nke Agba Ọhụrụ. [8] [9] bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ Richard Price dere ugbu a na Saamakatongo: [1] Fesiten na Boo go a Kontukonde . Alison Hinds nke Barbados dabeere na egwu soca ya bụ Faluma n'asụsụ ahụ. [10][11] naghị eji orthography Saramaccan nke Summer Institute of Linguistics mepụtara eme ihe n'ụwa niile. Onye [12]-asụ asụsụ Vinije Haabo na-emepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Saramaccan dabere na orthography ka mma, nke ọ na-ezube ibipụta n'ịntanetị.
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
na Lower Suriname Osimiri. Site n'aka ndị Surinam bi na mba Caribbean iri na abụọ na-asụ Bekee nke iri na abụọ n'ime ha nwere mmekọrịtana Lower Suriname Osimiri. Site n'aka ndị Surinam bi na mba na Lower Suriname Osimiri. Site n'aka ndị Surinam bi na mba Caribbean iri na abụọ na-asụ Bekee nke iri na abụọ n'i
Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndepụta Vocabulary nke Saramaccan (site na World Loanword Database)
- Isiokwu nyocha (site na Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures)
- SIL Saramaccan-English dictionary
- Ihe odide ndị a chịkọtara n'asụsụ Saramaccan
- Okwu mgbazinye na Saramaccan
- Ụdị ihe ndị e bipụtara na asụsụ na omenala Saramaccan
Àtụ:Languages of French GuianaÀtụ:Languages of Suriname
- ↑ Price (2013). "The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane". New West Indian Guide 87 (3/4): 323–327. DOI:10.1163/22134360-12340110.
- ↑ (1996) in Glock: Holansi-Saamaka wöutubuku (Nederlands-Saramaccaans woordenboek). Paramaribo: Evangelische Broedergemeente.
- ↑ De Groot (1981). Woordregister Saramakaans-Nederlands. Paramaribo: Artix.
- ↑ Schuchardt (1914). Die Sprache der Saramakkaneger in Surinam. Johannes Muller, 44–116.
- ↑ Arends (1995). Early Suriname Creole Texts: A Collection of 18th Century Sranan and Saramaccan Documents. Frankfurt am Main: Vervuert. ISBN 3-89354-549-2. OCLC 33335142.
- ↑ Donicie (1963). De Saramakaanse Woordenschat. Bureau voor Taalonderzoek in Suriname van de Universiteit van Amsterdam.
- ↑ De Groot (1977). Woordregister Nederlands- Saramakaans met context en idioom. Paramaribo: Artix.
- ↑ Bibliography of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Suriname. SIL International (2001).
- ↑ Price (2013). Fesiten. La Roque d'Anthéron (France): Vents d'ailleurs. ISBN 978-2364130388.
- ↑ Price, Richard and Sally Pryce (2016). Boo go a Kontukonde. La Roque d'Anthéron (France): Vents d'ailleurs. ISBN 9782364131842.
- ↑ Saramaccan - English Interactive Dictionary.
- ↑ Saramaka (Volk) in blog.