Dholuo
| Luo Dholuo | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Kenya and Tanzania | |
| Region: | Nyanza province of Kenya and Mara Region of Tanzania | |
| Total speakers: | 4.2 million | |
| Language family: | Niluṣeḥrawit? Eastern Sudanic Nilotic Western Nilotic Luo Southern Luo Adhola–Alur–Luo Adhola–Luo LuoÀtụ:Infobox Language/script | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | luo | |
| ISO 639-3: | luo | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Asụsụ Dholuo (nke a na-akpọ [d̪ólúô] [1]) ma ọ bụ Nilotic Kavirondo, bụ asụsụ nke otu asụsụ Luo nke Asụsụ Nilotic, nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 4.2 nke Kenya na Tanzania na-asụ, [2] ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na mpaghara ndịda. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka mgbasa ozi na Ramogi TV na KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, nke bụbu Voice of Kenya).
Dholuo na Alur, Acholi, Adhola na Lango nke Uganda na-aghọta ibe ha. Dholuo na asụsụ Uganda ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu nwere njikọ asụsụ na Dholuo nke South Sudan na Anuak nke Ethiopia n'ihi mmalite agbụrụ nke Ndị Luo buru ibu na-asụ Asụsụ Luo.
A na-eme atụmatụ na Dholuo nwere 90% yiri Leb Alur (Alur), 83% na Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% na Leb Lango na 93% na Dhopadhola (Adhola). Otú ọ dị, a na-agụkarị ndị a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị mmalite agbụrụ n'ihi mgbanwe asụsụ nke mmegharị ala kpatara.
Ịgụ na ide (N'ime ndị Luo si South Nyanza) )[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntọala nke asụsụ Dholuo e dere ede na ọdịnala Dholuo nke taa, yana mmelite nke Ndị Jaluo na Kenya, malitere na 1907 site na mbata nke onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Seventh-day Adventist a mụrụ na Canada Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, onye ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 14 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria hapụrụ ihe nketa. (Nke a metụtara naanị Luo nke Southern Nyanza, nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria). Ihe nketa a na-aga n'ihu taa site n'ezinụlọ Obama nke Kenya na Chọọchị Seventh-day Adventist nke Obamas na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Jaluo tọghatara na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ e zigara Carscallen ka ọ gbanwee. Obamas nke Kenya bụ ndị ikwu nke onye bụbu onye isi ala US Barack Obama . [3]
Site na 1906 ruo 1921, Carscallen bụ onye nlekọta nke Seventh-day Adventist Church's British East Africa Mission, a na-enyekwa ya ọrụ ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya na nso Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ime ntọghata n'etiti ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-agụnye Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kisii (Nyanchwa), na Kamagambo. N'afọ 1913, ọ nwetara obere ígwè obibi akwụkwọ maka Mission ma guzobe obere ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na Gendia iji bipụta ihe ndị dị na chọọchị, mana o jikwa ya mee ihe iji metụta agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide na mpaghara ahụ.
