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Charles Alston

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Charles Henry Alston (November 28, 1907 - April 27, 1977) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese onyinyo, onye na'eme ihe atụ, onye ese foto na onye nkuzi nke biri ma na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara New York City nke Harlem. Alston na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Harlem Renaissance; Alston bụ onye isi Africa-America mbụ maka Ọrụ Ọganihu Federal Art Project. Alston chepụtara ma see ihe osise na Harlem Hospital na Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building. N'afọ 1990, bust Alston nke Martin Luther King Jr. ghọrọ onyinyo mbụ nke onye Africa America gosipụtara na White House.

Ndụ onwe onye

A mụrụ Charles Henry Alston na Nọvemba 28, 1907, na Charlotte, North Carolina, nye Reverend Primus Primus Alston na Anna Elizabeth (Miller) Alston, dị ka ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka ise.[1][2][3] Atọ nwụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata: Charles, nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye Rousmaniere na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Wendell.[1][4] A mụrụ nna ya n'ịbụ ohu na 1851 na Pittsboro, North Carolina. Mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ wee gụchaa na St. Augustine's College na Raleigh. Ọ ghọrọ onye ozi ama ama na onye nchoputa nke St. Michael's Episcopal Church, ya na ọgbakọ ndị Africa na America. A kọwara onye isi Alston dị ka “nwoke agbụrụ”: onye Africa America nke raara nka ya n'ịkwalite agbụrụ ojii.Reverend Alston zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya. Nna ya kpọrọ Charles “Spinky” ma debe aha ya dị ka onye toro eto. Na 1910, mgbe Charles dị afọ atọ, nna ya nwụrụ na mberede n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ. Ndị obodo kọwara nna ya dị ka "Booker T. Washington nke Charlotte"[1] [2]

N'afọ 1913, Anna Alston lụrụ Harry Bearden, nwanne nna Romare Bearden, na-eme ka Charles na Romare bụrụ ụmụ nwanne nne. Ezinụlọ Bearden abụọ ahụ biri n'ofe okporo ámá ahụ; ọbụbụenyi dị n'etiti Romare na Charles ga-adịru ndụ. [1] [2][3]

Dị ka nwatakịrị, Alston sitere na eserese ụgbọ oloko na ụgbọ ala nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ Wendell, nke onye omenkà na-eto eto depụtaghachiri.[1][2] Alston jikwa ụrọ egwuri egwu, na-emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke North Carolina. Dị ka onye toro eto, ọ na-atụgharị uche na ncheta ya nke ịkpụ ụrọ mgbe ọ bụ nwata: "M ga-enweta bọket ya ma tinye ya na strainers ma mee ihe na ya. echere m na nke ahụ bụ ahụmahụ nkà mbụ m na-echeta, na-eme ihe." [1] Nne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe nke ọma wee malite ịse ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ 75. Nna ya dịkwa mma n'ise ihe, na-eji obere ihe osise dị n'etiti akwụkwọ ozi nke o debere nne Alston Anna Anna. [1] [2]

N'afọ 1915, ezinụlọ Bearden / Alston kwagara New York, dịka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị Africa America mere n'oge Great Migration. [1] [4] [2][5] Nna nna Alston, Henry Bearden, hapụrụ n'ihu nwunye ya na ụmụ ya iji nweta ọrụ. Ọ nwetara ọrụ na-elekọta ọrụ elevator na ndị ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Bretton Hotel na Upper West Side. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Harlem ma were ya dị ka ndị nọ n'etiti. N'oge Great Depression, ndị Harlem tara ahụhụ n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. "ike stoic" a hụrụ n'ime obodo ahụ mechara gosipụta ya na nka mara mma nke Charles. [1] Na Public School 179 na Manhattan, a matara ikike nka nwata nwoke ahụ ma gwa ya ka ọ see ihe ngosi ụlọ akwụkwọ niile n'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ.[2]

N'afọ 1917, Harry na Anna Bearden nwere nwa nwanyị, Aida C. Bearden, onye ga-emesị lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Lawrence Whisonant.

Agụmakwụkwọ ka elu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Alston gụsịrị akwụkwọ na DeWitt Clinton High School, ebe a họpụtara ya maka ọkaibe agụmakwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nka nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, The Magpie. Ọ bụ onye otu Arista - National Honor Society ma mụọkwa ịse na anatomi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Satọdee nke National Academy of Art.[1][2][3] N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, e nyere ya agba mmanụ mbụ ya wee mụta banyere ụlọ nka nka nke nwanne mama ya Bessye Bearden, nke kpakpando dịka Duke Ellington na Langston Hughes gara. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1925, ọ gara Mahadum Columbia, na-atụgharị akwụkwọ na Yale School of Fine Arts. [1] [4] [2]

Pvt. Alston na nwa akwụkwọ nka ya na nwa nwanne nne ya, Romare Bearden (n'aka nri), na-atụle otu n'ime ihe osise ya, Cotton Workers, na 1944. Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu 372nd Infantry Regiment nke guzo na New York City.

Alston banyere na mmemme tupu ụlọ ma ọ tụfuru mmasị mgbe ọ ghọtara ihe isi ike ọtụtụ ndị na-ewu ụlọ n'Afrịka nwere n'ọhịa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na pre-med, o kpebiri na mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics na chemistry "bụghị naanị akpa m", ọ banyere na mmemme nka dị mma. N'oge ọ nọ na Columbia, Alston sonyeere Alpha Phi Alpha, rụọ ọrụ na Columbia Daily Spectator nke mahadum ahụ, ma see ihe nkiri maka magazin ụlọ akwụkwọ Jester. [1][2] Ọ chọpụtakwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na klọb ndị dị na Harlem, ebe a ga-akwalite ịhụnanya ya maka jazz na egwu ojii. N'afọ 1929, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ma nata Arthur Wesley Dow fellowship iji mụọ na Teachers College, ebe ọ nwetara Master ya n'afọ 1931.[1][2][6][7]

Ndụ e mesịrị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'ime afọ 1942 na 1943 Alston nọ n'òtù ndị agha na Fort Huachuca na Arizona. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, ọ zutere Myra Adele Logan, onye na-arụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Ha lụrụ na Eprel 8, 1944. Ụlọ ha, nke gụnyere ụlọ ihe nkiri ya, dị na Edgecombe Avenue na nso Highbridge Park. Di na nwunye ahụ bi nso na ezinụlọ; ná nnọkọ ha na-enwekarị Alston na-esi nri, Myra na-akpọkwa piano. N'ime 1940s Alston na-ewerekwa klaasị nka oge ụfọdụ, na-agụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Alexander Kostellow.

N'April 27, 1977, Alston nwụrụ ka ọ nwesịrị ọrịa kansa ogologo oge, ọnwa ole na ole ka nwunye ya nwụsịrị n'ọrịa kansa akpa ume.Emere emume ncheta ya na St. Martins Episcopal Church na New York City, na Mee 21, 1977.[8]

Ọrụ ọkachamara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe osise Alston nke onye Africa-America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Carter G. Woodson maka Office of War Information

Mgbe ọ na-enweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Alston bụ onye isi ọrụ ụmụ nwoke na Utopia Children's House, nke James Lesesne Wells malitere.[1][2] Ọ malitekwara nkuzi na Harlem Community Art Center, nke Augusta Savage tọrọ ntọala na okpuru ulo nke ugbu a Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.[1][3][2] Ọrụ John Dewey, Arthur Wesley Dow, na Thomas Munro metụtara ụdị nkuzi Alston. N'ime oge a, Alston malitere ịkụziri Jacob Lawrence dị afọ 10, onye ọ metụtakwara ike. Onye na-ede uri Alain Locke webatara Alston na nka Africa. N'ọgwụgwụ 1920s, Alston sonyeere Bearden na ndị ọzọ na-ese oji bụ ndị jụrụ igosi na ihe ngosi William E. Harmon Foundation, bụ nke gosipụtara ndị na-ese oji na ihe ngosi njem ha. Alston na ndị enyi ya chere na ihe ngosi ndị ahụ bụ ndị a haziri maka ndị na-ege ntị ọcha, ụdị nkewa nke ndị ikom ahụ mere mkpesa. Ha achọghị ka ewepụrụ ha ma gosipụta ha n'otu ọkwa ahụ dị ka ndị ọgbọ nka nke agba akpụkpọ ọ bụla.[2]

N'afọ 1938, Rosenwald Fund nyere Alston ego ịga South, nke bụ nlọghachi mbụ ya ebe ahụ kemgbe ọ hapụrụ dị ka nwatakịrị. Njem ya na Giles Hubert, onye nyocha maka Farm Security Administration, nyere ya ohere ịnweta ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma see ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ime obodo. [1] [4][5] Foto ndị a bụ ihe ndabere maka usoro ihe osise na-egosi ndụ ndị isi ojii nke ndịda. N'afọ 1940, o dechara Tobacco Farmer, onyinyo nke onye ọrụ ugbo ojii na-eto eto na uwe elu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-ele anya n'ihu ya, na-anọdụ ala n'ihu ala na ụlọ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Alston natara ego nke abụọ site na Rosenwald Fund iji gaa South, ọ nọrọ ogologo oge na Mahadum Atlanta.[1]

N'ime 1930s na mmalite 1940s, Alston mepụtara ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ka Fortune, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Melody Maker na ndị ọzọ.[1][2][3] Ọ chekwara mkpuchi album maka ndị nka dịka Duke Ellington na Coleman Hawkins yana mkpuchi akwụkwọ maka Eudora Welty na Langston Hughes.[2][4][5] Alston ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe na Office of War Information and Public Relations na 1940, na-eke eserese nke ndị America America ama ama. Ndị gọọmentị ji ihe onyonyo ndị a n'ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii 200 n'ofe mba ahụ iji "kwalite ihu ọma n'ebe ndị isi ojii nọ."[5][9]

Alston hapụrụ ọrụ azụmahịa iji lekwasị anya na ọrụ nka nke ya, na 1950 ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi Africa-America mbụ na Art Students League, ebe ọ nọgidere na ngalaba ruo 1971. [1] [4][5] N'afọ 1950, e gosipụtara Ihe osise ya na Metropolitan Museum of Art, ọrụ nka ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ole na ole ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie zụrụ.[5] O gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na 1953 na John Heller Gallery, nke na-anọchite anya ndị na-ese ihe dịka Roy Lichtenstein. O gosipụtara ebe ahụ ugboro ise site na 1953 ruo 1958.