N'ime ihe dị ka afọ ise na-achịkwa ọgbakọ Jaluo n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, Carscallen nwetara ikike nke asụsụ Dholuo ma bụrụ onye mbụ belatara asụsụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ide, na-ebipụta ụtọ asụsụ elementrị nke asụsụ Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), yana ụfọdụ ahịrịokwu bara uru, okwu Bekee-Kavirond na Kavirondo-English, na ụfọdụ mmega ahụ nwere isi maka otu ihe ahụ na 1910. [4] ahụ, ihe karịrị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ozi ahụ sụgharịrị akụkụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ site na Bekee gaa na Dholuo, nke British and Foreign Bible Society mechara bipụta.[5]
A na-eji akwụkwọ nkuzi ụtọ asụsụ Carscallen mepụtara mee ihe n'ọtụtụ afọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya, mana echefuola onye dere ya. E mechara kpọwa ya Dho-Luo for Beginners, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 1936. Na mgbakwunye na ederede ụtọ asụsụ, Carscallen chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu sara mbara nke "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) na Bekee, nke dị na School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum London, UK. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọrụ ndị a ka e dochiri, naanị emelitere, na nsụgharị ọhụrụ e dezigharịrị nke ntọala asụsụ nke Carscallen guzobere na 1910. [6]
Ọmụmụ ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mkpụrụedemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dholuo nwere usoro abụọ nke ụdaume ise, nke a na-eme ka ọ dị iche site na njirimara <span typeof="mw:Nowiki" id="mwUw">[±ATR]</span> nke a na'elu nke mbụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ATR bụ phonemic n'asụsụ ahụ, usoro nkwekọrịta ụdaume dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ATR nke ụdaume na mmepụta. Mgbanwe [7] ugbu a n'asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Dholuo bụ na nnọchiaha ụfọdụ yiri ka ha na-efunahụ ọdịiche ATR ma jiri [±ATR] mee ihe n'efu.
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ihe dị nso | ɪ | Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ | |
| N'etiti | Ọ bụ | Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya | |
| Emeghe | ɐ |
| N'ihu | Central | Ịlaghachi azụ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N'akụkụ | i | u | |
| N'etiti | na | o | |
| Emeghe | a |
Mkpụrụ okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na tebụl nke ụdaume dị n'okpuru ebe a, a na-etinye akara orthographic n'etiti oghere oghere na-eso akara IPA. Rịba ama karịsịa ihe ndị a: ojiji nke /j/, nke a na-ahụkarị na orthographies nke Afrịka; ojiji, ojiji bụ plosives, ọ bụghị fricatives dị ka na Swahili spelling (ma phoneme /d̪/ nwere ike fricativize intervocalically). [8]
| Akpụkpọ ahụ | Ezé ezé | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Mkpịsị aka | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ụgbọ imi | __ibo__ m'ihi ya, ọ bụNkọwaỌdịdị | n'ihi ya__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | NkọwaNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ ŋ'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | |||
| Plosive | tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị | __ibo__ mb'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | nd'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | ɲɟ__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ ŋɡ'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọN'ihi ya, ọ bụỌdịdị | ||
| enweghị olu | p'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị otú aNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ AtụmatụNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ t'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma aỌdịdị | c'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | k'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | ||
| kwuru okwu | b b b bAkwụkwọ bụ́ "Spanish"Ọdịdị | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ihe omuma nke aỌdịdị | __ibo__ d'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo____ibo__ Nkọwa__ibo__ Ihe omuma di iche icheỌdịdị | ɡọ a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | ||
| Ihe na-esiri ike | __ibo____ibo____ibo__ f'ihi ya__ibo__ Akwụkwọ bụ̣̣̣́ nke a na-akpọỌdịdị | SINAIhe omuma aỌdịdị | __ibo__ N'ih ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNkọwaỌdịdị | ||||
| Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | __ibo__ Ịnọba__ibo__ NkọwaỌdịdị | ||||||
| Ihe atụ | __ibo__ w'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịIhe omuma ahuỌdịdị | l'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọNkọwaỌdịdị | __ibo__ j'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adịNa-ekwu maka yaỌdịdị | ||||
Ihe ndị e ji mara ụdaolu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dholuo bụ Asụsụ ụda olu. [9] nwere ma ụda okwu na ụda ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ na mmepụta nke ngwaa na-agaghị agafe agafe. Ọ nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume site na Ọnọdụ ATR: ụdaume dị na okwu na-abụghị nke a ga-abụ ma ọ bụ [+ATR] ma ọ bụ [−ATR]. Ihe ATR-harmony chọrọ [10]-agbasa na semivowels /w/, /ɥ/ . [1] [Nkọwa dị mkpa] Ogologo ụdaume dị iche.
Asụsụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dholuo bụ ihe a ma ama maka mgbanwe ụdaume ya dị mgbagwoju anya, nke a na-eji, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, eme ihe n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị a na-apụghị ịnapụ site na ndị a na'apụghị ịpụ apụ. Ihe atụ mbụ bụ ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọkpụkpụ abụghị akụkụ nke nkịta. Otú ọ dị, ihe na-esonụ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ọkpụkpụ bụ akụkụ nke ehi:
Okwu Nlereanya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
| Bekee | Luo |
|---|---|
| ekele | misawa (ber) |
| Olee otú ị dị? | Idhi nade? Intie nade? |
| Anọ m mma. | Ọ bụ otú e si ekwu okwu. |
| Gịnị bụ aha gị? | Nyingi ng'a? |
| Aha m bụ... | Nyinga na... |
| Obi dị m ụtọ ịhụ gị. | Ịhụnanya. |
| Ebee ka ị si bịa? | Na jakanye? |
| ụtụtụ dị mma | Oyawore |
| Good Evening | Ọ na-akpụzi |
| Chineke gọzie gị. | Ọ bụ ogwedhi ka ụkọchukwu. |
| ọrụ dị mma | Ọ bụ otú e si eme ya |
| Nzọpụta | resok |
| sị ka e kelee | oriti |
| Achọrọ m mmiri. | Adwaro pi |
| akpịrị na-akpọ m nkụ. | Ọ bụ mmadụ ka a na-eme ya. / Riyo omaka. / Riyo ohinga. |
| Ekele maka gị | Isiokwu |
| nwa | Onye isi ala |
| nwa akwụkwọ (nwa akwụkwọ mahadum) | N'ihi ya, ụmụ amaala na-ejere ya ozi |
| bịa | bi |
| gaa | dhiyo |
| were ya | kaw |
| nloghachi | dwok |
| laghachi | dwogi |
| nọdụ ala | Biti |
| guzo / kwụsị | chung' / wee |
| agụụ | Ihe ndị dị mkpa |
| Agụ na-agụ m. | Kech kaya |
| nna | wuoro [Dinka] wur |
| nne | My [Dinka] mor mer |
| Chineke | mulungu, Nyakalaga, Were, Obong'o (Aha dị iche iche metụtara àgwà dị iche iche nke Chineke) |
| Onyenwe anyị (Chineke) | Ọnụ ọgụgụ (Nyasaye) |
| Chineke dị mma | Ọ bụ ụkọchukwu |
| enyemaka | kony [Dinka] ba kony |
| nwoke | dichuo |
| nwanyị | Nkọwa |
| nwa nwoke | Iwuyi (wuowi) |
| nwa agbọghọ | nyako [Dinka] nya |
| akwụkwọ | buk, [Alego/Seme] buge |
| ndị ntorobịa | rawera |
| mkpịsị akwụkwọ | randiki |
| mkpụmkpụ | onyasa |
| uwe elu | ogologo oge' |
| tebụl | tebụl |
| efere | Tao |
| mkpọchi | ihe dị ụkọ, ọsọ ọsọ |
| onye ndú | jettelo |
| weta | kel |
| Laghachi ebe ahụ. | Nkịta kucha |
| Laghachi ebe a. | Duog ka |
| jụọ / jụọ | penny |
| Ajụjụ | Nwaanyị |
| ịgba ọsọ | Ring [Dinka] |
| ịga ije | wuothi |
| ịwụli elu | dum / chikri [Alego/Seme] |
| Mmiri ozuzo | koth |
| anyanwụ | Ụbọchị' |
| ọnwa | dwe / duee |
| kpakpando | sulwe |
| gị | ọrụ |
| azụ | [Dinka] |
| oyi | Ọmụmụ ihe |
| Achọrọ m iri nri. | Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya. |
| Enwere m ihe m ga-ekwu | Gi wach |
| nna | kwaro [Dinka] / kwar |
| nne nne | dayo [Dinka] / ụbọchị |
| nwoke ọcha | ja rachar / ombogo / ja wagunda |
| ehi / ehi | dwasi / dhiang' |
| na-abụ abụ | wer [Dinka] |
| abụ | we were |
| ezi, mara mma | ber, jaber |
| ihe ọjọọ | rach |
| alụmdi na nwunye | kend [Dinka], "keny" bụ usoro, "thiek" bụ alụmdi na nwunye |
| lụọ di | kendo |
| echi | Knyaụ |
| taa | Aha nna |
| ebe a | ka / kae |
| n'ebe ahụ (nke dị nso) | Nnukwu ihe. |
| n'ebe ahụ (n'ebe dị anya) | kucho |