N'afọ 1956, Alston ghọrọ onye nkuzi Africa America mbụ na Museum of Modern Art, ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ tupu ọ gaa Belgium maka MoMA na United States Department of State. Ọ haziri ụlọ ọrụ ụmụaka na Expo 58. N'afọ 1958, e nyere ya onyinye site na ma họpụta ya dị ka onye otu American Academy of Arts and Letters . [1] [4][2]

Na 1963, Alston jikọrọ aka na Spiral ya na nwanne nna ya Romare Bearden na Hale Woodruff.[1] [2] [3] [4] Spiral jere ozi dị ka mkpokọta mkparịta ụka na nyocha nka maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị "kwuru ka ndị na-ese ojii kwesịrị isi metụta ọha America n'oge nkewa." Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-akwado nka gbakọtara maka Spiral, dịka Emma Amos, Perry Ferguson na Merton Simpson.[1][5] [6] Otu a jere ozi dị ka ụdị 1960 nke otu 306. A kọwara Alston dị ka “onye nwere ọgụgụ isi”, na 1968, o kwuru okwu na Columbia banyere mmemme ya. N'etiti 1960s, Spiral haziri ihe ngosi nke ihe osise oji na nke ọcha, mana ndị otu ahụ akwadoghị ihe ngosi ahụ n'ihu ọha, n'ihi esemokwu dị n'ime.

N'afọ 1968, Alston natara nhọpụta onye isi ala site n'aka Lyndon Johnson na National Council of Culture and the Arts. Onye isi obodo John Lindsay họpụtara ya na New York City Art Commission na 1969. [5]

Na 1973, e mere ya prọfesọ zuru oke na City College of New York, ebe ọ kụziiri kemgbe 1968.[1] [2] N'afọ 1975, e nyere ya ihe nrite Alumni mbụ dị ịrịba ama sitere na kọleji ndị nkuzi.[1] Ndị otu Art Student's League kere afọ 21 agụmakwụkwọ bara uru na 1977 n'okpuru aha Alston iji na-echeta afọ ọ bụla nke ọchịchị ya.[2]

Ịse mmadụ na omenala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Alston na Henry Bannarn nwekọrọ oghere studio na 306 W. 141st Street, nke jere ozi dị ka oghere oghe maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ede foto, ndị na'egwú, ndị edemede na ihe ndị yiri ya. Ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ohere studio na 306, dị ka Jacob Lawrence, Addison Bates na nwanne ya nwoke Leon.[1][2][5][10] N'oge a, Alston guzobere Harlem Artists Guild na Savage na Elba Lightfoot iji rụọ ọrụ maka ịha nhata na mmemme nka nke Works Progress Administration na New York. N'ime afọ ndị mbụ nke 306, Alston lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ihe osise. Ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka Portrait of a Man (1929) na-egosi ụdị Alston zuru ezu na nke dị adị nke gosipụtara site na pastel na charcoals, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Winold Reiss. N'akwụkwọ ya Girl in a Red Dress (1934) na The Blue Shirt (1935), Alston jiri usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ọhụrụ mee ihe maka foto ya nke ndị na-eto eto na Harlem. A na-eche na Blue Shirt bụ onyinyo nke Jacob Lawrence. N'oge a, o mepụtara Man Seated with Travel Bag (c. 1938-40), na-egosi gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, na-adị iche na ọrụ dị ka Vaudeville (c. 1930) na ụdị caricature ya nke nwoke na-eyi ihu ojii.[1]

N'ịbụ onye kpaliri njem ya na ndịda, Alston malitere "usoro ezinụlọ" ya na 1940s.[1][2] Ike na angularity na-abịa site na ihu ndị ntorobịa na ihe osise ya Untitled (Portrait of a Girl) na Untitled (Portrait of a Boy). Ọrụ ndị a na-egosikwa mmetụta ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Africa nwere n'ihe osise ya, na Portrait nke Nwa nwoke na-egosi ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta cubist. Eserese ezinụlọ mechara gosi nyocha nke Alston gbasara akara ngosi okpukperechi, agba, ụdị na oghere. Eserese ezinụlọ ya na-enwekarị ihu, nke Alston na-ekwu bụ ụzọ ndị ọcha America si ele ndị ojii anya.Ihe osise dị ka Ezinụlọ (1955) na-egosi nwanyị nọ ọdụ na nwoke guzoro na ụmụ abụọ - ndị nne na nna yiri ka ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị nne na nna ebe a na-akọwa ụmụaka dị ka ndị nwere olileanya na iji agba agba nke Cézanne mere. N'ime otu ezinụlọ (c. 1950) Alston iji isi awọ na ụda ocher na-eme ka ndị nne na nna na nwa ha ọnụ dị ka a ga-asị na onye nwere ụkpụrụ geometric jikọtara ha ọnụ dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya. Ịdị mfe nke ọdịdị, ụdị na mmetụta dị n'ahụ ezinụlọ na-egosipụta ma eleghị anya site na njem Alston na ndịda. A kọwawo ọrụ ya n'oge a dị ka ihe e ji mara ya site n'iji ụdị mbelata ya jikọtara ya na palette nke anwụ. N'oge a ọ malitekwara ịnwale ink na ịsa eserese, nke a na-ahụ na ọrụ dịka Portrait of a Woman (1955), yana ịmepụta ihe osise iji gosi egwu gbara ya gburugburu na Harlem. Blues Singer #4 na-egosi otu nwanyị na-agụ egwú na ogbo nwere ifuru ọcha n'ubu ya na uwe na-acha uhie uhie.[1][2] A na-eche na nwa agbọghọ yi uwe na-acha uhie uhie bụ Bessie Smith, onye ọ sere ọtụtụ oge mgbe ọ na-edekọ ma na-eme ihe. Jazz bụ mmetụta dị mkpa na ọrụ Alston na ndụ ọha mmadụ, nke o kwupụtara na ọrụ ndị dị ka Jazz (1950) na Harlem na abalị . [1]

Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ n'afọ 1960 nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ọrụ ya, o mekwara ihe osise na-egosipụta mmetụta metụtara enweghị nhata na mmekọrịta agbụrụ na United States. Otu n'ime Ihe osise okpukpe ole na ole ya bụ Christ Head (1960), nke nwere onyinyo "Modiglianiesque" nke Jizọs Kraịst. Afọ asaa ka e mesịrị, o mepụtara Ịtụbeghị mgbe ọ pụtara n'ezie, ị, Maazị Charlie? nke, n'ụdị yiri nke Christ Head, na-egosi nwoke ojii na-eguzo n'ihu igwe na-acha ọbara ọbara "na-ele anya dị ka onye ọ bụla nwere ike ile anya", dị ka Alston si kwuo.[1]

N'ịgbalị iji ohere na-adịghị mma na ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na ngwụcha afọ 1940, site n'etiti afọ 1950, Alston malitere ịmepụta ihe osise nke oge a. A kọwawo Woman with Flowers (1949) dị ka ụtụ nye Modigliani. Ceremonial (1950) na-egosi na ọ nwere mmetụta nke nka Africa. Ọrụ ndị a na-akpọghị aha n'oge a na-egosi ojiji ọ na-eji agba agba, na-eji ụcha dị iche iche mepụta ihe ndị dị mfe nke ndụ. Symbol (1953) metụtara Guernica nke Picasso, nke bụ ọrụ kachasị amasị Alston.[1]

Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya nke 1950s, Ije ije, sitere n'ike ụgbọ ala Montgomery. A na-ewere ya iji nọchite anya "mmụba nke ume n'etiti ndị Africa America ịhazi na mgba ha na-agba maka ịha nhata zuru oke."[1] E kwuru na Alston na-ekwu, sị, "Echiche nke njem na-eto eto .... Ọ bụ na ikuku. .. na ihe osise a ka bịara, m na-akpọ ya Ije ije na nzube" [1][11]

Ojii na ọcha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbalị ndị ruuru mmadụ nke afọ 1960 nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Alston. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na oji na ọcha, nke ọ gara n'ihu ruo n'etiti afọ 1960, a na-ewerekwa oge ahụ dị ka otu n'ime oge kachasị ike ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ahụ bụ ihe ndị dị mfe nke ink ojii na akwụkwọ ọcha, yiri Ule Rorschach. Untitled (ihe dị ka afọ 1960s) na-egosi egwuregwu ịkụ ọkpọ, na mgbalị igosipụta ihe nkiri nke ọgụ ahụ site na brushstrokes ole na ole. Alston na-arụ ọrụ na mmanụ-na-Masonite n'oge a, na-eji impasto, cream, na ochre emepụta ihe osise dị ka ọgba. Black and White #1 (1959) bụ otu n'ime ọrụ Alston "ihe ncheta". Gray, white na black na-agbakọta iji lụọ ọgụ maka ohere na ákwà abstract, n'ụdị dị nro karịa Franz Kline siri ike. Alston gara n'ihu na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụcha monochromatic n'ime usoro ahụ nke Wardlaw kọwara dị ka "ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ kachasị mma nke nkà America nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ". [1]

Murals[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ mbụ nke Charles Alston sitere na ọrụ Aaron Douglas, Diego Rivera na José Clemente Orozco. Ọ zutere Orozco mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ mgbidi na New York.[1] Na 1943, a họpụtara Alston ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke National Society of Mural Painters. O kere eserese maka Harlem Hospital, Golden State Mutual, American Museum of Natural History, Public School 154, Bronx Family and Criminal Court, na Abraham Lincoln High School na Brooklyn, New York. [2] [1][7]

Mgbidi Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọgwụ Ọhụrụ (1936) n'Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem

N'ịbụ onye e goro dị ka onye na-ese ihe easel, na 1935, Alston ghọrọ onye nlekọta America-American mbụ na-arụ ọrụ maka Federal Art Project (FAP) na New York. Nke a bụ eserese mbụ ya.[1][2][3][4] N'oge a, e nyere ya Ọrụ Progress Administration Project Number 1262 - ohere iji lekọta otu ndị na-ese ihe na-emepụta mgbidi na ilekọta ihe osise ha maka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem.[1]. Ọ bụ ọrụ gọọmentị izizi nyere ndị omenkà America America, ndị gụnyere Beauford Delaney, Seabrook Powell na Vertis Hayes.O nwekwara ohere ịmepụta na tee onyinye nke aka ya na nchịkọta: Ime Anwansi na Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ Oge A.[1][2][3] Eserese ndị a bụ akụkụ nke diptych emechara na 1936 na-egosi akụkọ banyere ọgwụ na mpaghara Africa-American na Beauford Delaney jere ozi dị ka onye inyeaka.[1][4] Mgbe ị na-eke mgbidi ahụ, Alston sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'ọrụ nke Aaron Douglas, onye otu afọ gara aga kere akụkụ nka ọha nke akụkụ Negro Life maka Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọha New York. Ọ enyochala omenala ndị Africa ọdịnala, gụnyere ọgwụ ọdịnala ndị Africa. A na-ewere Magic in Medicine, nke na-egosipụta omenala Africa na ọgwụgwọ zuru oke, dịka otu n'ime "ihe ngosi ọha na eze mbụ America nke Africa". Ihe osise eserese niile e debere bụ ndị FAP nabatara; Otú ọ dị, onye nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ Lawrence T. Dermody na kọmịshọna nke ụlọ ọgwụ SS Goldwater jụrụ atụmatụ anọ, n'ihi ihe ha kwuru na ọ bụ oke ihe nnọchiteanya nke ndị America na America na-arụ ọrụ.[1][5][3] Ndị na-ese ihe na-alụ ọgụ nzaghachi ha, na-ede akwụkwọ ozi iji nweta nkwado. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị, ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ikike imecha mgbidi ahụ.[1][5] E gosipụtara ihe osise maka Ime Anwansi na Ọgwụ na Ọgwụ ọgbara ọhụrụ na Museum of Modern Art's "New Horizons in American Art". [1] [2] [10]

Ọnọdụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-ekokwasị mgbidi Alston n'ime ụlọ ndị inyom nke ụlọ ọgwụ n'elu radiators na-enweghị mkpuchi, nke mere ka eserese ahụ daa site na uzuoku ahụ. Atụmatụ enweghị ike iweghachi radiators. N'afọ 1959, Alston mere atụmatụ, n'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara New York State Department of Public Works, na nchekwa ahụ ga-efu $1,500 mana enwetaghị ego ahụ. Na 1968, mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King Jr., a gwara Alston ka o kee ihe ngosi ọzọ maka ụlọ ọgwụ, ka etinye ya na pavilion nke aha ya bụ onye ndu ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. A ga-akpọ ya aha nwoke na-apụta site n'ọchịchịrị nke ịda ogbenye na amaghị ama banye n'ìhè nke ụwa ka mma.

Otu afọ mgbe ọnwụ Alston na 1977, otu ndị na-ese ihe na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere onye a ma ama na-ese foto na onye na-ese collagist Romare Bearden na onye na'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka Greta Berman, yana ndị nchịkwa si n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, na ndị New York City Art Commission, nyochara ihe osise ahụ, wee nye onye isi obodo Ed Koch aro maka iweghachi ha. A kwadoro arịrịọ ahụ, onye na-elekọta ya bụ Alan Farancz malitere ịrụ ọrụ na 1979, na-azọpụta ihe osise ndị ahụ ka ha ghara ịla n'iyi. Ọtụtụ afọ gafere, mgbidi ahụ malitekwara imebi ọzọ - ọkachasị ọrụ Alston, nke nọgidere na-ata ahụhụ site na radiators. N'afọ 1991, a malitere mmemme Adopt-a-Mural nke Municipal Art Society, a họpụtakwara mgbidi ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem maka mweghachi ọzọ (Greta Berman. Ahụmahụ onwe onye). Onyinye sitere n'aka nwanne nwanyị Alston bụ Rousmaniere Wilson na nwanne nwanyị ya bụ Aida Bearden Winters nyere aka mezue nrụzigharị nke ọrụ ahụ na 1993.[2] N'afọ 2005, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem kwupụtara ọrụ $ 2 nde iji chekwaa mgbidi Alston na iberibe atọ ndị ọzọ na ọrụ mbụ ahụ e nyere dị ka akụkụ nke mmụba ụlọ ọgwụ $ 225 nde. [2][1]  

Ihe osise Golden State Mutual[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na ngwụcha afọ 1940, Alston tinyere aka na ọrụ mural nke Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company nyere iwu, nke gwara ndị na-ese ihe ka ha mepụta ọrụ metụtara onyinye ndị Afrịka na America maka ibi na California. Alston so Hale Woodruff rụọ ọrụ na mgbidi n'otu nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na New York; ha jiri ubube ruo n'akụkụ elu nke ákwà ahụ.[1][10] Ihe osise, nke a na-ewere dị ka "onyinye na-enweghị ọnụ ahịa na nka akụkọ America", nwere akụkụ abụọ: Nnyocha na Nchịkọta nke Alston na Settlement na Mmepe nke Woodruff. Akụkụ Alston na-ekpuchi oge site na 1527 ruo 1850. A na-egosipụta foto nke nwoke ugwu James Beckwourth, Biddy Mason, na William Leidesdorff na mgbidi akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru ezu. Ndị omenkà abụọ ahụ nọgidere na-akpọtụrụ ndị Africa America nọ na West Coast n'oge ha na-emepụta ihe osise, nke metụtara ọdịnaya na ihe ngosi ha. A kpughere ihe osise ndị ahụ na 1949, a na-egosikwa ha n'ọnụ ụlọ mbata nke Golden State Mutual Headquarters . [1][10]