| nwa | Onye isi ala |
| ego | omenda / chung' / oboke / sendi / pesa |
| égbè | achịcha |
| égbè égbè | Nnukwu achịcha |
| mmalite | chaki |
| nrọ | leki |
| guzo | chung' |
| mba ofesi | loka |
| okwu | Ụgbọelu |
| nọdụ ala | Biti |
| otuto | pak |
| Iri nri | Chiem |
| ọkụ | mach |
| Achọrọ m ugali. | Ọ ga-eme ihe. |
| ọka | oduma, bando |
| ọka na agwa | nyoyo |
| tagzi | matatu (Swahili) |
| ugbo | puodho (Alego-Ndalo) |
| ịkwa ákwà / igwu ala | dị ọcha / kuny |
| na-efe efe (n'elu) | fuyo |
| nnụnụ | lwang'ni |
| iyi (osimiri) | aora |
| ọdọ mmiri | Nwanyị |
| oké osimiri | ataro |
| biko | asayi |
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Tucker 25
- ↑ Ethnologue report for Luo
- ↑ Peter Firstbrook, The Obamas: The Untold Story of an African Family. Crown Publishers, 2011. p. 106.
- ↑ Firstbrook, Ibid., p. 126; Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Elementary grammar of the Nilotic-Kavirondo language (Dhö Lwo), together with some useful phrases, English-Kavirondo and Kavirondo-English vocabulary, and some exercises with key to the same. London: St. Joseph's Foreign Missionary Society, 1910.; Dictionary of African Christian Biography — Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen.
- ↑ Jehovah's Witnesses Release Luo-Language New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in Kenya. Jw.org.
- ↑ Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, Kavirondo Dictionary. Mimeographed, n.d. 374p. (SOAS Collections). Luo and English; Melvin K. Hendrix, An International Bibliography of African Lexicons. Scarecrow Press, 1982.
- ↑ Swenson (2015). "ATR Quality in the Luo Vowel System". Canada Institute of Linguistics, EWP 1: 102–145.
- ↑ Tucker §1.43
- ↑ Okoth Okombo §1.3.4
- ↑ Tucker §1.3, §1.42
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Luo: Asụsụ. Akwụkwọ edemede: Mahadum Yale.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Asụsụ Luo elementrị nwere okwu. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
- Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). Isi usoro syntactic nke Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
- Tucker, A. N. (nke Chet A. Creider dere) (1994). Asụsụ nke Kenya Luo (Dholuo). Ụgbọelu abụọ. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] A Functional Grammar nke Dholuo. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee-Dholuo. Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu. ISBN 9966-48-781-6.
- Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' na Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ Dholuo. Nairobi
- Capen, Carole Jamieson 1998. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ abụọ Dholuo-English, Kenya. Tucson (Arizona): nke onwe ya bipụtara. Kurasa ix, 322. [ ]
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Okwu Luo na ihe ndị bụ isi
- Ntuziaka bara uru maka ịmụ Luo
- A Handbook of the Kavirondo Language (1920) - otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị mbụ gbasara Dholuo
- Lakeside Font - True Type Font maka ide na Dholuo (echekwara)