N'ihi ndakpọ akụ na ụba na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere Golden State ire ihe osise ha niile iji gbochie ụgwọ ya na-arịwanye elu. Ka ọ na-erule oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2011, National Museum of African American History and Culture enyewo $ 750,000 iji zụta ihe osise ahụ. Nke a kpatara esemokwu, ebe ọ bụ na e mere atụmatụ na ihe osise ahụ ruru ọ dịkarịa ala nde $ 5.  Ndị na-akwado ya gbalịrị ichebe mgbidi ahụ site n'inweta nchebe obodo site na Los Angeles Conservancy. Steeti California ajụla aro enyemaka iji debe mgbidi ahụ n'ebe mbụ ha, Ụlọ Ọrụ Smithsonian wepụrụ onyinye ha. Ndokwa nke mgbidi ndị ahụ nọ n'okpuru ikpe ụlọ ikpe banyere ikike, nke a na-edozighị n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2011. [12][13] E mechara dozie nke a na 2011 mgbe agbakwunyere ụlọ Golden State Mutual Life Insurance na National Register of Historic Places. Ụlọ ahụ bụ nke Community Impact Development zụrụ, mmekọrịta e guzobere iji nye ụlọ ọhụrụ maka South Central Los Angeles Regional Center, ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ndị nwere nkwarụ ọrụ. A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ n'afọ 2015. Ihe osise ndị ahụ ka dị n'ebe a na-anọ anabata ndị mmadụ.[14]

akpuruakpu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Alston mekwara ihe ọkpụkpụ. Head of a Woman (1957) na-egosi mgbanwe ya gaa na "ụzọ dị mfe na nke oge a maka ihe ọkpụkpụ.... ebe a na-atụ aro ihe oyiyi ihu kama ịhazi ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akụkụ atọ, ".[1] N'afọ 1970, Chọọchị Obodo nke New York nyere Alston iwu ka o mepụta bust nke Martin Luther King Jr. maka $ 5,000, naanị ise e mepụtara.[15][16] N'afọ 1990, ọla nchara Alston nke Martin Luther King Jr. (1970), ghọrọ onyinyo mbụ nke onye Africa America gosipụtara na White House. [1] [17] Mgbe Barack Obama ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na 2009, ọ wetara bust nke Martin Luther King Jr. n'ime Oval Office, na-anọchi bust nke Winston Churchill. Nke a bụ oge mbụ e gosipụtara onyinyo nke onye Africa America n'ụlọ ọrụ onye isi ala. Ọzọkwa, bust ahụ ghọrọ ọrụ a na-ahụkarị na foto ndị isi na-eleta. Ugbu a, a na-egosipụta nke abụọ nke Martin Luther King Jr. a ma ama na Washington maka ọha na eze ile anya na nso.[18][19]

Mgbasa ozi nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Sketch of frying pan dripping grease onto howitzer emplacement surrounded by uniformed soldierss.
Ihe osise na-akwalite mgbalị agha na ihe osise mbụ nke Charles Alston, nke a chịkọtara ca. 1942 - ihe dị ka 1945

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na ndị nta akụkọ ojii gbalịrị ịrịọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ojii arịrịọ, ebe ha na-emekwa ka gọọmentị US dị jụụ site n'ịkwado agha ahụ. Alston mepụtara ihe karịrị otu narị ihe osise mgbasa ozi gọọmentị nke kwadoro ọnọdụ mba na agha maka U.S. Office of War Information. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-elekwasị anya na ndị na-ege ntị ojii, nke e mere maka mbipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi ojii kwa izu iji dozie nsogbu ụfọdụ, nke na-ese okwu na obodo ndị isi ojii.[20]

Nnabata[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye nkatọ nka Emily Genauer kwuru na Alston "jụrụ ịbụ onye nduru", gbasara nyocha ya dị iche iche na ihe osise ya.[1] Onye nlekọta Lemoine Deleaver Pierce kwuru banyere ọrụ Alston, sị: "Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe ọhụrụ, Alston na-eleghara usoro nkà na-ewu ewu anya ma mebie ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nka; ọ na-emepụta ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe na ihe atụ n'otu oge, na-ajụ ịdị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na n'oge 40 ya. -afọ ọrụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke ọma na n'enweghị mgbagha na ma azụmahịa na nka mara mma. Romare Bearden kọwara Alston dị ka "...otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ ndị nnukwu nkà ha mere ka ọ bụrụ ụdị dị iche iche..." Bearden kọwakwara ọkachamara na mmetụta nke Alston nwere na Harlem na obodo Afrika-America: "' bụ onye na-ese ihe na olu na mmepe nka nke ndị America nke na-enweghị obi abụọ na ịdị mma nke mmadụ niile na ikike okike n'ime ogologo oge ọrụ ya, Alston mere ka ndụ omenala Harlem dịkwuo elu n'ụzọ miri emi nwoke wuru àkwà mmiri n'etiti ndị na-ese oji n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche, na n'etiti ndị America ndị ọzọ." [1] Onye edemede bụ June Jordan kọwara Alston dị ka "onye America na-ese ihe nke mbụ, na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri ojii America nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na-enweghị mgbagha.[2][21]

Ihe ngosi ndị dị mkpa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • A Force for Change, ihe ngosi otu, 2009, Spertus Museum, Chicago
  • Canvasing the Movement, ihe ngosi otu, 2009, Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture [22][23]
  • On Higher Ground: Nhọrọ Site na Walter O. Evans Collection, ihe ngosi otu, 2001, Henry Ford Museum, Michigan [24]
  • Rhapsodies in Black: Art of the Harlem Renaissance, otu ngosi, 1998, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. [25]
  • Na Mmụọ nke Nnupụisi: Ndị Africa-America Modernists na ụlọ akwụkwọ Muralist nke Mexico, ihe ngosi otu, 1996, The Studio Museum na Harlem, New York [26]
  • Charles Alston: Onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi, 1990, Kenkeleba Gallery, New York [1]
  • Masters na Pupils: The Education of the Black Artist na New York, 1986, Jamaica Arts Center, New York [27]
  • Ihe ngosi otu narị afọ nke ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ, 1975, Art Students League of New York, New York
  • Ihe ngosi onwe onye, 1969, Huntington Hartford Gallery of Modern Art, New York.
  • Ihe ngosi onwe onye, 1968, Mahadum Fairleigh Dickinson, New Jersey [1]
  • Ekele nye ndị na-ese ihe Negro na nsọpụrụ nke 100th Anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, ihe ngosi otu, 1963, Albany Institute of History and Art [2]

Nnukwu nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 Wardlaw (2007). Charles Alston. Pomegranate. ISBN 978-0-7649-3766-8. Wardlaw, Alvia J. (2007). Charles Alston. Pomegranate. ISBN 978-0-7649-3766-8.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 Pierce (2004). "Charles Alston – An Appreciation". The International Review of African American Art (4): 33–38. Pierce, Lemoine (2004). "Charles Alston – An Appreciation". The International Review of African American Art (4): 33–38.
  3. ↑ Schwartzman (1990). Romare Bearden: His Life and Art. Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-3108-4. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Charles Henry Alston. Artists. Hollis Taggart Galleries (2011). Archived from the original on July 4, 2016. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.. Artists. Hollis Taggart Galleries. 2011. Archived from on July 4, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Wintz (2004). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-457-8. Wintz, Cary; Finkelman, Paul (2004). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-457-8.
  6. ↑ CUArts - Arts Initiative @ Columbia University (2011-01-23). Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved on 2020-08-01.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sweimler (June 6, 2023). Origin of Life - Charles Alston. Gottesman Research Library News. Retrieved on November 21, 2023.Sweimler, Joel (June 6, 2023). "Origin of Life - Charles Alston". Gottesman Research Library News. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  8. ↑ Charles Henry Alston Memorial Service. May 21, 1977. Archives of American Art.
  9. ↑ Charles H. Alston. Images. AAGE. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Patton (1998). African-American Art. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-284213-7. Patton, Sharon (1998). African-American Art. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-284213-7.
  11. ↑ Bearden (1993). A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present. Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-394-57016-7. 
  12. ↑ Eve M. Kahn. "Smithsonian Plan to Remove Murals From Los Angeles Lobby Is Criticized", The New York Times, March 17, 2011. Retrieved on April 10, 2011.
  13. ↑ Eve M. Kahn. "Smithsonian Won't Buy Murals of Black Life in California", The New York Times, March 28, 2011. Retrieved on April 10, 2011.
  14. ↑ Meares (18 February 2020). The pride of West Adams. CURBED Los Angeles. Retrieved on 6 December 2023.
  15. ↑ Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. Minutes of the Meeting of the Special Committee on the Martin Luther King Bust. June 23, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  16. ↑ Harrington, D. Martin Luther King Jr. Bust. Community Church of New York. October 22, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  17. ↑ "Clinton announces first image of a Black is on display at the White House", Jet, March 14, 2000. Àtụ:ProQuest.
  18. ↑ "Obama Adds MLK Bust to Oval Office", NBC4 Washington, 19 March 2009. Retrieved on 17 November 2020.
  19. ↑ Catlin. "A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King", Smithsonian Magazine, 15 January 2016. Retrieved on 17 November 2020. (in en)
  20. ↑ Amana (April 2004). "The Art of Propaganda: Charles Alstons World War II Editorial Cartoons for the Office of War Information and the Black Press". American Journalism 21 (2): 79–111. DOI:10.1080/08821127.2004.10677582. Retrieved on 17 November 2020. 
  21. ↑ Jordan, June. Publication proposal, March 25, 1970. Archives of American Art.
  22. ↑ January 2010 Programs. Calendar of Events. Reginald F. Lewis Museum (2010). Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.
  23. ↑ Samantha McCoy (2009). Canvasing the Movement: The Lewis' Arts Wall Captures Images of Civil Rights, Past and Present. Press. Reginald F. Lewis Museum. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved on April 9, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Time Off: A Week of Diversions", The Wall Street Journal, February 7, 2001. Àtụ:ProQuest.
  25. ↑ Lawrence van Gelder. "This Week", The New York Times, April 13, 1998. Retrieved on October 6, 2018.
  26. ↑ "Traveling Exhibit Depicts Black Life", The Sacramento Observer, June 19, 1996. Àtụ:ProQuest.
  27. ↑ Fraser, C. Gerald. "America's black artists are seen in new light", The New York Times, December 7, 1986. Retrieved on April 10, 2011.
  28. ↑ Untitled (Couple). Kalamazoo Institute of Arts. Retrieved on 6 May 2020.
  29. ↑ Artist Info. www.nga.gov. Retrieved on 2023-02-09.

32. ^"Charles Alston, Onye na-ese ihe na Onye Nkụzi." African American Registry. 30 Julaị 2020. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 10 Machị 2021. <charles alston="" amụrụa="" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/charles-alston-harlem-renaissance-artist-and-teacher" ihe="" na="" na-ese="" nkuzi="" onye="" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Charles Alston, onye na-ese ihe, na onye nkuzi a mụrụ</charles>

Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Encyclopedia nke Harlem Renaissance. London: Routledge.   ISBN 1-57958-457-8. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka: Site na 1792 ruo ugbu a. New York: Pantheon Books.   ISBN 978-0-394-57016-7. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] African-American Art Oxford: Oxford University Press.   ISBN 0-19-284213-7. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Charles Alston - ekele". The International Review of African American Art (4): peeji nke 33-38.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Romare Bearden: Ndụ ya na nka New York: Abrams Books.   ISBN 978-0-8109-3108-4. 
  • Wardlaw, Alvia J. (2007). Charles Alston Petaluma, California: Pomegranate Communications.   ISBN 978-0-7649-3766-8. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Anonymous, "Foto mbụ nke onye Africa America na-egosi na White House" New York Amsterdam News, March 2, 2000. Isiokwu banyere Martin Luther King Jr. nke Alston na White House.
  • Catlin, Roger, "A Rare and Important Sculpture of Martin Luther King", Jenụwarị 15, 2016. Isiokwu banyere mkpa Alston's Martin Luther King bust site na Smithsonian Magazine.
  • Ascoli, Peter M, et al. Ike maka mgbanwe: nka Africa America na Julius Rosenwald Fund. Chicago: Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies. 2009.   ISBN 978-0-8101-2588-9 Akwụkwọ nke na-edekọ echiche na ndị natara Rosenwald Funds. 
  • Barnwell, Andrea D.; Evans, Walter O.; Buick, Kristen; Mooney, Amy; Benjamin, Tritobia Hayes. Nchịkọta Walter O. Evans nke nka Africa America Seattle: Mahadum nke Washington Press. 2000.   ISBN 0-295-97920-8 Ọrụ Alston. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mgbidi nke Harlem". Magazin Arts, 52 (2), peeji nke 122-126. Ọ na-atụle mmetụta nke ndị omenkà 306 na ndị metụtara ya.
  • Brigham, D.R. (2008) Na-emebi 'agbụ nke ịkpa ókè': Ihe ngosi Pyramid Club kwa afọ. International Review of African American Art, peeji nke 2-17. Ihe ngosi ndị a gosipụtara ọrụ Charles Alston.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Buenos Vecinos: African-American printmaking and the Taller de Gráfica Popular". Print Quarterly, 16 (4), peeji nke 356-367. Mkpa nke 306 na mmekọrịta ndị omenkà a nwere na ndị omenkụ Latin America.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Harmon and Harriet Kelley Collection of African American art San Antonio: San Antonio Museum of Art Exhibition catalog. 
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọgbọ '306' - Harlem, New Yor. Mahadum Northwestern. Chicago: Mahadum Northwestern. Nkwupụta banyere 306 na ntinye sitere n'aka Alston n'onwe ya.
  • Dunitz, R na Prigoff, J. Mgbidi nke ihe nketa: mgbidi nke mpako - mgbidi ndị Africa America. Fullbridge: Pomegranate Europe Ltd. 2001.   ISBN 0-7649-1339-5 Na-egosi ihe osise Alston. 
  • Glueck, Grace. "Onye na-ese ihe kacha mma m nwere ike ịbụ". The New York Times, 1968. Ajụjụ ọnụ na Alston.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Charles Alston: onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi. New York: Kenkeleba Gallery. Ndepụta ihe ngosi.
  • [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe ngosi "Charles "Spinky" Alston: Ọrụ nka site na 1936-1969", 2004. Ndepụta ihe ngosi nke New York.   ISBN 1-891978-18-7
  • Langa, Helen "Ihe ngosi nka abụọ na-emegide: echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche agbụrụ, ihe mgbochi nwoke na nwanyị". Ihe osise America, 1999. 13 (1), peeji nke 10-39. Akụkọ a na-ebo ebubo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị banyere ọrụ nka metụtara lynching, gụnyere Alston.
  • Ụlọ ngosi Michael Rosenfeld (1996). Nkà ndị Africa na America: ọrụ nka nke narị afọ nke 20, III. New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery. Ndepụta ihe ngosi.

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